[Cite as State v. Allgood, 2019-Ohio-738.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF LORAIN )
STATE OF OHIO C.A. No. 17CA011224
Appellee
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE NATHANIEL D. ALLGOOD COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF LORAIN, OHIO Appellant CASE No. 17CR095640
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: March 4, 2019
CALLAHAN, Judge.
{¶1} Appellant, Nathaniel Allgood, appeals his convictions in the Lorain County
Court of Common Pleas. This Court affirms.
I.
{¶2} On January 12, 2017, A.S. returned home from work and found Mr.
Allgood, his girlfriend’s father, intoxicated and lying on the couch. A.S. decided to take
a nap in an upstairs room, leaving his girlfriend D.H., their infant son, Mr. Allgood, and
the couple’s toddler son A.K.S. downstairs. Shortly thereafter, A.S. became concerned
and decided to look around the house for Mr. Allgood and A.K.S. He found Mr. Allgood
in a bathroom with A.K.S. Mr. Allgood held his genitals in one hand and his other hand
rested on the toddler’s neck. A.K.S.’s pull-up diaper had been completely removed. A.S.
removed A.K.S. from the room, called for D.H., and physically attacked Mr. Allgood. {¶3} D.H. called the police to report a suspected sexual assault. Mr. Allgood
was arrested and charged with two counts of attempted rape in violation of R.C.
2907.02(A)(1)(b) and R.C. 2907.02(A)(2), respectively. Each rape charge was
accompanied by a penalty enhancement specifying that the victim was under ten years of
age, as provided by R.C. 2907.02(B). Mr. Allgood was also charged with two counts of
gross sexual imposition in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4) and R.C. 2907.05(B),
respectively. Before the scheduled trial date, the State dismissed one count of gross
sexual imposition, and the trial court allowed the State to amend the other count to
attempted gross sexual imposition. The trial court also granted Mr. Allgood’s motion in
limine to exclude references to his criminal record.
{¶4} During the jury trial of this case, A.S. testified that he was surprised to find
Mr. Allgood at his home on the date in question. During cross-examination, defense
counsel asked A.S. whether he was angry because Mr. Allgood disapproved of his
relationship with D.H. A.S. denied it, then volunteered that he did not like having Mr.
Allgood around because “he got sexual assaults towards his own daughter.” Defense
counsel moved for a mistrial; the trial court denied the motion and offered a curative
instruction instead. Defense counsel moved for a mistrial again, however, based on the
substance of the curative instruction. The trial court also denied that motion and
provided a second curative instruction.
{¶5} The jury found Mr. Allgood not guilty of attempted gross sexual
imposition, but guilty of both charges of attempted rape. The trial court merged those convictions for purposes of sentencing and sentenced Mr. Allgood to ten years to life in
prison. Mr. Allgood filed this appeal.
II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1
THE STATE OF OHIO FAILED TO INTRODUCE SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO PROVE BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT THAT APPELLANT COMMITTED ATTEMPTED RAPE.
{¶6} Mr. Allgood’s first assignment of error is that his conviction for attempted
rape is not supported by sufficient evidence because the State did not introduce evidence
that his behavior constituted a substantial step toward engaging in sexual conduct with
A.K.S.
{¶7} “Whether a conviction is supported by sufficient evidence is a question of
law that this Court reviews de novo.” State v. Williams, 9th Dist. Summit No. 24731,
2009–Ohio–6955, ¶ 18, citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997). The
relevant inquiry is whether the prosecution has met its burden of production by
presenting sufficient evidence to sustain a conviction. Thompkins at 390 (Cook, J.,
concurring). In reviewing the evidence, we do not evaluate credibility, and we make all
reasonable inferences in favor of the State. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 273 (1991).
The State’s evidence is sufficient if it allows the trier of fact to reasonably conclude that
the essential elements of the crime were proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.
