McGinnis, Judge:
This case was certified here from the Circuit Court of Putnam County, upon the court’s sustaining the demurrer to the indictment against the defendant for perjury.
The indictment reads as follows:
“The Grand Jurors of the State-of West Virginia, in and for the body of the County of Putnam, and now attending the said Court, upon their oaths,- present, that, Howard Aley on the 18th day of October, 1921, [530]*530in tbe county aforesaid, at the court house thereof, by the circuit court of said county, one George Wisman was tried on an indictment charging that he the said George Wisman, James Wisman, Herb Robinson and Charles Robinson, did unlawfully and feloniously combine, conspire and confederate together for the purpose of inflicting bodily injury upon one Grant Adkins and that in pursuance of such conspiracy did unlawfully and maliciously shoot, cut, stab and wound, and by other means bodily injury did cause .one Walter Adkins (the said George Wisman having elected to be tried separately on said indictment) as more fully appears by the records of the said circuit court, .and that upon said trial of the said George Wisman for the felony aforesaid, Howard Aley appeared in said court as a witness for and on behalf of the said George Wisman and was then and there in said county and the circuit court aforesaid, duly sworn by J. W. Anderson, the clerk of said court, to testify as a witness upon the trial of George Wisman upon said indictment and the evidence he shall give upon said trial as such witness should be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, the said J. W. Anderson, then and there having authority by law to administer the said oath; and that upon the trial of said George Wisman for the felony aforesaid, it then and there became material to inquire whether the said Walter Adkins entertained bad feeling and ill-will toward the said George Wis-man, or either of his co-defendants, and whether the said Walter Adkins was armed at the time he was alleged to have been assaulted by the said George Wisman and others, and that thereupon the said Howard Aley being so sworn as a witness aforesaid, did, at the said trial in the county aforesaid, feloniously, wilfully, and corruptly depose, swear and testify, among other things, that ,on the morning of the. 13th day of May, 1921, between the hours of 10:30 and 11 o'clock A. M. of that day, that the said Walter Adkins came into the store room of the St. Albans Hardware Company in the Town of St Albans where the said Howard Aley was employed as clerk and salesman by the said Hardware Company, and at the said time and place as aforesaid the said Walter Adkins walked up to the cash register where the said Howard Aley was and, according to the said Howard Aley’s testimony the following conversation was had: “He said, ‘I want some pills.’ I said ‘What?’ he said ‘I want some pills.’ I laughed at him [531]*531and told him that he would have to go to a- drugstore and get the pills He said £I want someWisman pills.’ I started to direct him to a drug store, next door, and he said ‘ I want some 38 cartridges ’; and he bought a half a dollar’s worth of 38 S. & W. cartridges;” Whereas in truth and in fact the said Walter Adkins was not in the store room of the St. Albans Hardware Company on the morning of the 13th day of May, 1921, and did not see or speak to the said Howard Aley, on that day or have any conversation with him whatever and did not speak for any pills or any Wisman pills and did not ■ ask for any 38 cartridges and did not buy any 38 S. & W. cartridges from the said Howard Aley in the said store or from any other person therein, whereby the said Howard Aley did then and there upon said trial as aforesaid in the said County of Putnam, feloniously, wilfully and corruptly swear falsely as to' a matter material to the issue then being tried, and did feloniously commit wilful perjury, against the peace and dignity of the state.”
Our statute defines perjury as follows:
“If any person to whom an oath is lawfully administered on any occasion shall, on such occasion, wilfully swear falsely touching any material matter or thing, he shall be guilty of perjury;" Barnes Code 1923, ch. 147 sec. 1. (West Virginia).
And the statute setting forth the sufficient allegation in an indictment for perjury, is as follows:
“In an indictment or accusation of perjury or subornation of perjury, it shall be sufficient to state the substance of the offense charged against the accused, and in what court or by whom the oath was administered which is charged to have been falsely taken, and to make an averment that such court or person had competent authority to administer .the same, together with the proper averments to falsify the matter wherein the perjury is assigned, without setting forth any part of any record or proceeding at law or equity, or the commission or authority of the court or person before whom the perjury was committed; but nothing herein shall be construed to allow, without the consent of the accused, a part only of the record, proceeding or writing to be given in evidence on the trial of such in[532]*532dictment or accusation’’ Barnes Code West Virginia, 1923, ch. 158, sec. 4.
