BAILEY, J.
In December, 1946, an indictment was returned against defendant, Lewis Ankeny, by which the grand jury of the County of Klamath accused him of the crime of larceny by bailee committed as follows:
“The said Lewis Ankeny on the 31st day of July, A. D. 1946 in the said County of Klamath and State of Oregon, then and there being, and the said Lewis Ankeny then and there being the owner and operator of Lewis Ankeny
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Co., and the said Lewis Ankeny then and there being bailee of $1676.37, lawful money of the United States of America, a
more particular description of which is to this Grand Jury unknown, all being the personal property of Gus A. Anderson and Veva Anderson, did then and there unlawfully, wilfully and feloniously fail, neglect and refuse to deliver, keep and account for said property according to the nature of his trust; contrary to the statutes in such cases made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the State of Oregon.”
The case was tried before the court and a jury. A verdict of guilty was returned and from the judgment on- conviction defendant has appealed.
Three assignments of error are set forth in defendant’s brief. The first assignment is as follows: “The Court erred in overruling defendant’s motion to dismiss the indictment and discharge the defendant in that there is no substantial evidence to support the charge as laid in the indictment.” Under this assignment three propositions of law are discussed, to wit:
¡ “I. The State failed to prove that the relationship of bailor and bailee existed between the complaining witness Gus Anderson and the defendant.
“II. The State failed to prove the subject matter of the alleged bailment as in the indictment charged, to-wit: $1676.37 lawful money of the United States of America.
“III. The State failed to prove that the alleged crime was committed in Klamath County, Oregon.”
In December, 1945, defendant established an investment and securities business in Klamath Falls. He was licensed by the Federal Securities Exchange Commission and by the State of Oregon to buy and sell corporate stock. According to defendant’s testimony in some instances he sold to his customer as principal the stock which he wanted to buy. In other instances
he would act as broker and buy on the market for his customers the stock which they ordered.
On August 1, 1946, one Gus Anderson gave to defendant his personal check for $1,676.37, with the request, as claimed by Mr. Anderson, that defendant purchase for him and his wife 35 shares of stock in Marshall Field
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Company. Relating to this transaction Mr. Anderson testified in part as follows:
“Q. Mr. Anderson, did you ever leave any money with the defendant? A. Yes, sir.
‘ ‘ Q. How much, and on what occasion ? A. Well, I paid for stock he bought for me, sixteen and some seventy-six dollars, or something like that.
* * Q. You placed that money with the defendant, did you? A. Yes.
■ . “Q. What was that money for? A. He was to purchase 35 shares of Marshall Field stock.
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. . “Q. What was your purpose of turning the money over to the defendant, in the amount of $1676.39, that you have heretofore testified to, represented by state’s exhibit #1? What was the purpose for turning that money over? A. He was to purchase 35 shares of Marshall Field stock.
“Q. And state whether, or not he was to -pay for it out of that money? A. Yes, he was. I paid him for it, yes.
“Q. When was he to make that purchase?; A; Immediately, right away.
# * *
“Q. Well now, you paid that over to him as payment for stock, did you not, — the purchase of stock? You bought stock, that was your understanding, was it not? A. He bought stock for me.
“Q. Well, you bought stock, did you not? A. I gave him an order of purchase.
* * #
“Q. You did not talk to Ankeny about any commission, did you? A. No, I told Mm to purchase this stock for me.
# #
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“Q. When you turned over this cheek to Mr. Ankeny, so far as you were concerned, that was his money then to do with as he pleased? You had the stock coming ? A. He was to purchase stock for me.J ’
In April, May, or June, 1946, defendant had financial difficulties with Sutro & Company, of San Francisco, which resulted in Sutro & Company selling all the securities which defendant had with them except some oil stock. During August and the first part of September the defendant received from his customers many thousands of dollars for which no stock or securities were delivered by him to them. On the 26th of August of that year Gus Anderson paid to defendant an additional $1,543.83. Anderson testified that with this money the defendant was to purchase for him and his wife 50 shares of Lockheed Aircraft stock. No such stock was ever purchased by the defendant for Anderson and his wife. Evidence was introduced of transactions-of like character with six other persons -living in Klamath Falls.
