[Cite as State v. Asp, 2011-Ohio-4567.]
COURT OF APPEALS GUERNSEY COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
JUDGES: STATE OF OHIO : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J. : Hon. Sheila G. Farmer, J. Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. Julie A. Edwards, J. : -vs- : : Case No. 2010-CA-40 JAMES ASP : : Defendant-Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Criminal appeal from the Cambridge Municipal Court, Case No. 09CRB01643
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: September 9, 2011
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
WILLIAM FERGUSON MELISSA M. WILSON City of Cambridge Law Director 1009 Steubenville Avenue 150 Highlalnd Avenue Cambridge, OH 43725 Cambridge, OH 43725 [Cite as State v. Asp, 2011-Ohio-4567.]
Gwin, P.J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant James Asp appeals the July 21, 2010 Judgment
Entry of the Cambridge Municipal Court overruling his motion to suppress evidence.
Plaintiff-appellee is the State of Ohio.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE
{¶2} At the evidentiary hearing on appellant’s motion to suppress held March
24, 2010, and April 24, 2010, the following facts were established:
{¶3} Trooper Shawn Allar is an eight year veteran of the Ohio State Highway
Patrol. On December 14, 2009 at approximately 10:06 p.m. he was on duty and
patrolling on U.S. Route 40 in Guernsey County.
{¶4} Trooper Allar was westbound and observed a vehicle traveling eastbound
at what appeared to be a speed over the posted limit of 55 miles per hour. Trooper Allar
checked the vehicle’s speed using a K 55 radar unit, and determined that the vehicle
was traveling at 64 miles per hour. Trooper Allar had checked the calibration of the K-55
radar unit prior to starting his shift. Trooper Allar noted the make and color of the vehicle
and turned to follow it.
{¶5} Trooper Allar observed the vehicle go over a small rise on the road which
turned off Route 40. The vehicle which appellant was driving then proceeded north on
Cooks Run Road and, utilizing its turn signal, turned into a private driveway. At this
point Trooper Allar had turned on the cruiser lights. The video camera in the cruiser is
retroactively activated thirty (30) seconds before the cruisers lights are turned on, and
these events are shown in State's exhibit B, a video disk admitted into evidence. Guernsey County, Case No. 2010-CA-40 3
{¶6} The Trooper followed the appellant's vehicle into the driveway of the
residence and stopped behind the vehicle. As shown in State's exhibit B, the appellant
exited his vehicle and walked across the front of the Trooper's cruiser with his hands in
his pockets. Trooper Altar exited his cruiser, ordered the appellant to stop and remove
his hands from his pockets. Appellant complied and Trooper Allar then frisked him for
weapons. At this point Trooper Allar testified that he could observe appellant’s eyes
were glassy and blood shot and his face was flushed. Trooper Allar further smelled what
he characterized as a strong odor of an alcoholic beverage coming from appellant.
{¶7} Trooper Allar called appellant by name because he knew him from prior
professional contact. Appellant repeatedly asked the reason for the stop, and how it was
that the Trooper knew his name. Trooper Allan testified that he knew appellant and
called him by his first name because he had responded approximately two (2) years ago
at the same residence. That prior incident involved charges against appellant, and an
allegation that he used a Bobcat fork lift to lift up and then drop a vehicle containing the
family of an ex- girlfriend. Trooper Allar testified that he remembered that he responded
to that prior incident at that same address and having been advised, at that time, that
appellant had been armed with a machete.
{¶8} Appellant demanded to see the speed on the K-55 radar. He continued to
ask why he had been stopped, and requested to know what charge the officer was
investigating. Trooper Allar testified that he attempted to have appellant sit in the
backseat of the cruiser so that he could view the speed on the K-55 radar’s display unit.
He testified that the backseat was preferable for safety reasons to having a suspect sit
in the driver’s seat of the cruiser. Trooper Allar further testified that due to the radar Guernsey County, Case No. 2010-CA-40 4
unit’s configuration as well as the configuration of the interior of the cruiser, the display
was most easily viewable from the rear passenger seat. The cruiser speed is shown on
the digital read out on the right, and the object vehicle speed is shown on the left of the
screen.
{¶9} Appellant refused to be seated in the cruiser and walked away from
Trooper Allar toward his own vehicle. According to Trooper Allar's testimony, appellant
had pushed away from him before returning to his vehicle. Thereupon, as shown by the
video, the Trooper followed him, put appellant in a bear hug and took him to the ground.
{¶10} While on the ground, appellant was attempting to put his hands under his
chest while Trooper Allar was on top of him. Appellant was continuously questioning the
reason for the stop, and shouting "What is this all about?"