{¶8} R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b) provides that “No person shall engage in sexual
conduct with another who is not the spouse of the offender * * * when * * * [t]he other
person is less than thirteen years of age, whether or not the offender knows the age of the other person.” R.C. 2907.02(A)(2) provides that “No person shall engage in sexual
conduct with another when the offender purposely compels the other person to submit by
force or threat of force.” Each form of committing the offense of rape requires “sexual
conduct,” which is defined as “vaginal intercourse between a male and female; anal
intercourse, fellatio, and cunnilingus between persons regardless of sex; and, without
privilege to do so, the insertion, however slight, of any part of the body or any
instrument, apparatus, or other object into the vaginal or anal opening of another.” R.C.
2907.01(A).
{¶9} An “attempt” is “conduct that, if successful, would constitute or result in
the offense.” R.C. 2923.02(A). Such conduct must “‘constitut[e] a substantial step in a
course of conduct planned to culminate in [the] commission of the crime.’” (Alterations
added.) State v. Group, 98 Ohio St.3d 248, 2002-Ohio-7247, ¶ 95, quoting State v.
Woods, 48 Ohio St.2d 127 (1976), paragraph one of the syllabus. In order for conduct to
rise to the level of a substantial step, it must be “‘strongly corroborative of the actor’s
criminal purpose.’” Group at ¶ 95, quoting Woods at paragraph one of the syllabus.
{¶10} When a defendant is charged with attempted rape, the defendant’s conduct
must demonstrate the purpose to commit rape: it must be a substantial step toward
engaging in sexual conduct, not merely sexual contact. State v. Davis, 76 Ohio St.3d
107, 114 (1996). “Attempted rape requires that the actor * * * commit some act that
‘“convincingly demonstrate[s]”’ the intent “to engage in sexual conduct, as defined by
statute.” Id., quoting State v. Heinish, 50 Ohio St.3d 231, 239 (1990), quoting Woods, 48
Ohio St.2d at 132. The removal of a victim’s clothing standing alone, for example, is insufficient evidence of attempted rape. Davis at 114. See also Heinish at 238-239.
Additional evidence that demonstrates that the defendant intended to commit rape—as
opposed to another sexual offense—is also required. Davis at 114. See also State v.
Brown, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98540, 2013-Ohio-1982, ¶ 21 (sufficient evidence of the
intention to commit rape existed when the defendant was found standing over the victim,
attempting to remove her pants, with his own pants partially removed); State v. Lucas,
5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 2005AP090063, 2006-Ohio-1675, ¶ 23-25 (sufficient evidence
of attempted rape existed when the defendant voiced his desire to have sex with the
victim and attempted to remove the victim’s pants during a struggle). Compare State v.
Jones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82978, 2004-Ohio-512, ¶ 20-22 (evidence indicating that
the defendant grabbed the victim by the back of the neck, held a knife to her throat, and
ordered her to remove her clothing was not sufficient to demonstrate attempt to commit
rape).
{¶11} “The act required need not constitute the last possible event short of
completing the crime,” however. State v. Hartsook, 9th Dist. Summit No. 14769, 1991
WL 35137, *2 (Mar. 6, 1991), citing State v. Farmer, 156 Ohio St. 214, 216 (1951) and
State v. Brooks, 44 Ohio St.3d 185, 190 (1989). In addition, for purposes of R.C.
2907.02(A)(1)(b), the defendant’s conduct should be considered in light of the tender age
of the victim. See, e.g., State v. Powell, 49 Ohio St.3d 255, 261 (1990) (concluding that
“ordering this seven-year-old child to take off her clothes strongly corroborates [the
defendant’s] criminal purpose to engage in sexual conduct with her.”). {¶12} In this case, there is sufficient evidence that, when viewed in the light most
favorable to the State, demonstrates that Mr. Allgood’s actions constituted a substantial
step toward engaging in sexual conduct with A.K.S. The child’s father, A.S., testified
that after he went upstairs to lie down, he heard Mr. Allgood say, “Give me a real hug,
give me a real hug” three or four times. A.S. recalled that something about the situation
made him uncomfortable, so he got up and walked around the house looking for Mr.
