This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date.
1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. 35,559
5 STEVEN ANAYA,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 8 Brett R. Loveless, District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM
11 for Appellee
12 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender 13 Nina Lalevic, Assistant Appellate Defender 14 Santa Fe, NM
15 for Appellant
16 MEMORANDUM OPINION
17 WECHSLER, Judge. 1 {1} Defendant appeals his convictions for second-degree criminal sexual
2 penetration (child aged 13-18, force or coercion) and selling or giving alcohol to a
3 minor. We issued a notice of proposed disposition proposing to affirm, and Defendant
4 has responded with a memorandum in opposition and a motion to amend the
5 docketing statement. We have carefully considered the arguments raised by
6 Defendant, but we continue to believe that affirmance is warranted. For the reasons
7 set out below and in our notice of proposed summary disposition, we deny the motion
8 to amend, and we affirm.
9 MOTION TO AMEND
10 {2} Defendant moves to amend the docketing statement to add the following issue.
11 Based on a conversation with Defendant, appellate counsel states that evidence of the
12 existence of a lapel video and certain unidentified photographs may have been
13 introduced during the trial. [MIO 4] The alleged lapel video may or may not have
14 contained a recording of the victim’s initial interview by the investigating officer, and
15 it was not disclosed by the State prior to the trial. [Id.] According to Defendant, a
16 motion for mistrial was made when this evidence came out during the trial. [Id.] Trial
17 counsel confirms that a mistrial motion was made based on the late disclosure of
18 certain evidence; he does not believe that the evidence was a lapel video, but he
19 cannot remember what it was. [Id.] This issue, concerning the State’s belated
2 1 disclosure of evidence, was not set out in the docketing statement as an issue for
2 appeal. Accordingly, Defendant now moves to amend his docketing statement to add
3 the issue.
4 {3} A timely motion to amend the docketing statement will be granted if it states
5 all facts material to a consideration of the issues sought to be raised, explains how
6 those issues were preserved, explains why they were not originally raised in the
7 docketing statement, and complies with the rules of appellate procedure. State v. Rael,
8 1983-NMCA-081, ¶ 15, 100 N.M. 193, 668 P.2d 309. In addition, the issue sought to
9 be raised must be viable. State v. Moore, 1989-NMCA-073, ¶ 42, 109 N.M. 119, 782
10 P.2d 91, superseded by rule on other grounds as recognized in State v. Salgado, 1991-
11 NMCA-044, ¶ 2, 112 N.M. 537, 817 P.2d 730. Pursuant to the discussion below, we
12 conclude that the issue Defendant seeks to raise is too speculative to be viable at this
13 point, and it is more appropriately raised in a habeas corpus proceeding where the
14 facts supporting it can be fully developed.
15 {4} As Defendant argues, the State’s failure to disclose evidence prior to trial can
16 be grounds for reversal under certain circumstances. State v. Allison, 2000-NMSC-
17 027, ¶ 6, 129 N.M. 566, 11 P.3d 141. Courts consider a number of factors in deciding
18 whether reversal is appropriate, including the following: (1) whether the state
19 intentionally deprived the defendant of evidence or otherwise breached a duty owed
3 1 to the defendant; (2) whether the non-disclosed evidence was material; (3) whether
2 defendant was prejudiced by the non-disclosure of the evidence; and (4) whether the
3 trial court did something to cure the prejudice, such as allowing the defendant an
4 opportunity to investigate the significance of the evidence and respond to it, or
5 limiting the use of the evidence. Id. ¶¶ 6, 20-23. In this case, it is impossible to
6 determine whether the Allison factors, particularly the materiality and prejudice
7 requirements, have been satisfied. This is because there is not enough information
8 about the nature of the late-disclosed evidence, or perhaps non-disclosed evidence.
9 Defendant argues that it is possible that the evidence may have been a lapel video that
10 may have contained the investigator’s initial interview of the victim. [MIO 8] This
11 possibility is contradicted by trial counsel, an officer of the court, who does not
12 believe the evidence was a lapel video. In addition, we note that the late-disclosed, or
13 perhaps non-disclosed, evidence was not significant enough to spur trial counsel to
14 mention the matter in the docketing statement, even though trial counsel is an
15 experienced defense attorney. Without knowing the nature of the evidence we cannot
16 even attempt to decide whether it was material to the defense or whether Defendant
17 suffered any prejudice as a result of either the late disclosure or the non-disclosure of
18 the evidence. See Allison, 2000-NMSC-027, ¶¶ 17-19 (discussing standards for
19 showing that late-disclosed evidence was material and that late disclosure prejudiced
4 1 the defendant). We therefore determine that this issue is more appropriately raised in
2 a habeas corpus proceeding, during which a court can determine what the evidence
3 was, why it was not disclosed prior to trial, and whether Defendant was prejudiced as
4 a result. See, e.g., State v. Paredez, 2004-NMSC-036, ¶ 22, 136 N.M. 533, 101 P.3d
5 799 (noting, in the context of an argument concerning ineffective assistance of
6 counsel, that when the record on appeal does not contain all the facts necessary for a
7 full determination of the issue, the claim is more properly brought through a habeas
8 corpus petition).