Under these two sections, read together, the willful falsity of the testimony touching a material matter or thing'is the substance of the offense of perjury. This indictment does not allege that the defendant wilfully and falsely swore to a material matter or thing in the charging part of the indictment.
In Fitch’s Case, 92 Va., 824, the indictment, in the charging part, uses the identical words as are used in the case under consideration, to-wit:
“Feloniously, wilfully and' corruptly depose, swear and testify, ” '
And clearly negatives the testimony upon Avhich the charge is based, and concludes:
“Whereby the said James Fitch, Jr., did then and there upon the said trial in the city aforesaid feloniously, wilfully and corruptly swear falsely and felon-iously commit wilful perjury.”
The conclusion is couched in substantially the same words-as are used in the conclusion of the indictment before us. At the time Fitch was indicted the Statute of Virginia was the same as our present statute, both as to' what constituted perjury and the essential charges in an indictment for that offense, and the court there held:
“In an indictment for perjury it is indispensably necessary to charge that the defendant swore falsely. Falsity is the main ingredient of the crime. Under the statute (Sec. 3741 Code) it is necessary to charge that the defendant feloniously and wilfully swore falsely, or that he feloniously, wilfully, and falsely swore, or to use in the place of the word wilful some word .-that is its equivalent. An indictment for perjury is not sufficient which simply charges that the defendant did “feloniously, wilfully, and corruptly depose, swear, and testify, ’ ’ although it concludes,' whereby the defendant “did then and there, upon the said trial, in the city aforesaid, feloniously, wilfully, and corruptly swear falsely, and feloniously commit wilful perjury. ’ ’ The-latter words are but the averment of a legal inference from what had been stated. ’ ’
[533]*533In Thomas v. Commonwealth, 2 Rob. 795, the court held:
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McGinnis, Judge:
This case was certified here from the Circuit Court of Putnam County, upon the court’s sustaining the demurrer to the indictment against the defendant for perjury.
The indictment reads as follows:
“The Grand Jurors of the State-of West Virginia, in and for the body of the County of Putnam, and now attending the said Court, upon their oaths,- present, that, Howard Aley on the 18th day of October, 1921, [530]*530in tbe county aforesaid, at the court house thereof, by the circuit court of said county, one George Wisman was tried on an indictment charging that he the said George Wisman, James Wisman, Herb Robinson and Charles Robinson, did unlawfully and feloniously combine, conspire and confederate together for the purpose of inflicting bodily injury upon one Grant Adkins and that in pursuance of such conspiracy did unlawfully and maliciously shoot, cut, stab and wound, and by other means bodily injury did cause .one Walter Adkins (the said George Wisman having elected to be tried separately on said indictment) as more fully appears by the records of the said circuit court, .and that upon said trial of the said George Wisman for the felony aforesaid, Howard Aley appeared in said court as a witness for and on behalf of the said George Wisman and was then and there in said county and the circuit court aforesaid, duly sworn by J. W. Anderson, the clerk of said court, to testify as a witness upon the trial of George Wisman upon said indictment and the evidence he shall give upon said trial as such witness should be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, the said J. W. Anderson, then and there having authority by law to administer the said oath; and that upon the trial of said George Wisman for the felony aforesaid, it then and there became material to inquire whether the said Walter Adkins entertained bad feeling and ill-will toward the said George Wis-man, or either of his co-defendants, and whether the said Walter Adkins was armed at the time he was alleged to have been assaulted by the said George Wisman and others, and that thereupon the said Howard Aley being so sworn as a witness aforesaid, did, at the said trial in the county aforesaid, feloniously, wilfully, and corruptly depose, swear and testify, among other things, that ,on the morning of the. 13th day of May, 1921, between the hours of 10:30 and 11 o'clock A. M. of that day, that the said Walter Adkins came into the store room of the St. Albans Hardware Company in the Town of St Albans where the said Howard Aley was employed as clerk and salesman by the said Hardware Company, and at the said time and place as aforesaid the said Walter Adkins walked up to the cash register where the said Howard Aley was and, according to the said Howard Aley’s testimony the following conversation was had: “He said, ‘I want some pills.’ I said ‘What?’ he said ‘I want some pills.’ I laughed at him [531]*531and told him that he would have to go to a- drugstore and get the pills He said £I want someWisman pills.’ I started to direct him to a drug store, next door, and he said ‘ I want some 38 cartridges ’; and he bought a half a dollar’s worth of 38 S. & W. cartridges;” Whereas in truth and in fact the said Walter Adkins was not in the store room of the St. Albans Hardware Company on the morning of the 13th day of May, 1921, and did not see or speak to the said Howard Aley, on that day or have any conversation with him whatever and did not speak for any pills or any Wisman pills and did not ■ ask for any 38 cartridges and did not buy any 38 S. & W. cartridges from the said Howard Aley in the said store or from any other person therein, whereby the said Howard Aley did then and there upon said trial as aforesaid in the said County of Putnam, feloniously, wilfully and corruptly swear falsely as to' a matter material to the issue then being tried, and did feloniously commit wilful perjury, against the peace and dignity of the state.”