Allgood and A.K.S. A.S. noted that the house was quiet at the time. He testified that
after searching most of the house and looking outside, he walked toward a small
bathroom. Once there, he found Mr. Allgood and A.K.S. behind the door, visible through
the crack between the door and the doorframe. A.S. emphasized that had they been using
the toilet, they would have been visible from the doorway itself.
{¶13} A.S. testified that when he found Mr. Allgood and A.K.S., A.K.S.’s pull-up
diaper had been completely removed, and Mr. Allgood held his own penis in one of his
hands. He recalled that Mr. Allgood’s other hand was on A.K.S.’s neck and shoulders
with Mr. Allgood’s fingers wrapped behind the two-year-old boy’s neck. A.S. estimated
A.K.S.’s height at the time of the incident relative to his own height of five feet, nine
inches as about the level of the bottom of a pocket on his jeans. At trial, A.S. and the
counsel for the State demonstrated the relative positions in which A.S. found Mr. Allgood
and A.K.S. in the bathroom, although a description of this demonstration has not been
preserved as part of the record. A.S. also testified that after his physical altercation with
Mr. Allgood that followed, he asked, “why did [you] do it[?]” and Mr. Allgood “said he
didn’t know.” Although Mr. Allgood reacted to A.S.’s appearance by insisting that he was helping A.K.S. to toilet train, A.S. testified that A.K.S. was capable of using his
training toilet independently at the time, that his training toilet was undisturbed in the
location where it was stored, and that it was apparent that the bathroom toilet had not
recently been used.
{¶14} “Sexual conduct,” as used in R.C. 2907.02(A), includes fellatio. R.C.
2907.01(A). One could reasonably infer from A.S.’s testimony and the accompanying
demonstration that he found Mr. Allgood, who held his penis in his hand, at a distance
less than arms’ length from A.K.S., and that Mr. Allgood’s hand rested behind the child’s
neck and shoulder. From this testimony, the trier of fact could reasonably conclude
beyond a reasonable doubt that Mr. Allgood’s conduct constituted a substantial step
toward engaging in sexual conduct with A.K.S. and, therefore, attempted rape.
{¶15} Mr. Allgood’s first assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2
THE CONVICTION FOR ATTEMPTED RAPE WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.
{¶16} In his second assignment of error, Mr. Allgood argues that his conviction
for attempted rape is against the manifest weight of the evidence. This Court does not
agree.
{¶17} When considering whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of
the evidence, this Court must:
review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.
State v. Otten, 33 Ohio App.3d 339, 340 (9th Dist.1986). A reversal on this basis is
reserved for the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the
conviction. Id., citing State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983).
{¶18} Mr. Allgood’s first argument is that his conviction is against the manifest
weight of the evidence because the testimony against him consisted exclusively of
circumstantial evidence gleaned from the testimony of A.K.S.’s father, who was
motivated by bias against Mr. Allgood. In support of this argument, Mr. Allgood has
pointed to A.S.’s acknowledgment that Mr. Allgood was not supposed to be in the house
that he shared with A.K.S.’s mother, and he maintains that “[A.S.] wanted to get Allgood
out of the picture and was willing to exaggerate and lie about what happened with his son
to have Allgood convicted of the crime.”
{¶19} A jury, however, can take issues related to potential bias into account and
determine how much weight to give testimony as a result. See State v. Culp, 9th Dist.
Summit No. 26188, 2012-Ohio-5395, ¶ 25. In this case, A.S. acknowledged during direct
examination that Mr. Allgood was not supposed to be in the residence, and he described
his heightened emotional state after he found Mr. Allgood with A.K.S. as “crazy,” noting
that he “almost lost it.” He also explained that his reaction was motivated by personal
experience:
Because I been [sic] through the same thing myself. You know, my – my – my biological mom had babies by my granddad. That’s how we all ended up in foster care and stuff like that. From people like him. And I wasn’t going through it no more. During his cross-examination, A.S. affirmed that he did not like having Mr. Allgood
around, and defense counsel’s line of questioning also suggested that Mr. Allgood did not
approve of A.S.’s relationship with his daughter.