9 {5} Defendant argues alternatively that it is possible that the lapel video was not
10 disclosed at all, even during trial, but that its existence was merely mentioned by one
11 of the witnesses. [MIO 9] According to Defendant, this scenario would present a
12 Brady violation requiring reversal of his convictions. [Id.] See, e.g., State v.
13 Balenquah, 2009-NMCA-055, ¶ 15, 146 N.M. 267, 208 P.3d 912 (discussing the fact
14 that requirements of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), apply when evidence is
15 first disclosed after trial, but not if the evidence is disclosed during trial). Again,
16 however, this argument rests on pure speculation, contradicted by trial counsel, that
17 the existence of a lapel video was ever an issue during the trial. In addition, while
18 Defendant further speculates that if the lapel video existed it may have contained
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This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Appellate Reports. Please see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the filing date.
1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. NO. 35,559
5 STEVEN ANAYA,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 8 Brett R. Loveless, District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM
11 for Appellee
12 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender 13 Nina Lalevic, Assistant Appellate Defender 14 Santa Fe, NM
15 for Appellant
16 MEMORANDUM OPINION
17 WECHSLER, Judge. 1 {1} Defendant appeals his convictions for second-degree criminal sexual
2 penetration (child aged 13-18, force or coercion) and selling or giving alcohol to a
3 minor. We issued a notice of proposed disposition proposing to affirm, and Defendant
4 has responded with a memorandum in opposition and a motion to amend the
5 docketing statement. We have carefully considered the arguments raised by
6 Defendant, but we continue to believe that affirmance is warranted. For the reasons
7 set out below and in our notice of proposed summary disposition, we deny the motion
8 to amend, and we affirm.
9 MOTION TO AMEND
10 {2} Defendant moves to amend the docketing statement to add the following issue.
11 Based on a conversation with Defendant, appellate counsel states that evidence of the
12 existence of a lapel video and certain unidentified photographs may have been
13 introduced during the trial. [MIO 4] The alleged lapel video may or may not have
14 contained a recording of the victim’s initial interview by the investigating officer, and
15 it was not disclosed by the State prior to the trial. [Id.] According to Defendant, a
16 motion for mistrial was made when this evidence came out during the trial. [Id.] Trial
17 counsel confirms that a mistrial motion was made based on the late disclosure of
18 certain evidence; he does not believe that the evidence was a lapel video, but he
19 cannot remember what it was. [Id.] This issue, concerning the State’s belated
2 1 disclosure of evidence, was not set out in the docketing statement as an issue for
2 appeal. Accordingly, Defendant now moves to amend his docketing statement to add
3 the issue.
4 {3} A timely motion to amend the docketing statement will be granted if it states
5 all facts material to a consideration of the issues sought to be raised, explains how
6 those issues were preserved, explains why they were not originally raised in the
7 docketing statement, and complies with the rules of appellate procedure. State v. Rael,
8 1983-NMCA-081, ¶ 15, 100 N.M. 193, 668 P.2d 309. In addition, the issue sought to
9 be raised must be viable. State v. Moore, 1989-NMCA-073, ¶ 42, 109 N.M. 119, 782
10 P.2d 91, superseded by rule on other grounds as recognized in State v. Salgado, 1991-
11 NMCA-044, ¶ 2, 112 N.M. 537, 817 P.2d 730. Pursuant to the discussion below, we
12 conclude that the issue Defendant seeks to raise is too speculative to be viable at this
13 point, and it is more appropriately raised in a habeas corpus proceeding where the
14 facts supporting it can be fully developed.