Defendant gave this testimony concerning the $1,676.37 transaction with the Andersons:
“Q. Do you want the jury to believe Mr. Anderson and Mrs. Anderson gave you tMs $1676.37 check, buying short with you? Is that what you want this jury to understand? A. Mr. and Mrs. Anderson bought Marshall Field from me.
“Q. Bought Marshall Field from you? A. That is right.
“Q. How much Marshall Field stock did you own at that time ? A. I did not own any.
“Q. Then how could Mr. and Mrs. Anderson have bought Marshall Field stock from you? A. By my merely giving them a commitment. It has been done since dawn in the brokerage business; I did it lots of other times.
“Q. Is it your testimony that Mr. and Mrs. Anderson gave you that money for stock you already had, or gave you that money for which to buy stock for them? A. They gave me money to purchase stock from me, as it plainly says on the invoice.
“Q. Gave you money for what? A. To purchase stock from me, as plainly says on the invoice; that is the printed invoice there, and there is others.
“Q. Did you tell them you have Marshall Field stock? A. I did not.
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Q. Then as far as you know they had no information you had Marshall 'Field stock of your own to sell? A. Yes, it would have been very unusual if I had.
“Q. Yes, it would have been. A. And it would be unusual for any other dealer. They rarely have the stock.
# & ft. &
“Q. Now, did the Andersons — either Mr. or Mrs. Anderson — authorize you to sell this 35 shares of Marshall Field stock short? A. It was not up to them to authorize it.
‘ ‘ Q. You just assumed the prerogative of being able to do that with their money if you wanted to® A. Gus wanted to buy 35 shares of Marshall Field stock and I sold him 35 shares.
“Q. How did you sell him that stock? Did you sell him stock short? A. That is right. ”
Defendant admitted that he had received the Anderson check for $1,676.37 and had cashed it. During the trial Ankeny’s attorney made the following statement’: “The fact is Lewis Ankeny operated the place and was responsible for whatever transactions occurred. ”; At
the time of receiving this check, or a day or two thereafter, defendant delivered to the Andersons a confirmation slip in which it is recited that “As principals we have sold to you” 35 shares of stock of Marshall Field & Company for $1,666.87, plus $9.50, New York commission and tax.
There is in the-record substantial evidence to support the jury’s finding that the Andersons gave to defendant the check for $1,676.37 “for the sole purpose of his purchasing for said Andersons 35 shares of stock in Marshall Field Company.” Under the Court’s instruction it was necessary for the jury to so find in order to return a verdict against the defendant. It must have found against defendant’s contention that he, as principal, sold the stock to the Andersons. The confirmation slip was some evidence that. defendant had. sold the stock as owner thereof but was not conclusive. The state was not precluded from showing, the real transaction. If the check was given to defendant with the understanding that it should be used to purchase certain designated stock for the Andersons then the- relationship of bailor and bailee existed between them;
State v. German,
162 Or. 166, 90 P. (2d) 185.
, jit was probably difficult for the jury to believe that defendant’s customers during the month.of August, 1946,; turned their money over to the defendant for the purpose of permitting him to gamble with it. As we read his testimony, defendant was of the opinion that the different stocks ordered by his customers Would decliné in the near future' and that therefore he did not buy .the stock when it was ordered and was waiting for .the market.to decline.when he was overtaken by financial reverses'. He called this • selling the stock “short”. If the stock did actually decline in value he
was to have the difference between what was paid him for the stock by his customers and what he could actually buy it for on the market. If the stock increased in value the duty would be on him to make up the difference. All this gambling with his customers ’ money was, according to defendant’s testimony, done without their knowledge or consent.
In his second proposition of law under his first assignment of error defendant argues that the “State failed to prove the subject matter of the alleged bailment as in the indictment charged, to-wit: $1676.37 lawful money of the United States of America.” On the authority of
State v. Cooke,
130 Or. 552, 278 P. 936;
State v. Ross,
55 Or. 450, 104 P. 596, 106 P. 1022, 42 L. R. A. N. S. 601 and
State v. Neilon,
43 Or. 168, 73 P. 321, we hold that this contention of the defendant is without merit. The defendant admits that he cashed the check, and there is substantial evidence to support the conclusion that he misappropriated the money received from it.
Nor do we see any merit in defendant’s contention that the “state failed to prove that the alleged crime was committed in Klamath County, Oregon.” The testimony showed that defendant’s place of business was in Klamath Palls, that Anderson took his check to the defendant’s place of business in that city, and that he left the check there with instructions to purchase certain designated stock for him and his wife. This check was drawn on the Klamath Palls Branch of the United States National Bank, was deposited by defendant in the Branch Bank of the First National Bank of Portland at Klamath Palls, and was paid to that bank by the Klamath Palls Branch of the United States National Bank. The defendant, according to his
attorneys’ statement, “operated the place and was responsible for whatever transactions occurred.”
The second assignment of error reads as follows:
. “The Circuit Court erred in overruling defendant’s objection to and permitting witnesses to answer questions
relating to transactions of a similar character to the transaction which led to the indictment of defendant herein,
particularly, transactions consummated with witnesses H. E. Hanger, Rae Jenkins, Ruth M. Dunn, James Todd, W. E. Palmer and Jessie Lyle.” (Italics supplied.)
• • The defendant then quotes from the testimony of each of these six named witnesses, which we summarize as follows:
■ Mr. Hauger in the month of August, 1946, bought, through Mr. Ankeny, 100 shares of Idaho-Maryland stock for $358, which stock was never delivered. • Rae Jenkins in the month of July, 1946, bought, through Mr. Ankeny, stock in the Kingsburg Cottonseed Oil Company for $550, which was not delivered.
■ Ruth M. Dunn in the month of August, 1946, bought 75 shares of National 'Cylinder Gas stock-through Mr. Ankeny for $1,609.06, which stock was not delivered.
Mr. Todd bought stock through Mr. Ankeny on the 5th day of August for $2,620.30 which stock was not delivered.
Mr. Palmer in September, 1946, bought, through Mr. Ankeny, 50 shares of Anaconda Copper Mining, 50 shares of American Steel Foundry, and 50 shares of Allis Chalmers for $5,885.61, and no stock was delivered.
' And Jessie Lyle in August, 1946, bought through defendant’s establishment 25 shares of National Cylinder Gas stock for $543, including commission, but never received any stock.
The court gave the following instruction concerning the admission of evidence relative to similar transactions, to which no exception was taken:
“You are instructed that the charge to be considered by you is the particular charge alleged in the indictment and that you must confine your consideration to the specific charge in the indictment. There has been evidence admitted in this case of other transactions of a similar nature by the defendant ; these have been admitted, and must be considered by you solely, for the purpose of motive of the defendant, or a purpose or design, or for the purpose of showing the absence of mistake. You may consider such testimony in determining whether or not the defendant’s contention that his failure, if you should find he failed, under the instructions of the Court, to keep an account, was because of matters over which he had no control; but, if you return a verdict of guilty in this case it must be based upon whether or not the defendant committed the specific crime as alleged in the indictment.”
In support of this assignment defendant relies on the following cases:
State v.
O’Donnell, 36 Or. 222, 61 P. 892;
State v. Willson,
113 Or. 450, 230 P. 810, 233 P. 259, 39 A. L. R. 84;
State v. Haynes,
116 Or. 635, 242 P. 603. In
State v. O’Donnell
it is said: “The rule that evidence of crimes other than that charged in the indictment is inadmissible is subject to a few exceptions, speaking of which Mr. Underhill, in his valuable work on Criminal Evidence (section 87), says: ‘These exceptions are carefully limited and guarded by the courts, and their number should not be increased” ” The five exceptions pointed out by Mr. Underhill are summarized in the opinion. The second and fourth exceptions are stated by the court as follows:
“(2) When the commission of the act charged in the indictment is practically admitted by the
prisoner, who seeks to avoid criminal responsibility therefor by relying upon the lack of intent or want of guilty knowledge, evidence of the commission by him of similar independent offenses before or after that upon which he is being tried, and having no apparent connection therewith, is admissible to prove such intent or knowledge, which has become the material issue for trial”.
“ (4) When a crime has been committed by the use of a novel means or in a particular manner, evidence of the defendant’s commission of similar offenses by the use of such means or in such manner is admissible against him, as tending to prove the identity of persons from the similarity of such means, or the pecularity of the manner adopted by him”.