Our statute defines perjury as follows:
“If any person to whom an oath is lawfully administered on any occasion shall, on such occasion, wilfully swear falsely touching any material matter or thing, he shall be guilty of perjury;" Barnes Code 1923, ch. 147 sec. 1. (West Virginia).
And the statute setting forth the sufficient allegation in an indictment for perjury, is as follows:
“In an indictment or accusation of perjury or subornation of perjury, it shall be sufficient to state the substance of the offense charged against the accused, and in what court or by whom the oath was administered which is charged to have been falsely taken, and to make an averment that such court or person had competent authority to administer .the same, together with the proper averments to falsify the matter wherein the perjury is assigned, without setting forth any part of any record or proceeding at law or equity, or the commission or authority of the court or person before whom the perjury was committed; but nothing herein shall be construed to allow, without the consent of the accused, a part only of the record, proceeding or writing to be given in evidence on the trial of such in[532]*532dictment or accusation’’ Barnes Code West Virginia, 1923, ch. 158, sec. 4.
Under these two sections, read together, the willful falsity of the testimony touching a material matter or thing'is the substance of the offense of perjury. This indictment does not allege that the defendant wilfully and falsely swore to a material matter or thing in the charging part of the indictment.
In Fitch’s Case, 92 Va., 824, the indictment, in the charging part, uses the identical words as are used in the case under consideration, to-wit:
“Feloniously, wilfully and' corruptly depose, swear and testify, ” '
And clearly negatives the testimony upon Avhich the charge is based, and concludes:
“Whereby the said James Fitch, Jr., did then and there upon the said trial in the city aforesaid feloniously, wilfully and corruptly swear falsely and felon-iously commit wilful perjury.”
The conclusion is couched in substantially the same words-as are used in the conclusion of the indictment before us. At the time Fitch was indicted the Statute of Virginia was the same as our present statute, both as to' what constituted perjury and the essential charges in an indictment for that offense, and the court there held:
“In an indictment for perjury it is indispensably necessary to charge that the defendant swore falsely. Falsity is the main ingredient of the crime. Under the statute (Sec. 3741 Code) it is necessary to charge that the defendant feloniously and wilfully swore falsely, or that he feloniously, wilfully, and falsely swore, or to use in the place of the word wilful some word .-that is its equivalent. An indictment for perjury is not sufficient which simply charges that the defendant did “feloniously, wilfully, and corruptly depose, swear, and testify, ’ ’ although it concludes,' whereby the defendant “did then and there, upon the said trial, in the city aforesaid, feloniously, wilfully, and corruptly swear falsely, and feloniously commit wilful perjury. ’ ’ The-latter words are but the averment of a legal inference from what had been stated. ’ ’
[533]*533In Thomas v. Commonwealth, 2 Rob. 795, the court held:
' “An indictment for perjury in giving false testimony before a grand jury, charges that tbe defendant, being duly sworn, £ ‘ did depose and give evidence to tbe grand jury in substance and to tbe effect following” (Stating tbe testimony) “which said evidence was wil-fully false and corrupt, for in truth,” &e.' (falsifying tbe facts deposed to) “and so tbe defenndant did, in manner and form aforesaid, commit wilful and corrupt perjury.” On general demurrer to tbe indictment, Held, here is no sufficient averment that tbe defendant wilfully or corruptly swore falsely, and tbe indictment is defective as well at common law as under tbe statute”
This case was decided in 1843, and tbe Virginia Statute, at that time, sec. 1 cb. 148, Revised Code 1819, was essentially tbe same as our present statute, and tbe Statute of Virginia, at the'time Fitch’s case was decided in 1896.