15 {4} As Defendant argues, the State’s failure to disclose evidence prior to trial can
16 be grounds for reversal under certain circumstances. State v. Allison, 2000-NMSC-
17 027, ¶ 6, 129 N.M. 566, 11 P.3d 141. Courts consider a number of factors in deciding
18 whether reversal is appropriate, including the following: (1) whether the state
19 intentionally deprived the defendant of evidence or otherwise breached a duty owed
3 1 to the defendant; (2) whether the non-disclosed evidence was material; (3) whether
2 defendant was prejudiced by the non-disclosure of the evidence; and (4) whether the
3 trial court did something to cure the prejudice, such as allowing the defendant an
4 opportunity to investigate the significance of the evidence and respond to it, or
5 limiting the use of the evidence. Id. ¶¶ 6, 20-23. In this case, it is impossible to
6 determine whether the Allison factors, particularly the materiality and prejudice
7 requirements, have been satisfied. This is because there is not enough information
8 about the nature of the late-disclosed evidence, or perhaps non-disclosed evidence.
9 Defendant argues that it is possible that the evidence may have been a lapel video that
10 may have contained the investigator’s initial interview of the victim. [MIO 8] This
11 possibility is contradicted by trial counsel, an officer of the court, who does not
12 believe the evidence was a lapel video. In addition, we note that the late-disclosed, or
13 perhaps non-disclosed, evidence was not significant enough to spur trial counsel to
14 mention the matter in the docketing statement, even though trial counsel is an
15 experienced defense attorney. Without knowing the nature of the evidence we cannot
16 even attempt to decide whether it was material to the defense or whether Defendant
17 suffered any prejudice as a result of either the late disclosure or the non-disclosure of
18 the evidence. See Allison, 2000-NMSC-027, ¶¶ 17-19 (discussing standards for
19 showing that late-disclosed evidence was material and that late disclosure prejudiced
4 1 the defendant). We therefore determine that this issue is more appropriately raised in
2 a habeas corpus proceeding, during which a court can determine what the evidence
3 was, why it was not disclosed prior to trial, and whether Defendant was prejudiced as
4 a result. See, e.g., State v. Paredez, 2004-NMSC-036, ¶ 22, 136 N.M. 533, 101 P.3d
5 799 (noting, in the context of an argument concerning ineffective assistance of
6 counsel, that when the record on appeal does not contain all the facts necessary for a
7 full determination of the issue, the claim is more properly brought through a habeas
8 corpus petition).
9 {5} Defendant argues alternatively that it is possible that the lapel video was not
10 disclosed at all, even during trial, but that its existence was merely mentioned by one
11 of the witnesses. [MIO 9] According to Defendant, this scenario would present a
12 Brady violation requiring reversal of his convictions. [Id.] See, e.g., State v.
13 Balenquah, 2009-NMCA-055, ¶ 15, 146 N.M. 267, 208 P.3d 912 (discussing the fact
14 that requirements of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), apply when evidence is
15 first disclosed after trial, but not if the evidence is disclosed during trial). Again,
16 however, this argument rests on pure speculation, contradicted by trial counsel, that
17 the existence of a lapel video was ever an issue during the trial. In addition, while
18 Defendant further speculates that if the lapel video existed it may have contained
19 exculpatory evidence, we will not determine that the Brady issue is viable on the basis
5 1 of speculation. We again point out that this issue is one better developed through a
2 habeas corpus proceeding.
3 {6} Defendant requests that we allow him to obtain a transcript, either by placing
4 this case on the general calendar or by providing such a transcript, in order to flesh out
5 the possible facts that might be relevant to the issue of the late disclosure or non-
6 disclosure of evidence. [MIO 9-10] We recognize that, in extraordinary circumstances,
7 allowing a transcript to be obtained while the case is still on the summary calendar
8 could be an appropriate remedy where trial counsel cannot remember certain details
9 of events that occurred during trial. See State v. Ibarra, 1993-NMCA-040, ¶ 4, 116
10 N.M. 486, 864 P.2d 302. It is true that this case does present an instance in which trial
11 counsel has had a memory lapse concerning one aspect of the trial. However, we
12 decline to order a transcript because it is completely unclear whether such a transcript
13 would be helpful in resolving the questions raised by the motion to amend or would
14 assist Defendant in raising a possibly-meritorious issue. Appellate counsel has no real
15 idea whether a lapel video exists or, if it does (again, contrary to trial counsel’s
16 recollection), whether it contains an interview with the victim. Trial counsel, an
17 experienced defense lawyer, would be expected to recognize that a lapel video could
18 be a crucial piece of evidence, but he did not deem the late-disclosed-evidence
19 question to be significant enough to be included in the docketing statement. The issue
6 1 Defendant seeks to investigate is simply too speculative to justify the delay and
2 expense that would result from ordering a transcript at this stage of the proceedings.
