Goss, J.
Criminal information was filed in the district court of Logan county, charging defendant, Emmet E. Apley, with the crime of rape, alleged to have been committed on or about July 4, 1911, upon the person of one Lillian Apley, a child of defendant and under the age of sixteen years. Upon defendant’s plea of not guilty a trial was had in said county, resulting in a disagreement of the jury. Subsequently, on the state’s application, a change of venue was taken to Stutsman county, where a trial resulted in a verdict of guilty. Thereupon defendant was sentenced to fourteen years’ imprisonment. He has appealed upon error assigned in the admission and rejection of testimony.
An outline of the facts is necessary to an understanding of the case. The defendant was at the time about forty-eight years of age; the prosecutrix, his daughter, not quite fifteen. Defendant had been twice max*[307]*307ried, his first wife having died more than ten years ago. He had four children by each wife. Shortly after the death of his first wife, his three children, one having died, were placed in an orphans’ home in Minnesota. From there prosecutrix was taken when an infant by others, and when about seven years old her foster parents took her to Portland, Oregon. She remained in Oregon and Washington, with her whereabouts unknown to the defendant, until September, 1910, and during which time she had never seen her father. In August of that year she was at Walla Walla, Washington, and there came into the custody of a police matron. Persons interested then notified her father of the fact and some details of the conduct causing her detention. From there she returned to Portland, Oregon, where she was placed in charge of the juvenile court, from which she was committed to a so-called “house of detention.” About a month after the notice was received of her whereabouts at Walla Walla, defendant forwarded $30 to pay Lillian’s railroad fare back to his home, in Logan county, but before the receipt of the money the girl had returned to Portland. The money was returned. In June, 1911, following, after correspondence with officials of the Salvation Army, and on their advice, defendant went to Portland and found his girl in the juvenile court at that place, which court committed her to his charge. He returned with her to his home in this state, arriving here on Thursday, June 22d, Lillian then first meeting defendant’s second wife and the four children by his second marriage. Defendant had in June, 1911, shortly before going to Portland, sold his homestead, and had preparations made to move to Canada. Lillian’s two full brothers, Jesse and Frank, had been committed with her to the orphans’ home in Minnesota years before. On August 10, 1910, Jesse, then about sixteen years old, returned to defendant’s home, but left it about the 1st of January, 1911. Before Lillian returned, arrangements had been made for Mrs. Apley to take her four children and visit her people in Minnesota before the family removed to Canada. Defendant was to remain and perfect final arrangements for the family’s removal. At first Lillian was to accompany Mrs. Apley on this visit, but pursuant to later arrangements between the defendant and his wife she remained behind. Mrs. Apley and the children left on this visit June 29, 1911, and remained away about a week, during which time it is charged defendant carnally knew his daughter repeatedly between June 30th and [308]*308July 5th. On July 5th defendant left his home for Napoleon, leaving the daughter at home, whereupon she went to a neighbor, one Miss Sullivan, made complaint of her father’s treatment of her, and on departure took from Miss Sullivan a check for $300 and some jewelry. Miss Sullivan signed and swore to a criminal complaint charging Lillian with the theft of .this personal property, resulting in the issuance of a warrant and Lillian’s arrest the following day. The state alleges that this arrest was in fact a mock proceeding, prearranged between Lillian and Miss Sullivan for the purpose of getting Lillian into the custody of the authorities that she might then with safety to herself lay complaint against her father, as she did, with the dismissal of the proceedings against herself following. Defendant denies all criminality, alleging that his daughter was wayward, headstrong, and hard to manage, and so accounting for his severely punishing her at this time while she was at his home alone with him. He also testified that the reason why she did not accompany his wife on the visit was because of certain conduct and statements made by her to the wife and the knowledge had by both him and the wife of the daughter’s conduct at Walla Walla and Portland, from which both decided not to take her with the other children on this visit. The alleged statements of Lillian and her purported conduct causing her to be left at home were offered on trial and excluded, as was the testimony of Mrs. Apley as to grounds for such reason offered for not taking the girl with her.