{¶20} This Court must “consider[] the credibility of witnesses” as part of our
manifest weight review. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, quoting Martin, 20 Ohio
App.3d at 175. Nonetheless, this Court is mindful of the well-established principle that a
trier of fact enjoys the best position to assess the credibility of witnesses. State v. Rivera,
9th Dist. Lorain No. 18CA011263, 2019-Ohio-62, ¶ 39, quoting State v. Johnson, 9th
Dist. Summit No. 25161, 2010-Ohio-3296, ¶ 15. The jury heard all of the testimony in
this case, including testimony demonstrating A.S.’s potential bias, and determined the
weight that it would afford to that testimony. See Culp at ¶ 25. This Court cannot
conclude that the weight of the evidence weighs against Mr. Allgood’s conviction on that
basis.
{¶21} Mr. Allgood has also argued that his explanation for the events should be
afforded more weight because the evidence against him was merely circumstantial. In
this respect, this Court notes that “[c]ircumstantial evidence and direct evidence
inherently possess the same probative value[.]” Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, at paragraph
one of the syllabus. Mr. Allgood’s explanation was that he was “teaching [A.K.S.] how
to potty train.” Both A.S. and D.H., however, testified that A.K.S. already knew how to
use the training toilet independently. A.S. described the process that A.K.S. followed
when he needed to urinate in detail and noted that the training toilet that A.K.S. used was
undisturbed from its customary location when he found Mr. Allgood in the bathroom with A.K.S. A.S. noted that the bathroom toilet had not been recently used and testified
that had either of them been using the toilet when he approached the bathroom, he would
have seen it. D.H. confirmed that when she entered the bathroom, she also noted that the
toilet was not running as though it had been flushed recently and that there was no urine
in the toilet.
{¶22} Given the evidence in this case, this Court cannot conclude that this is the
exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction. Mr.
Allgood’s second assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3
THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION AND VIOLATED THE APPELLANT’S RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS AND A FAIR TRIAL BY FAILING TO GRANT HIS MOTION FOR A MISTRIAL.
{¶23} In his third assignment of error, Mr. Allgood argues that the trial court
abused its discretion by denying his motion for a mistrial after A.S. testified to matters
excluded by the trial court in limine. This Court does not agree.
{¶24} A mistrial must be declared “only when the ends of justice so require and a
fair trial is no longer possible.” State v. Franklin, 62 Ohio St.3d 118, 127 (1991), citing
Illinois v. Somerville, 410 U.S. 458, 462-463 (1973) and Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S.
497, 505-506 (1978). Because “the trial judge is in the best position to determine
whether the situation in [the] courtroom warrants the declaration of a mistrial[,]” the
decision is one committed to the discretion of the trial court. State v. Glover, 35 Ohio
St.3d 18, 19 (1988). This Court reviews the denial of a motion for mistrial for an abuse
of discretion. State v. Halsell, 9th Dist. Summit No. 24464, 2009-Ohio-4166, ¶ 6, citing State v. Patel, 9th Dist. Summit No. 24024, 2008-Ohio-4692, ¶ 46. “In analyzing whether
a defendant was deprived of a fair trial, an appellate court must determine whether,
absent the improper remarks, the jury would have found the appellant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Columbus v. Aleshire, 187 Ohio App.3d 660, 2010-Ohio-2773, ¶ 42
(10th Dist.), citing State v. Maurer, 15 Ohio St.3d 239, 267 (1984).
{¶25} When a defendant moves for a mistrial after testimony related to “other
crimes, wrongs, or acts” under Evid.R. 404(B), a trial court does not abuse its discretion
by denying the motion if the reference to other acts was brief and isolated, the remarks
were followed by a curative instruction, and the likelihood of prejudice is low. See State
v. Trimble, 122 Ohio St.3d 297, 2009-Ohio-2961, ¶ 174-175, citing State v. Garner, 74
Ohio St.3d 49, 59 (1995) and State v. Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460,483 (2001). In such
cases, this Court presumes that the jury follows the trial court’s instructions. See State v.