{¶11} In response to Trooper Allar's call for backup, Trooper Bayless of the
Highway Patrol arrived. Trooper Bayless testified that when he arrived he saw both
vehicles and appellant on the ground with Trooper Altar on top of him. At this point,
according to Trooper Allar, he had made the decision to arrest appellant for OVI and
resisting arrest. Because appellant would not stop struggling after repeated requests to
cooperate by each of the Trooper’s, Trooper Bayless applied a five (5) second dry stun
to the appellant with a Taser. Trooper Bayless also testified that he noticed a strong
odor of an alcoholic beverage coming from appellant.
{¶12} The video indicates that once appellant was arrested he was read his
Miranda rights. Additionally in his post incident statement taken at the hospital,
appellant verified that he had previously been read his Miranda rights by Trooper Allar
and the scene of the arrest. Guernsey County, Case No. 2010-CA-40 5
{¶13} In Trooper Allar's opinion, appellant was under the influence of alcohol at
the time of the arrest. Appellant appeared to Trooper Allar to be paranoid and subject to
mood swings. Trooper Allar testified that he found a bottle of whisky and a bottle of
vodka in the appellant’s vehicle but conceded that he did not take those items into
evidence, nor did he note whether or not the bottles had been opened.
{¶14} Appellant was arrested and transported to the Guernsey County Jail
where they refused to incarcerate him because he had been tasered. Appellant was
then taken to the local hospital, Southeastern Ohio Regional Medical Center, to be
cleared to be incarcerated. At the hospital, appellant refused a blood test. Because
appellant had been tasered, and appellant was complaining, Sergeant Perkins of the
Ohio State Highway Patrol arrived at the hospital to do an incident report. In that report
appellant stated that he had been advised of his Miranda rights at the time of arrest, and
that he was giving a statement voluntarily.1
{¶15} Appellant testified on his behalf. He denied that he was going over the
fifty-five (55) mile an hour speed limit, and testified that he had never increased his
speed to get away from the officer.
{¶16} Appellant testified at some length that he had been through years of very
unpleasant litigation with the mother of his child, Connie Pace. That litigation has
revolved around the issue of their daughter. Appellant testified that he believed that
every Christmas season, Ms. Pace engineered some problem for him with law
enforcement so that he could not exercise his parental rights with his daughter over the
Christmas season. According to appellant’s testimony, he felt certain that when the
1 Because it was shift change for budgetary reasons Sergeant Perkins was replaced at the hospital by Sergeant Glennon who concluded the appellant’s report. Guernsey County, Case No. 2010-CA-40 6
Trooper pulled into the driveway behind him, Ms. Pace was again causing him a
problem during the holiday season.
{¶17} Appellant testified that he found it very suspicious that Trooper Allar called
him by his first name at the time of their initial contact. Appellant further testified that he
found it very suspicious that his daughter was brought to the emergency room
approximately fourteen (14) minutes later by the her mother, Ms. Pace. However,
appellant conceded on cross-examination that his daughter had been sick that day and
had previously been to the emergency room roughly seven hours before on that same
day.
{¶18} On rebuttal, Trooper Allar testified that he did not know anyone named
Connie Pace, that he was not aware of the legal problems existing between appellant
and Ms. Pace, and that he certainly was not in any way part of a conspiracy with Ms.
Pace to cause problems with the law for the appellant over the Christmas season.
{¶19} The trial court overruled the motion to suppress by Judgment Entry filed
July 21, 2010.
{¶20} On September 23, 2010 appellant entered pleas of no contest to an
amended count of "reckless operation", an amended count of "no operator's license",
and "resisting arrest." The State dismissed the remaining charges.
{¶21} Appellant timely appealed raising the following Assignment of Error:
{¶22} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE APPELLANT'S
MOTION TO SUPPRESSED BASED ON NO LAWFUL CAUSE TO STOP, DETAIN
AND ARREST THE APPELLANT WITHOUT A WARRANT, STATEMENTS OBTAINED
IN VIOLATION OF HIS FIFTH AMENDMENT RIGHT AGAINST SELF Guernsey County, Case No. 2010-CA-40 7
INCRIMINATION, AND THE APPELLANT'S RIGHT TO COUNSEL AS THE TRIAL
COURT'S DECISION WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.”
I.
{¶23} In his sole Assignment of Error, appellant cites as error the trial court's
decision to overrule his motion to suppress the evidence. Specifically, he contends that
the officer did not have a reasonable suspicion based upon articulable facts that he was
speeding. Additionally, appellant further contends that he did not knowingly, intelligently
and voluntarily waive his right to remain silent. We disagree.