3 Once again, we believe a habeas corpus proceeding is a preferable avenue of possible
4 relief for Defendant; during such a proceeding, Defendant can develop the facts
5 necessary to support his claim, most or all of which do not appear to have been made
6 of record during the trial.
7 {7} For the foregoing reasons, we deny the motion to amend the docketing
8 statement.
9 ISSUES
10 {8} Defendant renews his argument that the late interviews with the State’s
11 witnesses were a violation of Rule LR2-400 NMRA (2015, recompiled and amended
12 as LR2-308 effective Dec. 31, 2016) and that the district court abused its discretion
13 by allowing the trial to go forward despite that violation. In the notice of proposed
14 summary disposition, we pointed out that this rule requires sanctions to be imposed
15 where a party violates a scheduling order. We added that the violation here was due
16 not to a party but to the victim and her family, who changed their telephone number,
17 did not remain in contact with the State until just before trial, and did not respond to
18 correspondence sent to them. We proposed to hold that the district court did not abuse
7 1 its discretion in withholding sanctions where the State was not at fault in causing the
2 violations of the rule.
3 {9} Defendant takes issue with our reasoning, pointing out that the State has
4 investigators who could have found the victim’s family sooner. [MIO 10] Defendant
5 suggests that it is noteworthy that the State was able to locate these witnesses
6 “minutes before [the State] would have been forced to dismiss its case.” [Id.]
7 Defendant adds that the district court should have refused to extend the discovery and
8 trial deadlines “at the pleasure of the State and the victim’s family, who could not be
9 bothered to stay in touch even though the case was several years old already.” [Id.] As
10 Defendant acknowledges, we review this issue only for an abuse of discretion by the
11 district court. See State v. Harper, 2011-NMSC-044, ¶ 16, 150 N.M. 745, 266 P.3d
12 25. Refusing to extend the trial and discovery deadlines would have resulted in
13 dismissal of the case or exclusion of crucial witnesses, and these extreme sanctions
14 are appropriate only where a defendant is able to demonstrate prejudice and the State’s
15 conduct was especially culpable. Id. ¶¶ 16-17. The district court had before it all of
16 the information about the family’s failure to stay in contact as well as the State’s
17 explanation for what had occurred. The district court decided not to sanction the State
18 by either dismissing the case or excluding the witnesses, and we cannot say that
8 1 decision was an abuse of discretion, particularly where Defendant has not
2 demonstrated any specific prejudice.
3 {10} Defendant also argues that he had too little time to prepare for trial between the
4 interview of the family witnesses, including the victim, that took place on August 28,
5 2015 and the trial that was held three days later on August 31, 2015. [MIO 12] In our
6 notice we pointed out that it was incumbent on Defendant to demonstrate specific
7 prejudice resulting from this short time period, rather than solely relying on the small
8 number of days elapsing between the interviews and the trial. In response, however,
9 Defendant simply states that he was prejudiced by the lack of time to investigate the
10 witness’s statements and to prepare to impeach them, without providing any specifics
11 as to what avenues of investigation he might have pursued if he had been given more
12 time. [Id.] As we stated in our notice, however, “[a]n assertion of prejudice is not a
13 showing of prejudice.” In re Ernesto M., Jr., 1996-NMCA-039, ¶ 10, 121 N.M. 562,
14 915 P.2d 318. We affirm for the reasons stated in our notice as well as Defendant’s
15 failure to demonstrate specific prejudice.
16 {11} Defendant finally argues that the State did not sufficiently prove the elements
17 of either offense of which he was convicted. [MIO 13-15] The only specific attack he
18 makes on the evidence is a claim that the minor who testified that Defendant gave him
19 alcohol was biased because his sister was the victim of the sexual offense. [MIO 15]
9 1 It is axiomatic that the credibility of witnesses is for the jury to weigh, rather than for
2 this Court on appeal. State v. Griffin, 1993-NMSC-071, ¶ 18, 116 N.M. 689, 866 P.2d
3 1156. Having considered Defendant’s arguments concerning the sufficiency of the
4 evidence, we are not persuaded.
5 {12} Based on the foregoing discussion as well as the analysis set out in the notice
6 of proposed disposition, we affirm Defendant’s convictions.
7 {13} IT IS SO ORDERED.
8 ________________________________ 9 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
10 WE CONCUR:
11 ________________________________ 12 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge
13 ________________________________ 14 HENRY M. BOHNHOFF, Judge