During her cross-examination, as a part of the state’s case, prosecutrix had testified in detail to alleged conduct of the defendant, toward her, tending to establish that on June 29th he had brutally maltreated her and related to her previous acts of abuse by him upon her brother Jesse; and that by his general conduct toward her he had so terrorized his daughter as to cause her, through fear of him, to submit to his desires. A.t this time she claims he beat her face until it was black and blue, accused her of former prostitution, and threatened to kill her, besides talking to her of obscene and indecent matters. In the main this was denied by the defendant, except that he admits he beat her to punish her. His explanation of the matter in this particular is not altogether compatible with his innocence.
On her cross-examination she had admitted having been in charge of the police matron at Walla Walla; that the police matron had taken her [309]*309to Portland and told her about a home there, “and told me she was afraid I was pregnant or in the family way.” Whereupon cross-examination concerning general unehastity and particular acts of unchastity was prevented, but later in part permitted, to the extent that prosecutrix related, as a reason for the fear of the matron that prosecutrix, was pregnant, that she, Lillian, had been guilty of having sexual intercourse with one Henry in 1910; but that she did not know one Barry, but that Barry had come to the jail and offered to bail her out. That she had told her father in Portland, when she was provoked at him, that she would go back to Henry, not Barry. On redirect examination, in response to counsel for the state, she testified:' “I am sure that I was never pregnant, because I only had sexual intercourse once, with the exception of the defendant, and that was with George Henry on one night the last day of August, in the city park at Walla Wallathat was the night I went to jail myself. 'That was the only time I ever had sexual intercourse before coming to Mr. Apley’s place.”
On July 13th the prosecutrix was examined by a physician, Doctor Savage, who testified to her then physical condition, giving testimony corroborative of prosecutrix that someone had carnally known her at about the time she charges the defendant with such criminal intimacy. After the examination of this witness, and as a part of the defense, prosecutrix was called for further cross-examination, and defendant then sought to establish from her own lips, by cross-examination, “that said witness was acquainted with one Barry, who in 1910 was the keeper of certain rooms in Walla Walla, used for purposes of prostitution; that' said witness voluntarily used and occupied, for a period of more than three weeks in the summer of 1910, one of said rooms for the purpose of prostitution, and that during said time she received men not her husband in said room, and voluntarily had sexual intercourse with them for a money consideration.” And, further, “that at Portland, Oregon, and on the way from that place to Napoleon, North Dakota, in the month of June, 1911, she, said Lillian Apley, stated to defendant that she had had voluntary sexual intercourse with one George Henry, one Hart, and others at Walla Walla, Washington, in the months of May and June, 1910; and that in the summer of 1910 she was acquainted with one Barry; . . . that said Barry was the keeper of a house of prostitution at Walla Walla in 1910. That said witness for the [310]*310space of more than three weeks occupied a room in said house for the purpose of prostitution, voluntarily, and that’during said time she frequently had voluntary sexual intercourse with men for a money consideration.” The foregoing evidence was offered: “(1) For the bearing it has on the credibility of said witness Lillian Apley; (2) in view of the testimony of the witness Doctor Savage; (3) as bearing on the testimony of this witness when she testifies that she had sexual intercourse with the defendant and that she was hurt thereby; (4) as bearing upon the question of the truth of her statement that she swore to concerning the injury she suffered by reason of the intercourse she testified to; (5) further, as explanatory of the defendant’s conduct toward this witness, and explanatory of the treatment the defendant gave the witness, and as explanatory of the punishment he inflicted upon her.” The testimony was excluded on the state’s objection, being in the main that the same was incompetent, immaterial, and irrelevant, an inquiry into a collateral matter; that none of said facts could be shown as affecting credibility of the prosecutrix, she being under the age of consent; that the testimony of a female prosecuting witness cannot be so attacked by showing specific acts of intercourse; further, that the intercourse sought to be established is too remote; that the testimony is not proper for impeachment purposes; and that no proper foundation had been laid for any such testimony if otherwise admissible.
Under such condition of the record, defendant made offers of proof of the general unchastity of the prosecutrix as to having been an inmate of a house of prostitution; and also as to the further specific acts of unchastity as bearing on the issues involved, credibility of the prosecutrix, her physical condition at the time in question, her motives and desires concerning the larceny of the check and jewelry; also as bearing upon the conduct of the defendant toward her and possibly other phases of the case under consideration. As is usual in cases of this kind the all-important question is one of the credibility of the principal parties, the prosecutrix and the defendant.