In Fitch’s case, tbe court gives a clear and concise resrime of tbe indictment for perjury, both at Common Law and under tbe Statute, of Geo. II, cb. 20, sec.-11, which is essentially our present state and was the statute of Virginia at the time Fitch’s Case was decided
However, the revisors of the present Virginia Code added to the statute, as it then read (sec. 4868 Code of Va.)., and as our statute now reads (see. 4 ch. 158 Barnes’ West Virginia Code 1923), the following words:
“A distinct allegation, averment or statement.in support of tbe indictment, that tbe defendant did corruptly swear falsely, or did on tbe occasion mentioned in tbe indictment, commit wilful perjury, shall be a sufficient allegation of tbe falsity of tbe oath alleged to have been taken.”
To which addition the Code Commission appends the following note:
“The last sentence is new, and the object of it is to meet tbe objection to tbe ;indictmerit sustained in Fitch’s Case, 92 Va., 824, 24 S. E. 272; while not intending to criticise tbe holding in that case, it would [534]*534seem that tbe former law was defective in not providing for a contingency whicji there arose The defendant had a fair and impartial trial, but because the charge of the falsity of the oath was contained in the concluding part of the indictment instead of in the charging part, the court felt compelled to give him a new trial.”
The case of State v. Powell, 28 Tex. 626, holds:
“That the facts constituting the offense must be averred directly, positively and with certainty and not by way of inference or argument."
“The elements of this offense to be charged in the allegation are: 1. A judicial proceeding or course of justice. 2. The defendant having been sworn to give evidence therein. 3. His testimony. 4. Its Falsity. 5. Its Materiality.” 3 Bishop’s Criminal Procedure, sec. 901.
The indictment before us, it will be observed, does not use the word falsely in the charging part of the indictment. It, however, contains the allegation, in the charging part of the indictment, that:
“Defendant did at the said trial, in the said county aforesaid, feloniously, wilfully and corruptly depose, swear and testify, etc.”
and it is contended that other allegations set forth in the indictment sufficiently show the falsity of the statement made by the defendant, which obviates the necessity of using the word falsely and that these allegations are equivalent to the words, “wilfully and falsely.”
In the concluding part of the indictment, it is alleged after setting forth the statements alleged to have been made by the defendant, and, after negativing the same:
“Whereby the said Howard Aley did then and there, in the said County of Putnam, feloniously and wilfully and corruptly swear falsely as to a matter material to the issue then and there being tried and did feloniously commit wilful perjury. ’ ’
[535]*535This concluding clause, it will be seen, is a conclusion of law drawn from the previous allegations and negations.
“In all indictments, the offense charged should be averred distinctly and directly, and not by way of in-tendment or- argument.” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 2 Rob. 795.
“ It is the province of the indictors to state the facts and leave legal inferences and conclusions to the court." Fitch’s Case, supra.; 1 Bishop on Criminal Procedure, sec. 329.
There is one other objection to the sufficiency of this indictment raised, and that is: that the testimony alleged to have been given by the defendant does not, of itself, disclose its materiality to the issue, that it does not appear that the statements alleged to have been made by the defendant were made before or after the alleged assault upon Walter Adkins by Wisman. If made after the alleged assault, it would not be material.
In the case of Stofer v. State, 3 W. Va. 689, the court held:
“It is, according to the inflexible rule in all such cases, indispensable that all the facts and circumstances constituting the offense, such as time (when it is of the essence of the offense), place, manner and occasion of committing it, should be set forth in the indictment with such certainty and particularity as to give the accused notice of what he is required to meet and defend himself ■ against. ’ ’
This case was decided upon the demurrer to an indictment for perjury.
The indictment before us alleges:
“It then and there became material to inquire whether the said Walter Adkins entertained bad feeling and ill-will toward the said George Wisman, or either of his co-defendants, and whether the said Walter Adkins was armed at the time he was alleged to have been assaulted by the said George Wisman and others, and that thereupon the said Howard Aley, did [536]*536at the said trial'in the county aforesaid feloniously, wilfully and corruptly, depose, swear and testify.’’
But it fails to allege, in the charging- part of the indictment, that the testimony of the defendant, charged in the indictment, was- material to prove that the said Walter Adkins entertained ill' will toward the said Wisman or either of his co-defendants, or that the said Adkins was armed at the time •he was alleged to have been assaulted. It does, however, allege -that: “ It then and there became material, etc. ’ ’
This is not a sufficient allegation that the testimony, given by the defendant, was material to the issue, and, for these reasons, we affirm the decision of the lower court, and it will be so certified.
Affirmed: