State v. Barnes

535 S.W.2d 602, 1976 Mo. App. LEXIS 2358
CourtMissouri Court of Appeals
DecidedMarch 30, 1976
DocketNo. 36624
StatusPublished
Cited by6 cases

This text of 535 S.W.2d 602 (State v. Barnes) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Missouri Court of Appeals primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
State v. Barnes, 535 S.W.2d 602, 1976 Mo. App. LEXIS 2358 (Mo. Ct. App. 1976).

Opinion

CLEMENS, Presiding Judge.

A jury found defendant Larry Barnes guilty of first-degree robbery and the court sentenced him to ten years’ imprisonment.

Defendant raises three points on appeal: Errors in overruling his motion to suppress identification testimony, his motion for a mistrial because of the prosecutor’s improper use of a gun for demonstration purposes and his request for a mistrial when photographs were referred to as “mugshots.” Defendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence.

Briefly summarized, the State’s evidence showed that on May 8, 1974 defendant accosted Calvin Butler in an alley and threatened and pushed him. Defendant’s hand was on a gun butt protruding from a paper sack, partially hidden inside his pants. Defendant- took $11.25, some keys and other papers from Butler’s pockets and fled. Butler reported the incident and gave a description of defendant to two police officers at a nearby store. They began a pursuit but were unable to find defendant. A few days later police came to Butler’s house and asked him to look at a book of pictures, but Butler did not recognize his assailant among the pictures. (The book did not then contain defendant’s picture.) The police subsequently returned to Butler’s house and showed him a group of pictures. Butler “wasn’t really sure about” one of them, but the following day he viewed a lineup and “immediately saw the one that robbed him.” He also identified defendant in court as his assailant.

Additional testimony will be mentioned as it relates to the points raised on appeal.

In his first point, defendant contends the trial court erred in failing to suppress Butler’s in-court identification. He argues that the identification of him was based on photographic exhibits and a lineup which were unnecessarily suggestive and' conducive to misidentification, but he does not say how. As to the lineup, he merely states he was the only one there with a limp, that Butler had only a fleeting glance at him and the lineup occurred three weeks after the crime.

[604]*604We consider the following in determining whether the pre-trial confrontations were unduly suggestive: Opportunity of the witness to fully view defendant at the time of the crime; his degree of attention; accuracy of his prior description of defendant; the level of certainty demonstrated by Butler at the lineup and the length of time between the crime and the confrontation. Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 199, 93 S.Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972).

Defendant’s allegation that Butler had only a fleeting glance of his assailant is refuted by the evidence. Butler’s testimony throughout the trial indicated he had seen his assailant on numerous occasions before and on the day of the crime. Also, defendant and Butler were face-to-face in close proximity at the time of the attack. That the lineup confrontation occurred three weeks after the crime was not impermissible in view of the certainty of the identification.1

The fact defendant was the only one with a limp did not make the lineup unnecessarily suggestive. Butler “saw four persons . . . immediately saw the one that robbed him.” He made a positive identification before the defendant moved and made his limp noticeable. Butler’s unequivocal identification was based on defendant’s “face, hair down here and all the rest.”2

Furthermore, “[pjroof of a source of identification independent of the confrontation itself is enough to overcome a claim of unnecessary suggestiveness.” State v. Jordan, 506 S.W.2d 74[11 — 14] (Mo. App.1974). Here, Butler had previously seen the defendant “around the neighborhood a whole lot.” On the day of the robbery Butler once noticed his assailant walking with a girl and again saw him at a nearby store. During the course of the crime, Butler saw defendant as he removed the money and other items from Butler’s pockets and pointed out defendant to police as he exited from the alley. Butler gave a reasonable description to the police, including the fact that the assailant had a limp. Without suggestion or encouragement from the police, Butler immediately and positively identified defendant upon viewing the lineup. Thus, evidence was that Butler had an independent source of identification which would give considerable support to the admissibility of the subsequent in-court identification. We rule this first point against defendant. State v. Goshon, 506 S.W.2d 99 (Mo.App.1974); State v. Britt, 504 S.W.2d 38[3] (Mo.1973).

Defendant’s second allegation of error concerns the gun butt partially protruding from a paper sack on the counsels’ table. No weapon in the instant case had been found. The court sustained defendant’s objection to the prosecutor’s use of the gun for demonstration purposes, instructed the jury to disregard the sack and the gun butt, but denied defendant’s request for a mistrial.

We first note that defendant’s objection followed considerable testimony by Butler. The objection was not based on information elicited by prior testimony. It is apparent that its basis was known to defendant at the very commencement of trial. “Error in the admission of evidence in the trial court must be preserved for appellate review by objection . . . made at the earliest opportunity after objectionable character of the evidence becomes apparent.” State v. Simmons, 500 S.W.2d 325[2] (Mo.App.1973).

[605]*605We also find this point without merit. This case is distinguishable from State v. Mayfield, 506 S.W.2d 363 (Mo.1974), relied on by defendant. In that case, there was no opportunity to object prior to the prosecutor brandishing before the jury a shotgun not introduced into evidence. The prosecutor had hidden the shotgun beneath a rain coat and asked if any of the jurors had observed it; there had been, however, no evidence of the type of clothing worn by defendant. Significantly, the court also refused defendant’s request to instruct the jury to disregard the demonstration.

Here, the court refused to allow the prosecutor to use the gun for demonstration purposes. It was not brandished before the jury. The court positively instructed the jury to disregard it and had it removed from the courtroom.

Declaration of a mistrial rests largely in the discretion of the trial court. Our function is to determine whether, as a matter of law, the trial court abused its discretion to the prejudice of the appellant in refusing to declare a mistrial. State v. Chester, 445 S.W.2d 393[11, 12] (Mo.App. 1969).

When an improper incident occurs during trial and the jury is instructed to disregard it, “ . . . the reviewing court, in order to hold that the failure to grant a mistrial was reversible error, must determine and conclude as a matter of law from the entire record that the error was prejudicial and so impressive that its effect was not removed by the action of the trial court.” State v. Dennison,

Related

State v. Kent
602 S.W.2d 799 (Missouri Court of Appeals, 1980)
State v. Taylor
581 S.W.2d 127 (Missouri Court of Appeals, 1979)
State v. Williams
573 S.W.2d 75 (Missouri Court of Appeals, 1978)
State v. Csolak
571 S.W.2d 118 (Missouri Court of Appeals, 1978)
State v. Harris
571 S.W.2d 443 (Missouri Court of Appeals, 1978)
State v. Montgomery
545 S.W.2d 655 (Missouri Court of Appeals, 1976)

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Bluebook (online)
535 S.W.2d 602, 1976 Mo. App. LEXIS 2358, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/state-v-barnes-moctapp-1976.