2014 IL App (1st) 130262 No. 1-13-0262 September 30, 2014 SECOND DIVISION
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IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
THE STATE OF ILLINOIS (The Department of ) Appeal from the Circuit Court Central Management Services), ) of Cook County. ) Plaintiff-Appellant and Cross-Appellee, ) ) Nos. 11 CH 25352 v. ) 11 CH 31951 ) AMERICAN FEDERATION OF STATE, ) COUNTY, AND MUNCIPAL EMPLOYEES, ) The Honorable COUNCIL 31, ) Richard Billik, Jr. and Rodolfo Garcia, ) Judges presiding. Defendant-Appellee and Cross-Appellant. )
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JUSTICE NEVILLE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice Simon and Justice Pierce concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 The State of Illinois filed a complaint to vacate an arbitrator's award entered in favor of a
union of state employees. The trial court vacated the arbitrator's award in part and permitted
the State to present evidence in support of its claim that several of its agencies lacked
sufficient funds to comply with the arbitrator's award. The court ordered the State to pay its 1-13-0262
employees amounts due under the State's agreements with the union, but the court permitted
the State to delay payment beyond the time frame permitted by the arbitrator's award. The
State appeals from the judgment, arguing that the document signed by an agent for the State
and an agent for the union imposed no obligation on the State, because in the document the
State's agent purported to commit the State to paying amounts the General Assembly had not
yet appropriated. The union cross-appeals from the judgment, arguing that the trial court
should have confirmed the arbitrator's award.
¶2 We find that the arbitrator's award drew its essence from the arbitration agreement, and
the award accords with Illinois public policy favoring the enforceability of contracts and the
negotiation of binding, multiyear contracts between the State and unions of public
employees. We reverse the trial court's order and remand for entry of an order confirming
the arbitrator's award.
¶3 BACKGROUND
¶4 In 2008, the State of Illinois, through its Department of Central Management Services
(CMS), agreed to a four-year collective bargaining agreement (CBA) with the American
Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME). The CBA required the
State to increase the wages of AFSCME members by 1.5% on January 1, 2009, 2.5% on July
1, 2009, 2% on January 1, 2010, 2% on July 1, 2010, 2% on January 1, 2011, 4% on July 1,
2011, and a further 1.25% on January 1, 2012. The CBA provided:
"Should any part of this Agreement *** be Judicially determined to be
contrary to law, such invalidation of such part or provision shall not invalidate the
remaining portions hereof ***. The parties shall attempt to renegotiate the
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invalidated part or provisions. The parties recognize that the provisions of this
contract cannot supersede law."
¶5 In the CBA, the parties also agreed to use a grievance process to resolve disputes. For
grievances that reached arbitration, the CBA established arbitration procedures, and it
specified that "[t]he arbitrator shall neither amend, modify, nullify, ignore, add or subtract
from the provisions of this Agreement."
¶6 In the summer of 2009, Governor Pat Quinn directed 10 state agencies to lay off a total of
2,500 employees, with the layoffs to take effect early in fiscal 2010. AFSCME filed a
grievance to contest the layoffs. AFSCME and the State, through CMS, agreed to present the
matter to arbitrator Ed Benn for resolution. With Benn's assistance, the parties reached a
mediated resolution on January 26, 2010, signed by agents for the union and the State.
Under the mediated resolution, the State agreed to lay off only 1,200 employees, while
closing 4 state-run facilities and deferring the wage increases set in the CBA. The measures
to which AFSCME agreed saved the State about $300 million, far exceeding the $115
million the State expected to save from the proposed 2,500 layoffs.
¶7 Later in 2010, Governor Quinn sought further concessions from the union. The parties
signed several cost savings agreements (CSAs) in the fall of 2010. The first such agreement
set a goal of finding budgetary savings of $100 million, and named Benn as the agreed
arbitrator for any disputes arising under the CBA and the CSAs. By early November 2010,
the parties identified sufficient savings, and in a second CSA the State's agent agreed that
"there shall be no temporary or indeterminate layoffs through the end of [fiscal year] 2012
(June 30, 2012), nor shall the State close any facilities prior to July 1, 2012." AFSCME
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agreed to yet more deferrals of the wage increases set in the CBA, unpaid furloughs,
reduction of overtime, and other cost reductions. AFSCME's members ratified the CSAs,
and the State began to realize the savings under the CSAs.