Examination of the authorities discloses considerable conflict concerning the admissibility of evidence of the unchastity of a prosecutrix. The cases are many, and the opinions inharmonious, and the same is true of texts on evidence. The varying opinions are in part probably due to a difference in the statutory definition of the crime of rape, some [311]*311of the statutes in terms placing in issue the previous chastity of the complainant, as for instance the Nebraska statute as construed in Bailey v. State, 57 Neb. 706, 73 Am. St. Rep. 540, 78 N. W. 284, 11 Am. Crim. Rep. 660 ; again, other holdings are modified by the rule prevailing in the particular jurisdiction as to scope of cross-examination; and other decisions may be explained as based upon various views of procedural policy in the reception or exclusion of such testimony. Hence the latitude of cross-examination generally allowable in this jurisdiction should be considered in this connection. The rule as to cross-examination of witnesses, including a defendant witness, as announced by the decisions of this court, particularly that of State v. Kent (State v. Pancoast) 5 N. D. 516, 35 L.R.A. 518, 67 N. W. 1052, may be said to authorize a liberal cross-examination. Indeed, that case has been held to be an extreme holding in favor of the state on the questions involved of cross-examination concerning credibility and motive. State v. Hazlet, 16 N. D. 426, at pages 439-440, 113 N. W. 374. Consult also Territory v. O’Hare, 1 N. D. 30, 34 N. W. 1003 ; State v. Rozum, 8 N. D. 548, 80 N. W. 477 ; State v. Ekanger, 8 N. D. 559, 80 N. W. 482 ; State v. Malmberg, 14 N. D. 523, 105 N. W. 614 ; and State v. Hazlett, 14 N. D. 490, 105 N. W. 617, a rape prosecution; and State v. Denny, 17 N. D. 519, at page 527, 117 N. W. 869. We must hold that this state is committed to permitting a liberal and reasonably extended cross-examination upon all matters affecting credibility, both generally and as to the specific case, and as concerns motive, interest, or bias of a witness, whether a defendant or an ordinary witness, and whether the case be civil or criminal. As supporting this conclusion we quote from the syllabus in State v. Kent. “Eor the purpose of affecting the credibility of a witness it is proper to ask him on cross-examination questions the answers to which may tend to degrade, disgrace, or criminate him.” This rule applies to cross-examination of all witnesses, including a defendant. Again, concerning credibility, in State v. Malmberg, 14 N. D. 523, on page 526, 105 N. W. 614, we find: “There is a wide distinction between evidence which affects the general credibility of a witness and evidence which affects the credibility of a witness’s testimony in a specific case. Both are proper subjects for cross-examination.” And the opinion cites and specifically approves of what is said in Wigmore on Evidence, under the head of “Testimonial Impeachment,” vol. 2, [312]*312chap. 29, and particularly §§ 879, 943 et seq. It will be noted that Wigmore on Evidence is an authority for the admission of much if not all the testimony here offered. Wigmore, Ev. § 200. In far the greater number of states cross-examination as to specific acts of intercourse, except those had with defendant, is excluded. The only precedent from our court in a case of statutory rape is State v. Hazlett, 14 N. D. 490, at pages 498, 499, 105 N. W. 617, from which we quote':' “The prosecutrix is generally, as in this case, the only witness who can give direct testimony as to the facts constituting the crime, and the defendant alone, as in this case, can directly deny those facts. In the nature of things, therefore, the verdict to be given depends almost entirely upon the relative weight and credibility of the conflicting testimony of these two witnesses. This case, therefore, is one which expressly demanded latitude of cross-examination, because that was, to a great extent, the only effective means by which to determine the weight and credibility of the two principal opposing witnesses. It was important that the cross-examination should extend to every fact and circumstance within reasonable limits which might tend to disclose improbabilities or inconsistencies in the witness’s narrative of the facts, or which might tend to discredit the witness generally or detract from the weight or credibility of his or her testimony in the particular case by reason of improper influences which might induce him or her to falsify.” And on page 499 of the opinion the court further says: “As we explained in State v. Malmberg, supra, cross-examination within reasonable limits as to matters collateral to the issues is always proper if the facts inquired about affect the credibility of the witness.”