In the O’Donnell case defendant was indicted for the alleged larceny of a cow and a calf. Evidence was admitted of the defendant taking other calves “but the testimony fails to show that they were taken at or near the same time, or from the same locality”. It was held that such evidence did not fall within any of the five exceptions noted by Mr. Underhill and therefore the admission of such evidence was reversible error.
In
State v. Willson
it was held that the admission of evidence of a separate crime did not come within any of the exceptions noted in the O’Donnell case, and the court reversed the judgment. In discussing these exceptions the court quoted with approval from
State v. Smith,
103 Wash. 267, 174 P. 9: “* * * To establish: guilty intent, unlawful motive, or criminal knowledge, it is permissible to show that the act charged against the defendant was one in a series of similar ones *' *
In
State v. Haynes
defendant was charged with the crime of statutory rape and it was held that “the testi
mony about the defendant driving the automobile while he was intoxicated, especially after his accomplishment of the sexual intercourse with the prosecutrix, was clearly inadmissible. It was not any part of the
corpus delicti.
Neither was the possession of liquor before the specific act occurred of any relevancy whatever in proving the accusation.”
The following excerpt from 18 Am. Jur., Embezzlement, § 62, p. 608, is, we believe, a correct statement as to the admissibility of evidence of other crimes in •prosecutions for embezzlement, and should apply with equal force to prosecutions for larceny by bailee:-
“The general rule in criminal cases that proof of other offenses is admissible for the purpose of showing criminal intent in the commission of the offense with which the- defendant stands charged ■is applicable in - prosecutions for embezzlement. Thus, evidence of other acts of embezzlement committed art or about the same time as the principal offense is competent to show guilty intent— 'such as a common scheme or plan embracing :the commission of two or more crimes so related to each other that proof of one tends to establish the others, the identification of the person charged with the commission of the crime, or absence of mistake or accident.”
In
State v. Cooke,
supra, defendant was charged with embezzlement. Several of the assignments of error were based upon admission of testimony and exhibits touching similar transactions. In disposing of these assignments adversely to defendant the court said:
“The alleged errors from number 5 to 23, inclusive, are based on the admission of testimony and exhibits touching other similar transactions introduced and received for the purpose of showing a
criminal intent on the part of defendant Cooke. For that purpose the evidence and exhibits were admissible: Underhill on Criminal Evidence (2 ed.), § 89; State v. Lee Wye, 123 Or. 595, 605 (263 Pac. 60); State v. McClard, 81 Or. 510, 515, 516 (160 Pac. 130); 9 R. C. L. 1295, § 1241; 5 Ency. of Evidence, 144.”
See also 22 C. J. S., Criminal Law, § 688, p. 1109.
Defendant blamed much of his trouble on Sutro & Company. He sought financial assistance from that company and when he was unable to procure it he went to New York City where he registered at a hotel under an assumed name.
The Anderson check, which was drawn on the Klamath Falls Branch of the United States National Bank, was deposited by defendant in the “Lewis Ankeny & Co. Trustee Account” in the Klamath Falls Branch of the First National Bank of Portland. The defendant alone was authorized to draw checks on this account. He testified that the check given by the Andersons for $1,676.37 was deposited to his account and that he believed it was deposited to the trustee account. He was then asked:
“Q. Now, if that was your money why did you put it in a trustee account? A. Well, the trustee account was the name that we attached to one account in the First National Bank. It had no special significance.
“Q. There was no special reason for having a trustee account in your business? A. I would not say that, but I’ll say that that was the name of the trustee account, some time before that.
“Q. Did you open and maintain that trustee account to keep your own money or other people’s money in? A. Both.
‘ ‘ Q. Both your money and other people’s money ?
And you had a purpose for keeping these various accounts, and, directing your attention to the trustee account we referred to, what was your reason for keeping the trustee account? A. I know what we had in mind originally, which was some nine or ten months prior to that, or not that long — I’ll say, seven or eight months; I do not know exactly — we were going to do "brokerage as the principal "business, and we had in mind at that time of trying to keep things separate, you see.
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Q. But it ceased to mean anything one way or another after awhile? A. That is right; it was not used for those purposes then.
“Q. And the fact that you deposited this in the trustee account would not mean anything as far as the nature of that transaction is concerned? A. Not that I know of.”