Loza, 71 Ohio St.3d 61, 75 (1994), citing State v. Henderson, 39 Ohio St.3d 24, 33
(1988).
{¶26} In this case, the reference to impermissible evidence under Evid.R. 404(B)
was brief, and counsel for Mr. Allgood objected immediately:
Q: So you started off by saying you came home, and you’re pissed that my client, the grandfather of [A.K.S.], is at your house; right?
A: Um-hum.
Q: Is that because my client doesn’t think you’re good for his daughter? A: No. Just because he always at the house drunk, and he got sexual assaults towards his own daughter; so that’s why I don’t like him around.1
After a lengthy discussion with counsel at sidebar, the trial court sustained the objection,
instructed the jury to disregard the statement made by A.S, and took the further step of
informing the jury that the statement made by A.S. “may, in fact, not be accurate or
truthful.” To the extent that Mr. Allgood alleges error in connection with the substance
of the curative statements, this Court notes no abuse of discretion on the part of the trial
court. The trial court’s ruling on the motions for a mistrial and the lengthy curative
instructions demonstrate that the trial court wrestled with the potential impact of A.S.’s
statement, balancing it with the “‘ends of public justice.’” Somerville at 463. See also
Glover at 19. The trial court’s statements bear no indication of an abuse of discretion.
See generally Nakoff v. Fairview Gen. Hosp., 75 Ohio St.3d 254, 256 (1996) (noting that
an abuse of discretion is demonstrated by a “result [that] must be so palpably and grossly
violative of fact or logic that it evidences not the exercise of will but the perversity of
will, not the exercise of judgment but the defiance of judgment, not the exercise of reason
but instead passion or bias.”).
{¶27} This was also not a situation in which the defendant was deprived of the
possibility of a fair trial. “In determining whether a defendant was deprived of a fair trial,
a court must determine whether, absent the error or irregularity, ‘the jury would have
1 Although the circumstances that precipitated A.S.’s statement are not entirely clear from the record, it appears that A.S. had demonstrated that he was inclined to make statements harmful to Mr. Allgood during a previous court appearance, thus leading to the motion in limine. Nonetheless, it also appears that both the State and defense counsel were caught off guard by A.S.’s actual statement during trial. found the appellant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.’” State v. Edwards, 9th Dist.
Summit No. 28164, 2017-Ohio-7231, ¶ 13, quoting Aleshire, 187 Ohio App.3d 660,
2010-Ohio-2773, at ¶ 42. In this case, then, the question is whether the jury would have
found Mr. Allgood guilty of attempted rape had A.S.’s statement not been made. See
State v. Knight, 9th Dist. Wayne No. 15AP0019, 2016-Ohio-8505, ¶ 9. Given the
evidence against him, as noted in this Court’s discussion of Mr. Allgood’s first and
second assignments of error, this Court cannot attribute Mr. Allgood’s conviction to
A.S.’s statement. See id.
{¶28} The trial court, therefore, did not abuse its discretion by denying Mr.
Allgood’s motion for a mistrial. His third assignment of error is overruled.
III.
{¶29} Mr. Allgood’s assignments of error are overruled. The judgment of the
Lorain County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Lorain, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of
this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is
instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the
mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
Costs taxed equally to both parties.
LYNNE S. CALLAHAN FOR THE COURT
TEODOSIO, J. CONCURS.
SCHAFER, P. J. CONCURRING IN JUDGMENT ONLY.
{¶30} I must begrudgingly concur in judgment only as our appellate review is
constrained to the assignments of error as presented.
APPEARANCES:
DANIEL G. WIGHTMAN, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.
DENNIS P. WILL, Prosecuting Attorney, and BRIAN P. MURPHY, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.