The cases cited from our own court are, with a single exception, other than rape cases. They are not cited as precedent upon the admission or exclusion of this particular evidence, except in so far as they establish that in this state a liberal cross-examination generally is permitted. Our court is committed to the broad rule of cross-examination, and in passing upon the cross-examination permissible in this particular case we must adopt a rule consistent with the scope of cross-examination usually allowed in this jurisdiction in other cases. The various states fall into three general classifications as to scope of cross-examination permissible in the particular jurisdictions; namely, the narrow or restrictive, the broad or discretionary, and the medium rule, this last de[313]*313pending usually upon a statute governing the scope of cross-examination, as is the case in California, Michigan, Missouri, Oregon, and possibly other states. This was considered in one of the pioneer cases in this state upon the scope of such examination (Territory v. O’Hare, 1 N. D. 30, 44 N. W. 1003), as will be found commented upon at page 45. Our court, with full knowledge of the three rules, chose the one that has since always been followed, — the discretionary rule. In pronouncing upon this particular matter, as to whether a prosecutrix may be cross-examined as to her ever having been an inmate of a house of prostitution, the answer to which in the affirmative would be some evidence of general unchastity, it would be inconsistent and illogical to follow precedent from those states permitting only the most restricted cross-examination, or from states like California, where, in addition to- a statute governing cross-examination, we find a statute like § 2051 — 2 of the California Code, construed by that court also to apply, as will be hereafter shown. "When that court has seen fit to place its decisions in parallel cases solely upon its statute, we, having no similar statute, cannot regard such a holding as authority in this jurisdiction. In short, the first duty we owe is to keep the line of our own decisions reasonably consistent and harmonious. Wigmore on Evidence, vol. 2, § 981, but illustrates this in the following words: “The state of the law upon the foregoing topics illustrates the truth (not as often judicially appreciated as it ought to be) that there are half a hundred independent jurisdictions within our boundaries, and that it is impossible to make use of all the rulings as though they were valid precedents for every jurisdiction. The shuttle-cock citation of decisions backward and forward, in and out of their proper jurisdictions, has done much to unsettle and to confuse the law. The greatest judicial service that can be rendered to-day is to keep the line of precedents clear and inflexible ih each jurisdiction.”
Naturally upon a question upon which courts are so divided, strong argument can be made, favoring either the admission or exclusion of this testimony. Eor its exclusion it is urged that such cross-examination is humiliating to the prosecutrix, and places in the hands of the defendant too much power when abused; that the jury’s attention may be diverted to the trial of such collateral issues; that the female victim will he loath to prosecute, and that in cases such as here before us, where the prose[314]*314cutrix is but a girl, to permit such, cross-examination might be almost shocking to one’s sense of what ought to be permitted. But after all, it is but the truth that it sought to be elicited by the direct method of cross-examination with the answers to the questions usually conclusive upon the defendant, so there can be no trial of any collateral issue; and any undue and unjustly occasioned humiliation to a prosecutrix but reacts against the defendant in the minds of the jury, to such an extent that prudent counsel, knowing this, seldom ask such questions merely to humiliate; and where the proposed examination is plainly out of place the discretion of the court is ample to control abuses here as elsewhere. So, in the end such objections are more imaginary than real. On the other hand, while no injury can be done a prosecutrix, there may be great danger of a wrongful conviction resulting from the exclusion of such testimony. Concerning this we quote from Wigmore on Evidence, vol. 1, § 200, as follows: “The better view seems to be that which admits the evidence. Between the evil of putting an innocent or perhaps an erring woman’s security at .the mercy of a villain, and the evil of putting an innocent man’s liberty at the mercy of an unscrupulous and revengeful mistress, it is hard to strike a balance. But with regard to the intensity of injustice involved in an erroneous verdict . . . the admission of the evidence seems preferable.” And this was said concerning the admission of evidence as to particular acts of unchastity, while the question under consideration concerns only the admissibility of evidence of prostitution evidencing general unchastity.