{¶24} In Whren v. United States (1996), 517 U.S. 806, the United States
Supreme Court held:
{¶25} “The temporary detention of a motorist upon probable cause to believe
that he has violated the traffic laws does not violate the Fourth Amendment's prohibition
against unreasonable seizures, even if a reasonable officer would not have stopped the
motorist absent some additional law enforcement objective.” Whren at 1771. Less than
one month later, the Ohio Supreme Court reached a similar decision in City of Dayton v.
Erickson (1996), 76 Ohio St.3d 3, 665 N.E.2d 1091. In Erickson, the Court stated:
{¶26} “Where a police officer stops a vehicle based on probable cause that a
traffic violation has occurred or was occurring, the stop is not unreasonable under the
Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution even if the officer had some
ulterior motive for making the stop, such as a suspicion that the violator was engaging in
more nefarious criminal activity.” Id. at syllabus. However, the Ohio Supreme Court has
emphasized that probable cause is not required to make a traffic stop; rather the Guernsey County, Case No. 2010-CA-40 8
standard is reasonable and articulable suspicion. State v. Mays, 119 Ohio St.3d 406,
894 N.E.2d 1204, 2008-Ohio-4538 at ¶ 23.
{¶27} Based on the above, neither the United States Supreme Court nor the
Ohio Supreme Court considered the severity of the offense as a factor in determining
whether the law enforcement official had a reasonable, articulable suspicion to stop a
motorist. In fact, the Ohio Supreme Court stated that " * * * we conclude that where an
officer has an articulable reasonable suspicion or probable cause to stop a motorist for
any criminal violation, including a minor traffic violation, the stop is constitutionally valid
regardless of the officer's underlying subjective intent or motivation for stopping the
vehicle in question." (Emphasis added.) City of Dayton v. Erickson, supra at 11-12, 665
N.E.2d 1091. See, also, State v. Rice, Fifth Dist. No. 2005CA00242, 2006-Ohio-3703 at
¶33-34; State v. Rice (Dec. 23, 1999), 5th Dist. No. 99CA48. If an officer’s decision to
stop a motorist for a criminal violation, including a traffic violation, is prompted by a
reasonable and articulable suspicion considering all the circumstances, then the stop is
constitutionally valid. State v. Mays, supra at ¶ 8.
{¶28} In Mays, supra the defendant argued that his actions in the case – twice
driving across the white edge line – were not enough to constitute a violation of the
driving within marked lanes statute, R.C. 4511.33. Id. at ¶ 15. The appellant further
argued that the stop was unjustified because there was no reason to suspect that he
had failed to first ascertain that leaving the lane could be done safely or that he had not
stayed within his lane “as nearly as [was] practicable,” within the meaning of R.C.
4511.33(A)(1). In rejecting these arguments, the Supreme Court noted, “the question of
whether appellant might have a possible defense to a charge of violating R.C. 4511.33 Guernsey County, Case No. 2010-CA-40 9
is irrelevant in our analysis of whether an officer has a reasonable and articulable
suspicion to initiate a traffic stop. An officer is not required to determine whether
someone who has been observed committing a crime might have a legal defense to the
charge.” Id. at ¶ 17.
{¶29} In the case at bar, Trooper Allar first made a visual estimate of the speed
of appellant’s vehicle. He then substantiated that the vehicle was in fact traveling at a
speed greater than the posted speed limit by use of the K-55 radar unit.
{¶30} While appellant testified that he had not exceed the speed limit, the judge
is in the best position to determine the credibility of witnesses, and his conclusion in this
case is supported by competent facts. See State v. Burnside (2003), 100 Ohio St.3d
152, 154-55, 797 N.E.2d 71, 74. The fundamental rule that weight of evidence and
credibility of witnesses are primarily for the trier of fact applies to suppression hearings
as well as trials. State v. Fanning (1982), 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20, 437 N.E.2d 583, 584. The
Officer’s testimony represents competent, credible evidence that appellant was
speeding. Therefore, the factual finding of the trial court that appellant was exceeding
the speed limit is not clearly erroneous.
{¶31} Reviewing courts should accord deference to the trial court’s decision
concerning the credibility of the witnesses because the trial court has had the
opportunity to observe the witnesses’ demeanor, gestures, and voice inflections that
cannot be conveyed to us through the written record, Miller v. Miller (1988), 37 Ohio St.
3d 71. In Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland (1984), 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 81, 461 N.E.2d
1273, the Ohio Supreme Court explained: "[a] reviewing court should not reverse a
decision simply because it holds a different opinion concerning the credibility of the Guernsey County, Case No. 2010-CA-40 10
witnesses and evidence submitted before the trial court. A finding of an error in law is a
legitimate ground for reversal, but a difference of opinion on credibility of witnesses and
evidence is not." See, also State v. DeHass (1967), 10 Ohio St.2d 230, syllabus 1.