¶8 On February 16, 2011, Governor Quinn introduced to the General Assembly a proposed
budget for fiscal year 2012. The proposed budget included sufficient appropriations to fund
the State's promises under the CBA, as modified by the CSAs. The General Assembly
rejected parts of the proposed budget. In May 2011, the General Assembly adopted its
budget appropriating funds for fiscal year 2012 to all the state agencies, with specific
amounts for specific categories of expenses. CMS reviewed the budget and determined that
the appropriations for paying employees at 14 agencies would not suffice to meet the State's
commitments under the CBA and the CSAs. CMS froze the pay for its employees for those
14 agencies at the amounts paid during fiscal year 2011. Employees at all other state
agencies began receiving the negotiated pay raises.
¶9 In July 2011, AFSCME sought arbitration of the dispute arising under the CSAs.
AFSCME argued that in the CSAs the State promised to pay the delayed 2% increase in
wages for AFSCME members. The State answered that the Illinois Public Labor Relations
Act (Act) (5 ILCS 315/1 et seq. (West 2008)) established that it owed no duty to pay any
State employees any wages until the General Assembly appropriated sufficient funds to pay
the wages. According to the State, if the General Assembly decided to appropriate no funds
to pay employees, allocating all appropriations in other ways, the State would owe its
employees nothing.
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¶ 10 Benn issued his award on July 19, 2011. Benn noted that the State argued, in effect, that
the CBA and the CSAs, interpreted in light of the Act, meant that the State promised to pay
its employees "only if there are sufficient appropriations by the General Assembly." Benn
found that the express provisions of the CBA, limiting the power of arbitrators, forbade him
from adding that language to the CBA and the CSAs. The CSAs, by their own terms,
required the State to pay the agreed wages to AFSCME members, including the negotiated
2% increases. Accordingly, Benn found that the State breached the CBA and the CSAs when
it failed to pay the agreed wages to employees of the 14 agencies.
¶ 11 Regarding the Act, Benn said:
"I am an arbitrator whose authority flows strictly from the terms of the
collective bargaining agreement. I am not a judge with authority to interpret
statutory provisions. ***
*** The parties did not specifically make Section 21 [of the Act] part of
the [CBA] or the [CSAs]. As an arbitrator, I therefore have no authority to
interpret that statutory provision. Statutory interpretations must be made by the
courts and not by arbitrators."
¶ 12 Benn added that the CBA did not permit him to add language to the CBA or the CSAs
based on his interpretation of the Act. Benn refused to address constitutional and public
policy issues the State raised, as Benn found that resolution of those issues exceeded the
scope of the authority the CBA and CSAs conferred on him. Benn ordered the State to pay
the agreed wages, including the 2% wage increases for fiscal year 2012.
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¶ 13 The State promptly filed a complaint to vacate Benn's award on public policy grounds
and an emergency motion to stay the award. The trial court granted the stay. The General
Assembly made supplemental appropriations, and several agencies experienced sufficient
attrition to allow them to pay the wage increases Benn ordered. Eventually, the State paid
the ordered wages to employees in all but six agencies. The remaining agencies affected by
the wage freeze are the Department of Corrections, the Department of Human Services, the
Department of Public Health, the Department of Natural Resources, the Department of
Juvenile Justice, and the Human Rights Commission (collectively, the affected agencies).
¶ 14 The trial court agreed with the State that an overriding public policy made the CBA and
the CSAs invalid, unless the General Assembly appropriated to each agency sufficient funds
to pay the amounts due under the CBA and the CSAs. The court then held evidentiary
hearings on the availability of appropriated funds for the affected agencies.
¶ 15 On December 10, 2012, the court held that the affected agencies had proven that they
lacked sufficient appropriations to pay in full the wages agreed in the CBA as modified by
the CSAs, but the agencies had not proven an inability to pay partial increases over fiscal
year 2011 wages. The court ordered the State to pay the wages, including partial increases,
to the extent the appropriated funds permitted. The court added that the State still had an
obligation under the CBA and the CSAs to pay in full the agreed amounts, even if the
agencies needed to use fiscal year 2013 appropriations to pay the agreed 2012 wages.
¶ 16 The State appealed from the order, challenging the holding that it had an obligation to
pay the agreed wages. AFSCME cross-appealed from the order, challenging the ruling
insofar as the court vacated in part Benn's order. Negotiators acting on behalf of the State
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subsequently agreed with AFSCME representatives concerning payments due under the
court's order, and the State's negotiators agreed to withdraw the State's appeal from the
court's order. After AFSCME members ratified the agreement, the Attorney General
informed AFSCME that she would not consent to withdrawal of the appeal. However, the
State paid the wages as agreed, in accord with the trial court's order. AFSCME again ratified
the agreement, despite the Attorney General's decision to pursue the appeal.
¶ 17 ANALYSIS
¶ 18 Mootness
¶ 19 Neither party suggests that the State's payments in accord with the court's order moots the
appeal. We address the issue of mootness because of our duty to determine whether this
court retains jurisdiction to decide the appeal. Circle Management, LLC v. Olivier, 378 Ill.
App. 3d 601, 607 (2007). We agree with the parties that the payments do not make the case
moot, because "[a]gency compliance with the Court of Appeals' mandate does not moot the
issue of the correctness of the court's decision." Norfolk & Western Ry. Co. v. American
Train Dispatchers' Ass'n, 499 U.S. 117, 128 n.3 (1991).
¶ 20 Court's Interest
¶ 21 Neither party questioned the propriety of this court deciding the appeal in this case. Staff
members working for all of the judges in this case belong to AFSCME, and the CBA at issue
governs their relationship with the State. However, all judges in the state face the same
conflict of interest. In this case, as in Jorgensen v. Blagojevich, 211 Ill. 2d 286, 298-99
(2004), "[w]ere we to recuse ourselves, the parties would therefore be left without a
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forum in which to review the circuit court's judgment. Their right to appeal would be lost.
Under these circumstances, the common law 'rule of necessity' obligates us to proceed."
¶ 22 Standard of Review
¶ 23 The State argues that we should vacate the arbitrator's award because Benn's decision did
not draw its essence from the CBA, and because the order violates Illinois public policy. The
General Assembly expressly incorporated the Uniform Arbitration Act (710 ILCS 5/1 et seq.
(West 2008)) into the Act (5 ILCS 315/8 (West 2008)). The Act "reflects the legislature's
intent *** to provide finality for labor disputes submitted to arbitration." American
Federation of State, County & Municipal Employees, AFL-CIO v. Department of Central
Management Services, 173 Ill. 2d 299, 304 (1996) (AFSCME v. CMS). Accordingly:
"[T]he judicial review of an arbitral award is extremely limited. *** The Act
contemplates judicial disturbance of an award only in instances of fraud,
corruption, partiality, misconduct, mistake, or failure to submit the question to
arbitration. ***
To this end, any question regarding the interpretation of a collective-
bargaining agreement is to be answered by the arbitrator. Because the parties have
contracted to have their disputes settled by an arbitrator, rather than by a judge, it
is the arbitrator's view of the meaning of the contract that the parties have agreed
to accept. We will not overrule that construction merely because our own
interpretation differs from that of the arbitrator." AFSCME v. CMS, 173 Ill. 2d at
304-05.
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¶ 24 The court "will review an arbitrator's contract interpretation only to determine if the
arbitrator's award drew its essence from the agreement so as to prevent a manifest disregard
of the agreement between the parties." Board of Trustees of Community College District No.
508 v. Cook County College Teachers Union, Local 1600, 102 Ill. App. 3d 681, 683 (1981).
A federal court held that an arbitrator's award draws its essence from the collective
bargaining agreement "if the interpretation can in any rational way be derived from the
agreement, viewed in the light of its language, its context, and any other indicia of the parties'
intention; only where there is a manifest disregard of the agreement, totally unsupported by
principles of contract construction and the law of the shop, may a reviewing court disturb the
award." Ludwig Honold Mfg. Co. v. Fletcher, 405 F.2d 1123, 1128 (3d Cir. 1969).
¶ 25 However, courts retain the power to vacate arbitral awards, even if the awards derive
their essences from collective bargaining agreements, if the awards violate established norms
of public policy. AFSCME v. CMS, 173 Ill. 2d at 306-07.
¶ 26 The Arbitrator Did Not Consider Public Policy
¶ 27 The State first asks us to vacate the arbitrator's award because Benn expressly refused to
consider the State's public policy arguments for ignoring the words of the CBA and the
CSAs. The State bases its argument on AFSCME v. CMS, 173 Ill. 2d 299. In AFSCME v.
CMS, the arbitrator held that the CBA required CMS to reinstate a child welfare specialist,
despite the specialist's falsification of progress reports for children and her failure to compile
required family service plans. The AFSCME v. CMS court noted that the arbitrator in that
case
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"avoided discussion of the charges ***. He did not take any precautionary steps to
ensure the misconduct at issue here will not be repeated, and he neither
considered nor respected the pertinent public policy concerns that arose from
them. Thus, the remedy in this case violates public policy in that it totally ignores
any legitimate public policy concerns." AFSCME v. CMS, 173 Ill. 2d at 317-18.
¶ 28 The AFSCME v. CMS court then held that the violation of public policy made the award
unenforceable, despite the fact that it drew its essence from the collective bargaining
agreement. The court said:
"As with any contract, a court may not enforce a collective-bargaining
agreement in a manner that is contrary to public policy. Accordingly, if an
arbitrator construes such an agreement in a way that violates public policy, an
award based on that construction may be vacated by a court. [Citation.] Questions
of public policy, of course, are ultimately left for resolution by the courts. ***
We believe the public policy identified above is violated by the arbitral award in
this case. That award cannot be said to in any way promote the welfare and
protection of children." AFSCME v. CMS, 173 Ill. 2d at 318.
¶ 29 The AFSCME v. CMS decision does not make the arbitrator responsible for deciding
questions of public policy. The contract for arbitration defines the arbitrator's authority, and
if that contract does not permit the arbitrator to consider questions of public policy, he should
not consider questions of public policy. See Board of Trustees of Community College
District No. 508 v. Cook County College Teachers Union, Local 1600, 74 Ill. 2d 412, 420
(1979). As the AFSCME v. CMS court held, the courts reviewing arbitration awards bear
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ultimate responsibility for deciding questions of public policy. AFSCME v. CMS, 173 Ill. 2d
at 318. Benn's refusal to consider the State's public policy argument does not warrant
rejection of the arbitral award.
¶ 30 Essence of the Award
¶ 31 Next, the State argues that the award does not draw its essence from the CBA because
Benn ignored the CBA's clause which said that the "provisions of this contract cannot
supersede law." The State contends that the CBA and CSAs, as Benn interpreted them,
supersede section 21 of the Act, which provides: "Subject to the appropriation power of the
employer, employers and exclusive representatives may negotiate multi-year collective
bargaining agreements pursuant to the provisions of this Act." 5 ILCS 315/21 (West 2008).
According to the State, this sentence means that the State's duties under its collective
bargaining agreements always remain subject to the General Assembly's appropriation
power.
¶ 32 The Act makes the CBA subject to the appropriation power of the employer. The Act
defines "employer" as
"the State of Illinois; any political subdivision of the State, unit of local
government or school district; authorities including departments, divisions,
bureaus, boards, commissions, or other agencies of the foregoing entities; and any
person acting within the scope of his or her authority, express or implied, on
behalf of those entities in dealing with its employees. ***
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'Public employer' or 'employer' as used in this Act, however, does not
mean and shall not include the General Assembly of the State of Illinois ***." 5
ILCS 315/3(o) (West 2008).
¶ 33 We cannot reconcile the State's interpretation of section 21 of the Act with the definitions
in the Act, which expressly exclude the General Assembly from the list of employers to
whose appropriation power the CBA remains subject. The State admits that none of the 14
agencies have any appropriation power. We cannot accept the State's invitation to ignore the
explicit definition of the term, "employer." See Board of Education v. A, C & S, Inc., 131 Ill.
2d 428, 468-69 (1989). We hold that the Act does not make the CBA subject to the General
Assembly's appropriation power.
¶ 34 The State also argues that the CBA and the CSAs, as Benn interpreted them, supersede
article VIII of the Illinois Constitution of 1970, which provides that "[t]he General Assembly
by law shall make appropriations for all expenditures of public funds by the State." Ill.
Const. 1970, art. VIII, § 2(b). Under the State's interpretation of the CBA and article VIII,
the CBA imposed no binding obligation on the State, because the General Assembly had not
appropriated funds for the promises the State made in the CBA. If Benn accepted the State's
interpretation of the CBA, Benn would completely rewrite the CBA and the CSAs as
documents with no binding effect on either party, despite the language of contractual promise
in all the documents. As Benn observed, the CBA expressly limited his powers, and did not
permit him to rewrite the CBA and the CSAs, nor did it permit him to ignore the promises
therein. We find no indication that fraud, corruption, partiality, misconduct, or mistake
affected the arbitral award, and the arbitrator addressed all questions properly submitted to
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arbitration in accord with the CBA. See AFSCME v. CMS, 173 Ill. 2d at 304. Accordingly,
we find that the arbitrator's award drew its essence from the CBA and the CSAs. See
Griggsville-Perry Community Unit School District No. 4 v. Illinois Educational Labor
Relations Board, 2013 IL 113721, ¶ 20.
¶ 35 Public Policy
¶ 36 The State also advances the related contention that the arbitrator's award violates Illinois
public policy as expressed in the Illinois Constitution. According to the State, Illinois public
policy forbids the State from negotiating any contracts that require payment of funds the
General Assembly has not appropriated. When the State negotiated the CBA in 2008, the
General Assembly had not made appropriations for fiscal year 2012. When the State
negotiated the CSAs in 2010, the General Assembly still had not made appropriations for
fiscal year 2012. The State claims that the CBA and the CSAs have no binding force, and do
not constitute contracts between AFSCME and the State, because the State, in those
documents, in violation of the constitution, purported to promise to make expenditures of
public funds that the General Assembly had not yet appropriated. But the constitution also
states as a basic public policy that "No *** law impairing the obligation of contracts ***
shall be passed." Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 16. The State argues that the General Assembly's
refusal to appropriate funds in accord with the CBA and the CSAs does not impair the State's
obligation under the CBA and the CSAs because the State had no obligation to fulfill the
promises its authorized representatives made in those documents.
¶ 37 The State's interpretation of public policy brings that policy into direct conflict with the
Act, which expressly provides that the State and its agencies "may negotiate multi-year
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collective bargaining agreements" with unions of state employees. 5 ILCS 315/21 (West
2008). The State interprets public policy to foreclose the State and its agencies from
effectively committing themselves to paying union members any amount prior to the General
Assembly's appropriation of funds to the State and its agencies. But the General Assembly
does not appropriate funds before the fiscal year preceding the year for which it appropriates
funds. Thus, under the State's interpretation of public policy, the State and its agencies
cannot promise unions anything that requires funding for future years. The State's
interpretation of public policy as expressed in the Illinois Constitution forecloses the
possibility of enforceable multiyear contracts, contrary to the Act.
¶ 38 In AFSCME/Iowa Council 61 v. State, 484 N.W.2d 390 (Iowa 1992), the Iowa Supreme
Court faced a similar argument concerning the need for appropriations before a union could
enforce a collective bargaining agreement. The trial court entered an order requiring the state
to pay its employees the amounts it promised in a collective bargaining agreement, despite
the lack of appropriations. The State of Iowa argued that the court's order "violate[d] the
Constitution's appropriation clause, its doctrine of separation of powers and its prohibition
against undue delegation of duties." Iowa Council 61, 484 N.W.2d at 393. The state
contended that "its power to withhold appropriations must be read into every state contract."