"We deem the best authority favors the admission of the proof concerning her having been such an inmate as constituting proof of general immoral character, thus affecting general credibility. 4 Elliott, Ev. § 3094, and cases cited. We quote from 1 Wharton on Criminal Law, 11th ed. § 695: “At common law, and under statute, in the absence of a specific provision to the contrary, the chastity or want of chastity on the part of the female is immaterial in the commission or the charge of the commission of the crime of rape; . . . but on accusation of the commission of the offense against a woman of unchaste or immoral character her want of chastity may be shown as bearing on the question of consent to the act. In such a case the impeachment of the character of the prosecutrix in this respect must be confined to evidence of her general reputation, except that she may be interrogated as to her previous [315]*315acts of intercourse with the accused, or as to her promiscuous intercourse with men, or as to common prostitution. This is the general rule supported by numerous authorities, but in some states it is held otherwise.” And the authority has collected scores of cases on the subject. The following is from 10 Ene. Ev. p. 604, subdivs. 4 & 5':' “Some courts hold that the defendant may introduce evidence that the prosecutrix had voluntary sexual intercourse with other men prior to the time of the alleged offense; other courts hold to the contrary. As a general rule evidence that the prosecutrix has had sexual intercourse with men other than the defendant prior to the time of the alleged offense is inadmissible if the prosecutrix be under the age of consent; but this has been held otherwise and such evidence admitted for certain purposes.” Greenleaf on Evidence, vol. 3, § 214, declares: “The character of the prosecutrix for chastity may also be impeached; but this must be done by general evidence of her reputation in that respect, and not hy evidence of particular instances of unchastity. Nor can she be interrogated as to a criminal connection with any other person, except as to her previous intercourse with the prisoner himself; nor is such evidence of other instances admissible.” Also from Cyc: “In some states it is held that, on the question of character, specific acts of intercourse with others may be shown, and that the prosecutrix may be compelled to answer on cross-examination as to whether she had intercourse with another at or about or before the time; but according to the weight of authority want of chastity must be shown by general reputation, and not by proof of specific acts, except that individual acts with defendant prior to the alleged crime may he proved as it tends to show consent. Nor are the declarations or admissions of the prosecutrix as to specific acts with others than defendant admissible. But it has been held that general immoral habits and character of the prosecutrix may be shown, as by showing that she was a common prostitute, etc. Specific acts with others than defendant may be shown to rebut corroborating circumstances, as when the woman is pregnant or has miscarried or given birth to a child, or where she was infected with venereal disease, or where a physician has testified that the hymen was ruptured. In cases of carnal knowledge of a female under the age of consent, her want of chastity cannot be shown to show consent, since she is incapable of consenting; but it has been held that want of chastity may be shown as affecting credibility of [316]*316the prosecutrix as a witness, although it would not be a defense if the act was admitted, or to show the adulterous disposition of the parties.” 33 Cyc. 1479 — 1482, and numerous cases cited. To the same effect, see Underhill on Criminal Evidence, 2d ed. § 418.
Besides the foregoing authorities, citing numerous cases, see the extensive note to McQuiggan v. Ladd, 14 L.R.A. (N.S.) 689, and particularly pages 714 to 724. This note, however, must be considered in connection with the author’s scope note on page 690, expressly stating that it “excludes every attack upon the credibility of one giving testimony in a litigation, either in his own or another’s behalf, upon cross-examination by questions designed to elicit admissions of specific misconduct.” Otherwise, what is said and the citations given on page 723 of the note under the head “Statutory rape” may be misleading. California decisions since 1872 are hardly authority on this question, because they are holdings under the California statute, §§ 2051 — 2, construed to exclude the cross-examination of a prosecutrix as to specific acts of unchastity. See People v. Harlan, 133 Cal. 16, 65 Pac. 9, from which we quote: “Nor can the immoral character of a witness or specific acts of immorality be shown by independent evidence for the-purpose of impeaching a witness. The Code of Civil Procedure, §§ 2051 and 2052, prescribes the method of impeaching witnesses, and they can be impeached in no way other than therein provided. People-v. Johnson, 106 Cal. 289, 39 Pac. 622.” Eor the early holding of the same court, diametrically the contrary and before the enactment of these statutes, see' People v. Benson, 6 Cal. 221, 65 Am. Dec. 506. And. since this decision California has held both ways on this question. Compare People v. Shea, 125 Cal. 151, 57 Pac. 885, with People v. Benc, 130 Cal. 159, 62 Pac. 404. New York has also held both ways, and the classical opinions on each side of this question are from that-state; the first, in 1838, hy Judge Cowen in People v. Abbot, 19 Wend. 194, an extreme holding admitting both proof of specific acts of intercourse and general prostitution as affecting credibility and as proof of her general immoral character, and the contrary later holding in 1857, hy Judge Strong in People v. Jackson, 3 Park Crim. Rep. 391, excluding independent proof as to specific acts with others than defendant. But the New York rule now admits testimony of general prostitution hy cross-examination of prosecutrix or by independent proof. See [317]*317Woods v. People, 55 N. Y. 515, 14 Am. Rep. 309. For an extensive note collecting the early authorities, see the note to Smith v. State, 80 Am. Dec. 361 to 375. And for an extended discussion, see Rice on Evidence, §§ 520 et Seq.