{¶32} We accept the trial court's conclusion that appellant's violation of the traffic
laws gave Trooper Allar reasonable suspicion to stop appellant's vehicle because the
factual findings made by the trial court are supported by competent and credible
evidence. Thus, the trial court did not err when it denied appellant's motion to suppress
on the basis that the initial stop of her vehicle was valid.
{¶33} In this case, appellant was arrested for OVI and resisting arresting arrest,
but he was never prosecuted for the OVI offense. Thus, the question is not whether the
evidence supported a finding beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant committed the
OVI offense. The question is whether the officer had probable cause or a reasonable
basis to believe that appellant had committed the offense of OVI.
{¶34} In Ohio, it is well settled that, "[w]here a non-investigatory stop is initiated
and the odor of alcohol is combined with glassy or bloodshot eyes and further indicia of
intoxication, such as an admission of having consumed alcohol, reasonable suspicion
exists." State v. Wells, Montgomery App. No. 20798, 2005-Ohio-5008; State v. Cooper,
Clark App. No.2001-CA-86, 2002-Ohio-2778; State v. Robinson, Greene App. No.
2001-CA-118, 2002-Ohio-2933; State v. Mapes, Lake App. No. F-04-031, 2005-Ohio-
3359 (odor of alcohol, 'slurred speech' and glassy and bloodshot eyes); Village of
Kirtland Hills v. Strogin, supra; State v. Beeley, Lucas App. No. L-05-1386, 2006-Ohio-
4799, paragraph 16, New London v. Gregg, Huron App. No. H-06-030, 2007-Ohio-4611. Guernsey County, Case No. 2010-CA-40 11
{¶35} The phrase “under the influence of intoxicating liquor” has been defined as
“[t]he condition in which a person finds himself after having consumed some intoxicating
beverage in such quantity that its effect on him adversely affects his actions, reactions,
conduct, movement or mental processes or impairs his reactions to an appreciable
degree, thereby lessening his ability to operate a motor vehicle.” Toledo v. Starks
(1971), 25 Ohio App .2d 162, 166. See, also, State v. Steele (1952), 95 Ohio App. 107,
111 (“[B]eing ‘under the influence of alcohol or intoxicating liquor’ means that the
accused must have consumed some intoxicating beverage, whether mild or potent, and
in such quantity, whether small or great, that the effect thereof on him was to adversely
affect his actions, reactions, conduct, movements or mental processes, or to impair his
reactions, under the circumstances then existing so as to deprive him of that clearness
of the intellect and control of himself which he would otherwise possess”). See, State v.
Henderson, 5th Dist. No.2004-CA-00215, 2005-Ohio-1644 at ¶ 32. [Citing State v.
Barrett (Feb. 26, 2001), Licking App. No. 00CA 47].
{¶36} The evidence produced at the evidentiary hearing on appellant’s motion to
suppress supports the inference that appellant's consumption of alcohol on the night in
question adversely affected his actions, reactions, conduct, movement or mental
processes or impaired his reactions to an appreciable degree, thereby lessening his
ability to operate his car on the night in question.
{¶37} Trooper Allar’s testimony represents competent, credible evidence that
appellant was operating his vehicle while under the influence of alcohol. Therefore, the
factual finding of the trial court that Trooper Allar had probable cause to arrest appellant
for an OVI violation is not clearly erroneous. Thus, the trial court did not err when it Guernsey County, Case No. 2010-CA-40 12
denied appellant's motion to suppress on the basis that Trooper Allar had probable
cause to arrest appellant for resisting arrest and an OVI violation.
{¶38} Appellant next contends that because he had been tasered before he was
read his Miranda rights, it was incumbent upon the State to re-read those rights prior to
obtaining his statement while in the hospital.
{¶39} A suspect's decision to waive his Fifth Amendment privilege is made
voluntarily absent evidence that his will was overborne and his capacity for self-
determination was critically impaired because of coercive police conduct. Colorado v.
Spring, supra, 479 U.S. at 574, 107 S.Ct. at 857. See, also, State v. Black (1976), 48
Ohio St.2d 262, 2 O.O.3d 422, 358 N.E.2d 551, paragraph four of the syllabus, vacated
in part (1978), 438 U.S. 910, 98 S.Ct. 3134, 57 L.Ed.2d 1154. Thus, coercive police
activity is a necessary predicate to finding that a confession is not voluntary within the
Fifth Amendment, on which Miranda was based. Colorado v. Connelly (1986), 479 U.S.