Iowa Council 61, 484 N.W.2d at 393. The Iowa court said:
"At the most basic level the State contends a contract with it is not really a
contract, or, if it is labeled a contract, the State need not perform. This argument
rests on a number of disputed applications of settled constitutional and statutory
rules. The question is: Can the government be made to perform in accordance
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with its contracts, or is the other party, by reason of constitutional and statutory
rules intended to protect the public treasury, left to the vagaries of the political
process? We think the State can indeed be required to comply.
A second question is whether the State can avoid liability on this contract
on the basis of an escape clause in the statute which forms a part of the contract.
The answer is no—not on these facts. This is because the clause does not allow
the State to avoid its contractual liability merely by selecting spending priorities
under its exclusive control. ***
***
*** Whatever strengths could be perceived in the State's position simply
cannot be used to frustrate its contractual obligations. ***
*** In Perry v. United States, 294 U.S. 330, 353 n.3 *** (1935), the
United States Supreme Court quoted with approval the following eighteenth
century authority:
'[W]hen a government enters into a contract with an individual, it deposes,
as to the matter of the contract, its constitutional authority, and exchanges
the character of legislator for that of a moral agent, with the same rights
and obligations as an individual. Its promises may be justly considered as
excepted out of its power to legislate unless in aid of them. It is in theory
impossible to reconcile the idea of a promise which obliges, with a power
to make a law which can vary the effect of it.' Id. (quoting Hamilton:
Communication to the Senate, January 20, 1795).
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If we possessed the power to fashion a different rule for Iowa law, a power
we very much doubt we have, we would not do so. It would be no favor to the
State to exonerate it from contractual liability. To do so would seriously impair its
ability to function. A government must finance its affairs, must contract for
buildings, highways, and a myriad of other public improvements and services. It
would lead to untenable results if a government, after having contracted for
needed things, did not have to pay for them." Iowa Council 61, 484 N.W.2d at
391-94.
¶ 39 Like the State of Iowa in Iowa Council 61, the State of Illinois here argues that if the
General Assembly chooses to appropriate all its funds to specific purposes other than the
payments of amounts the State's agents agreed to pay state employees, then the State owes its
employees nothing. Such an interpretation of the CBA and the CSAs, as documents that
commit the State to nothing, cannot stand. The State's interpretation of the General
Assembly's appropriation power would allow the General Assembly in every appropriation
bill to impair the State's obligations under its contracts. We adopt the reasoning of the Iowa
Supreme Court in Iowa Council 61. The State, through its authorized agents, may commit
the State to pay parties who enter into contracts with the State, even before the General
Assembly has appropriated funds for the contract. Iowa Council 61, 484 N.W.2d at 394; see
also Association of Surrogates & Supreme Court Reporters v. State of New York, 940 F.2d
766, 771 (2d Cir. 1991). If the State seeks to make the contract contingent on appropriation,
it must make that contingency explicit in the contract. See Carlstrom v. State, 694 P.2d 1, 4
(Wash. 1985).
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¶ 40 We hold that the arbitrator's award comports with the overriding public policy of
permitting the State to negotiate enforceable multiyear collective bargaining agreements with
unions of state employees, and the award furthers the express constitutional policy forbidding
the General Assembly from passing any acts, including insufficient appropriation bills, that
impair the obligation of contracts. Accordingly, we deny the State's appeal.
¶ 41 Cross-Appeal
¶ 42 AFSCME, in its cross-appeal, argues that the trial court should not have vacated the
arbitrator's award in part. Because the arbitrator's award draws its essence from the CBA and
the CSAs, and because the award does not offend Illinois public policy, we hold that the trial
court had no adequate basis for modifying the arbitrator's award. We reverse the trial court's
decision insofar as the trial court vacated the award in part and modified the award. We
remand for the circuit court to confirm the arbitrator's award.
¶ 43 Reversed and remanded with directions.
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