The proof offered by cross-examination of prosecutrix, as to the prosecutrix a year previously having been an inmate of a house of prostitution, should have been received. It bore upon her general credibility; and the fact that she was under the age of consent, and that consent cannot be in issue, is no sufficient reason why such testimony bearing upon immoral habits and general immorality, and therefore ■affecting general credibility, should he excluded. In this state the age of consent is by statute fixed at sixteen years, in first degree rape. The logical outcome of the holdings of many courts would exclude cross-examination of a prosecutrix upon such testimony as not affecting her ■credibility, had she happened to be one day under sixteen years of age at the time of the commission of the alleged crime, while had she been two days older it would have been admissible on her general credibility. We see no reason why the fact of nonage and want of capacity to legally consent should bar such proof of general immorality as might be disclosed; should she on cross-examination admit having been a year previously an inmate of a house of -prostitution. This testimony sought under cross-examination should have been admitted. If not otherwise material, her answer would have been conclusive upon the state; hence no collateral issue could be tried. 33 Cyc. 1482, note 83; State v. Rivers, 82 Conn. 454, 74 Atl. 757 ; Shoemaker v. State, 58 Tex. Crim. Rep. 518, 126 S. W. 887, decided in 1910. .
Counsel for the state have briefed upon the theory that the prosecutrix was but the victim of bestiality, a mere girl, in whom to presume prostitution would be little short of preposterous. That she could not be a brazen harlot, and rules of evidence should be applied to accord with her youth. They infer that counsel for defendant made the offers of proof principally to humiliate, and not in good faith, and that the court’s discretion exercised in excluding it should not constitute reversible error. It is true that youth usually presupposes inexperience, innocency, chastity, and purity; but a careful perusal of the record convinces us that in prosecutrix the state had, as its right hand in this trial, an apt and very intelligent witness. Some of her replies to the examining [318]*318counsel, as well as her testimony upon details related, indicate a breadth of knowledge of matters we may safely presume to not ordinarily be known by young and inexperienced girls. Some of her answers to counsel were very effective, to say the least, and disclose that she thoroughly understood the situation at all times. She admits that at about the time charged as the period of her indiscretion in Walla Walla, the police matron had “told me she was afraid I was pregnant, or in the family way.” She also admits having used intoxicating liquors, and on one occasion to such excess that the doctor had to be called for her, but blames this episode upon the woman with whom she was staying. She has been under the charge of the authorities at Walla Walla and at Portland. The letters tendered the court for inspection with the offer of proof, including the offered testimony of the defendant as to what he had learned, abundantly establish the good faith of defendant’s counsel in making the somewhat unusual offer. These letters detail circumstances disclosing that the defendant was by no means the first person to suspect or charge the daughter with being, despite her years, considerably experienced in ways she should not have known. As Exhibit 2 is but the reply to one of defendant’s first letters, and returning the $30 he had sent for her transportation back to this state, defendant certainly could not be charged with connivance in any of the matters contained in it. It purports to be from the Salvation Army rescue home at Portland. It is the unsolicited statement of one interested in her, to the father. In part it reads:
“I think it best for you, as well as her, to let you know that she is a hard girl to manage; she run away from me and everybody that tries to do well by her, and part of the time nobody knew where she was. . . . Two or three other good homes were offered her, where the people were amply able to do well by her if she would only try to be good and make something of herself, but she just runs away from everybody. . . . They had her in the city jail and kept her there four days. I didn’t hear of it till late the next day, and then Mr. Osgood and I went down, and her conduct had been so bad that they wouldn’t let her out, and if they had I couldn’t have done nothing with her. But either the fore part of that night or the night before, she and a man about thirty-two years old, a low rake, was in the city park. I don’t know how long, biff she owned up to me and the police that he had accomplished his purpose, and that [319]*319wasn’t the first time, so you can see what else might be the trouble. I don’t say she is in trouble, but there is nothing to hinder her from being. Well, the Salvation Army took hold of the matter, and the police matron of the Salvation Army took her to Portland to what they call ‘a rescue home.’ It is a good place if she is in trouble, or if she isn’t. ... I can’t tell you how bad we all feel about her; there is something good we like about her, but her awful trouble is the men; and she is so fresh and tries to attract every man’s attention. I tell you it will take a mighty strong hand and will to finish bringing her up, and I honestly think it Would be the ruination of her to let her go hack there alone. (Meaning to North Dakota.) Now I was talking to the police matron to-night. I went down to see her. She took me over there, and she is a nice, good woman, and she was about all she could manage on the train, she told me. ... I hope you will not be offended by anything I have written you, for I can prove it all by dozens.”