157, 170, 107 S.Ct. 515, 523-24, 93 L.Ed.2d 473.
{¶40} In Berghuis v. Thompkins ( 2010), ––– U.S. ––––, 130 S.Ct. 2250,
176 L.Ed. 2d 1098, the U.S. Supreme Court found no Miranda violation where the
suspect made a statement nearly three hours after receiving his Miranda warning:
{¶41} “If Thompkins wanted to remain silent, he could have said nothing in
response to Helgert's questions, or he could have unambiguously invoked his Miranda
rights and ended the interrogation. The fact that Thompkins made a statement about
three hours after receiving a Miranda warning does not overcome the fact that he
engaged in a course of conduct indicating waiver. Police are not required to re-warn
suspects from time to time. Thompkins' answer to Helgert's question about praying to Guernsey County, Case No. 2010-CA-40 13
God for forgiveness for shooting the victim was sufficient to show a course of conduct
indicating waiver.” Id. at 2263.
{¶42} In State v. Roberts (1987), 32 Ohio St.3d 225, 513 N.E.2d 720. the Ohio
Supreme Court applied a totality of the circumstances test and found that the warnings
given earlier had gone stale at the time the defendant made incriminating statements:
{¶43} “The totality of the circumstances test is explained by the Supreme Court
of North Carolina in State v. McZorn (1975), 288 N.C. 417, 219 S.E.2d 201. The
following criteria are set forth:
{¶44} “ * * * (1)[T]he length of time between the giving of the first warnings and
subsequent interrogation, * * * (2) whether the warnings and the subsequent
interrogation were given in the same or different places, * * * (3) whether the warnings
were given and the subsequent interrogation conducted by the same or different
officers, * * * (4) the extent to which the subsequent statement differed from any
previous statements; * * * [and] (5) the apparent intellectual and emotional state of the
suspect. * * *” (Citations omitted.) Id. at 434, 219 S.E.2d at 212. See, also, State v.
Myers (Me.1975), 345 A.2d 500; State v. Artis (1981), 304 N.C. 378, 283 S.E.2d 522.
{¶45} “Applying these standards to the case sub judice, we note that Roberts
was given warnings at the time of arrest (approximately two hours prior to talking to
Fuqua), and that the record does not establish whether those warnings were given in
the context of interrogation. Second, the prior warnings were given at Roberts'
girlfriend's home while the subsequent interrogation took place at the county jail. Third,
the warnings were given by police officers, whereas the interrogation was conducted by
a probation officer (having a prior relationship with the defendant Roberts). Thus, the Guernsey County, Case No. 2010-CA-40 14
warnings given at the time of arrest fail on the criteria necessary to satisfy the totality-of-
circumstances test.” Id. at 232–233, 283 S.E.2d 522
{¶46} In the case at bar, appellant concedes that he was read his Miranda rights
at the time of his arrest. The record further shows that appellant that appellant explicitly
stated that he understood his Miranda rights and proceeded to respond to Sergeant
Gannon’s questions. (T. at 25). Appellant he did not ask the officers to cease
questioning him, he did not ask for an attorney and he did not refuse to answer any of
the questions put to him by the officers. Further, appellant’s statement at the hospital
was obtained less than two (2) hours after Trooper Allar first noticed appellant’s vehicle.
(T. at 12-14; 77).
{¶47} The evidence supports the trial court's findings that appellant was properly
advised of his Miranda rights and that he understood those rights. The trial court did not
err in finding that under the totality of the circumstances; appellant's Miranda warnings
had not gone stale.
{¶48} For the foregoing reasons, appellant’s sole assignment of error is
overruled. Guernsey County, Case No. 2010-CA-40 15
{¶49} The judgment of the Cambridge Municipal Court, Guernsey County, Ohio
is affirmed.
By Gwin, P.J.,
Farmer, J., and
Edwards, J., concur
_________________________________ HON. W. SCOTT GWIN
_________________________________ HON. SHEILA G. FARMER
_________________________________ HON. JULIE A. EDWARDS WSG:clw 0812 [Cite as State v. Asp, 2011-Ohio-4567.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR GUERNSEY COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
STATE OF OHIO : : Plaintiff-Appellee : : : -vs- : JUDGMENT ENTRY : JAMES ASP : : : Defendant-Appellant : CASE NO. 2010-CA-40
For the reasons stated in our accompanying Memorandum-Opinion, the judgment of
the Cambridge Municipal Court, Guernsey County, Ohio is affirmed. Costs to appellant.
_________________________________ HON. JULIE A. EDWARDS