Defendant maintained throughout the trial that the money which he received on the Andersons’ cheek was his own money and that it was not received by him as bailee. Evidence of similar transactions was admissible to show a criminal intent on the part of defendant, 22 C.J.S., Criminal Law, § 686, p. 1100, or as tending to establish a common scheme, plan or system. Op. Cit., § 688, p. 1109. For the limited purposes stated in the foregoing instruction the evidence of the other transactions was admissible. To constitute a crime the act must, except as otherwise provided by statute, “be accompanied by a criminal intent on the part of accused, or by such negligent and reckless conduct and indifference to the consequences of conduct as is regarded by the law as equivalent to a criminal intent.” 22 C. J. S., Criminal Law, § 29,- p. 84. No error was committed in the admission of evidence of similar transactions.
■ ' If evidence is admissible for one purpose the judgment will not be reversed because the court gave the wrong reason for its admission. We. need not here dwell .on the reasons .assigned in the bill of exceptions for, admitting evidence of similar transactions since such evidence was admissible on the grounds herein-before stated.
Defendant’s third assignment of error reads as follows:
“That the Circuit Court erred in failing to give the jury defendant’s requested instructions numbered II, II Supp. II-A, II-B, II-C and II-D, and in failing to instruct the jury as requested in paragraphs III, IV and V, and in modifying defendant’s requested instructions numbered VI, VII and IX, and in failing to instruct the jury as requested by defendant’s requested instruction No. XIV, to-wit: -to bring in a verdict of not guilty by direction of the Court.”
Ten of the foregoing thirteen requested instructions were substantially covered by the instructions given by the court, and therefore we will not discuss them.
.Requested instruction II-B reads as follows:
' “A bailment is to be distinguished from a sale or debt. If by the contract there is-no obligation to restore the specific article, but the bailee is at liberty to return either money or goods , of equal value, there is a transmutation of property and the.obligation created is a debt not a bailment.”
As far as the instant case is concerned, that requested instruction is abstract. There-is no evidence that defendant was at liberty to return either money or goods of equal value.
Requested instruction II-D reads as follows:
“If you are not satisfied beyond a resonable doubt that the prosecuting witness, Gus Anderson, made a demand upon defendant to deliver up the subject matter of the bailment, then you must find a verdict of not guilty.”
Under the facts in the instant case it was unnecessary for Gus Anderson to make demand upon defendant to deliver the Marshall Field stock. See
Kuhnhausen v. Stadelman,
174 Or. 290, 319, 148 P. (2d), 239, 149 P. (2d) 168, where it is said: “Where conversion by a bailee is charged no demand is necessary when there has been ‘a possession maintained in violation of one’s contract, an unfulfilled promise to return the goods, a diversion of property from the special purpose for which it was received’ ”. Citing authorities.
Requested instruction No. VI reads as follows:'
“You are instructed that in case you find there was bailment involved in this transaction you cannot find the defendant guilty unless you feel the state has proved the subject matter of the alleged bailment to be identical with the subject matter charged in the indictment, that is, $1676.37 lawful money of the United States of America. If you find the sum to be a greater or a lesser sum, then there is a fatal variance of proof, and you must find your verdict of not guilty.”
The first sentence of this requested instruction was covered by the court’s instructions. The last sentence was not covered for thé reason that there was no contention that the sum involved was either greater oi? less than the $1,676.37 mentioned. '
In discussing the failure of the court to give his requested instructions, defendant says: “In failing to properly define the terms of ‘bailment’ and ‘contract
of sale’, and in failing to properly define the term ‘lawful money of the United States’, the Court left the jury to speculate upon the meaning of these terms and permitted the jury to find a verdict on their own conception of the law, or upon general principles, of wrong-doing.” In our opinion the court did fully and clearly define the terms referred to in the foregoing-quotation.
Defendant testified that he “had $10,000 in assets here in Klamath County in the brokerage firm” at the time he was in New York. The jury could, from the evidence, have found defendant guilty of larceny by bailee regardless, of the value of the assets of his brokerage firm at the time defendant was in New York or at the time defendant was declared a bankrupt. Defendant did not testify that he had $10,000, or any other sum of money in the bank, when he left Klamath Falls. He did own, as far as the record shows, Acoje Mining stock in a chromite mine in the Philippine Islands for which he had paid about $8,000.
Defendant has.had a fair trial. The judgment appealed from is .affirmed..
Hay, J., did not participate in this decision.