From the entire record we believe that defendant should have been permitted to cross-examine as to whether in fact she had been an inmate of a house of prostitution along with her other escapades. Though this girl was young, the precedent that will be established must be one that will govern in all similar cases. We see no reason why the youth of the prosecutrix alone excludes such cross-examination. Cross-examination of the prosecutrix concerning former prostitution was not too remote and should have been allowed. A distinction should be drawn between permitting such cross-examination and the cross-examination upon specific acts of unchastity. The former evinces a degree of general depravity, affecting credibility, while, generally speaking, the latter may not.
It is unnecessary to pass upon whether prosecutrix could be cross-examined as to specific acts of intercourse as affecting her general credibility. As a general rule cross-examination cannot be had of a prosecutrix as to specific acts of intercourse with others than defendant. Put under the state of this record, after the physician had testified in the state’s behalf to the physical condition of the prosecutrix, as he was properly allowed to do as corroborative of the state’s theory of the case, — he testifying that the hymen had not only been ruptured but had sluffed away, and that his testimony as to the pain and condition of the girl was “arrived at largely by talking with her,” — that under these [320]*320circumstances the cross-examination of the prosecutrix concerning specific acts of intercourse with others should have been permitted to show that such condition might have been brought about by others, and thus, if possible, break the force of the necessary inference cast against defendant by the testimony of the physician. To this extent, and for such purposes, prior acts of intercourse are material as explaining or bearing upon her present physical condition, shown in evidence by the state as corroborating the proof against defendant. Instead, the physician’s testimony was left as corroborating prosecutrix, though defendant, by the proposed cross-examination, might have shattered such apparent corroborative testimony. The exclusion of this testimony alone necessitates a reversal of the judgment. People v. Betsinger, 34 N. Y. S. R. 819, 11 N. Y. Supp. 916 ; Shirwin v. People, 69 Ill. 55, 1 Am. Crim. Rep. 650 ; Nugent v. State, 18 Ala. 521 ; People v. Duncan, 104 Mich. 460, 62 N. W. 556 ; People v. Knight, — Cal. —, 43 Pac. 6 ; 33 Cyc. 1481 ; Bader v. State, 57 Tex. Crim. Rep. 293, 122 S. W. 555 ; Parker v. State, 62 Tex. Crim. Rep. 64, 136 S. W. 453 ; State v. Mobley, 44 Wash. 549, 87 Pac. 815 ; State v. Gereke, 74 Kan. 196, 86 Pac. 160, 87 Pac. 759 ; State v. Height, 117 Iowa, 650, 59 L.R.A. 437, 94 Am. St. Rep. 323-335, 91 N. W. 935 ; Walker v. State, 8 Okla. Crim. Rep. 125, 126 Pac. 829, and cases therein cited. And this is true in statutory rape as well as in eommon-law rape. People v. Flaherty, 79 Hun, 48, 29 N. Y. Supp. 641.
And further error appears in the court’s refusal to permit Miss Sullivan, a state’s witness, to be cross-examined concerning whether at the time she swore to the complaint charging the prosecutrix with grand larceny, she stated anything to the justice of the peace with reference to the talk she claims to have had with Lillian, pursuant to which the claimed fake larceny proceedings against prosecutrix were instituted. Miss Sullivan testified as follows: “I stated under oath on the 7th day of July, 1911, before the justice of the peace, that Lillian Apley did commit the crime of grand larceny;” following which the question was asked: “Now, when you swore to this statement, did you tell Mr. Bryan (justice) anything about this talk you had with Lillian Apley ?” (Beferring to the prearrangement between witness and Lillian, whereby the arrest of Lillian would be thus obtained.) An objection was urged, and the witness was not permitted to answer. Counsel then asked: “You [321]*321replied to my question when I asked you that when this case was tried at Napoleon; did you not so swear that you did not make that statement to Mr. Bryan at the time that you swore to this affidavit with reference to the talk with Lillian concerning this property at the time you signed this affidavit?” Upon objection made, witness was not permitted to answer. Whereupon defendant then offered “to prove by the cross-examination of this witness that when she signed Exhibit 6 (the criminal complaint charging Lillian with grand larceny) she said nothing to the justice of the peace concerning the conversation she alleges to have had with Lillian Apley, the complaining witness, in her house, concerning her property.” This was excluded and was error. Such testimony bore directly upon the credibility of the witness. The question of whether the taking of this property by Lillian under circumstances amounting to larceny, and whether upon her arrest upon proceedings instituted in good faith against her, to escape the consequences of which by diverting the attention to the defendant, she caused his arrest and this prosecution, had a very important bearing upon the case under defendant’s theory of his defense. Hence, if defendant could establish that Miss Sullivan, the complaining witness against Lillian Apley in the grand larceny charge, said nothing to the justice when she swore to the •complaint of what she has in her examination testified were the facts, to wit, that the property was taken by Lillian with her knowledge and under a prearranged plan that she should secure Lillian’s arrest in this manner, such an admission might have had considerable weight with the jury by causing them to disregard the testimony of this witness, and .also, perhaps, doubt the good faith and motives of the prosecutrix in this prosecution. The testimony offered should have been received.
The defense called the wife of defendant, and by her sought to establish the reasons why Lillian was not taken with the other children on her visit to Minnesota. Defendant offered this testimony for the obvious purpose of preventing the jury from inferring that he kept Lillian at home that he might prostitute her, which might be the fair inference from the testimony of the prosecutrix, and which would harmonize with the state’s theory of the case. The witness was allowed to state merely that she was afraid to take her, but was not permitted to state explicit reasons, if she had them, for such fear, nor the purported facts upon which her reasons were based. In this we believe the defense was un[322]*322duly curtailed, as the reasons offered to be established, appearing from the offer of proof made, would have tended to strongly support the testimony of the defendant, and should have been received.
Error is predicated upon the admission of the testimony of Miss Sullivan concerning the fact and details of the complaint made to her by prosecutrix on July 5th, and in describing the girl’s then apparent condition. The testimony was proper and was well within the rule announced by State v. Werner, 16 N. D. 83, 112 N. W. 60. Testimony as to apparent physical condition of prosecutrix was also admissible. 10 Ene. Ev. 591; Underhill, Crim. Ev. § 412; 33 Cyc. 1470; Wharton, Crim. Ev. 10th ed. pp. 1529 — 1556; and for cases see vol. 17 Decen. Dig. § 43, under “itape.”
In view of another trial we will state that the cross-examination of the defendant, permitted over objection, exceeded proper bounds. As an instance, he was permitted to be cross-examined touching matters involved in the death of his first wife, ten years before, as to which the jury may have concluded that her death may have been due in part to his refusal to call a doctor for her during or shortly after she had given birth to a child; and as to his calling his first wife, ten years dead, and her relatives, sports. All or the greater portion of such testimony may have been prejudicial to the defendant, and was without the issues involved in determining his guilt or innocence. While the limits of cross-examination permissible in this state are in the sound judicial discretion of the trial court, we believe this testimony should have been excluded. In justice to the trial court we will here state that the prosecutrix, in her testimony concerning the occurrences between the 29th of June, 1911, and the 5th day of Jidy following, related alleged statements made by the defendant to her concerning events occurring during her mother’s lifetime and down to that time, to support which testimony the state cross-examined the defendant on matters covering that entire period. We cannot see how such matters concerning his first wife and defendant’s acts referred to could have been relevant or admissible. We do not say that we would reverse this case on the cross-examination alone, but we do believe too great latitude was permitted counsel for the state in that examination.
We cannot feel that the same results would necessarily have followed had the errors in the exclusion and admission of testimony pointed out [323]*323not taken place. The fact that the jury were three days and nights deliberating upon this case before they reached the verdict of guilty, while not controlling, is a circumstance we will also consider in this connection.
The judgment of conviction appealed from is therefore ordered set-aside, and the case remanded for new trial or further proceedings according to law.