State v. Albert

Opinion

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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 3 Plaintiff-Appellee, 4 v. No. 33,083 5 JONAH ALBERT, 6 Defendant-Appellant.

7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF MCKINLEY COUNTY 8 Grant L. Foutz, District Judge

9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Yvonne M. Chicoine, Assistant Attorney General 11 Santa Fe, NM

12 for Appellee

13 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender 14 Will O’Connell, Assistant Appellate Defender 15 Santa Fe, NM

16 for Appellant

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1 MEMORANDUM OPINION 2 GARCIA, Judge. 3 {1} Defendant appeals from his conviction for Driving While Under the Influence 4 of Intoxicating Liquor and/or Drugs (DWI), first offense, contrary to NMSA 1978, 5 Section 66-8-102(C)(1) (2010). Defendant’s conviction was pursuant to a plea 6 agreement, whereby the State agreed to dismiss the aggravated portion of the DWI 7 along with the remaining counts with which Defendant was originally charged, and 8 Defendant retained his right to appeal the issue of suppression on the grounds that 9 there was no reasonable suspicion to warrant the initial stop. Accordingly, on appeal, 10 Defendant raises the single argument that the State failed to demonstrate reasonable 11 suspicion to support the traffic stop based on a violation of NMSA 1978, Section 66- 12 7-317 (1978), the statute concerning driving on roadways laned for traffic. Defendant 13 asks this Court to reverse the district court’s denial of Defendant’s motion to suppress 14 and remand with instruction that Defendant be permitted to withdraw his plea. 15 Because we conclude that the deputy who stopped Defendant had reasonable 16 suspicion to make the stop under NMSA 1978, Section 66-8-114(A)-(B) (1978), the 17 careless driving statute, we affirm.

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1 BACKGROUND 2 {2} Defendant was charged in magistrate court and entered into a plea and 3 disposition agreement, whereby Defendant pleaded guilty to the DWI charge in 4 exchange for the State’s dismissal of the aggravated portion of the DWI and the other 5 charges with which Defendant was charged. By the plea agreement, Defendant 6 reserved his right to appeal “the issue of [the m]otion to suppress—[b]ad stop.” 7 Accordingly, the magistrate court entered a judgment and sentence reflecting the plea 8 agreement. Defendant appealed to the district court and filed a motion to suppress on 9 the basis of an illegal stop. The district court held a hearing on the motion. 10 {3} The deputy who arrested Defendant was the sole witness at the motion hearing. 11 On direct examination, the deputy testified that leading up to the traffic stop with 12 Defendant, he was heading westbound on State Highway 264 “doing traffic control.” 13 The deputy’s testimony, combined with the video footage from his patrol car, showed 14 that State Highway 264 consisted of two lanes heading westbound and two lanes 15 heading eastbound with a median in between the westbound and eastbound lanes. The 16 deputy testified that he saw Defendant’s vehicle “up ahead of [him] in the outside 17 lane” and “what drew [his] attention” to it “was the fact that it . . . all of the sudden . 18 . . just drifted off . . . [and] was straddling the center line . . . for a while . . . then

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1 quickly steered back into [the outside] lane.” When the prosecutor asked the deputy 2 if he made the stop for a violation of “roadways laned for traffic[,]” the deputy relied, 3 “Yes, I did.” On cross examination, the deputy testified that this driving behavior was 4 “suspicious” and made him “wonder[] why he was driving in that manner.” When 5 defense counsel asked the deputy what he meant by “suspicious[,]” the deputy 6 elaborated that “for somebody to just drive into the middle of the roadway and 7 straddle the center line for a few feet and then quickly steer back into the outside lane 8 . . . kinda set off a little whistle in my head saying why is this person driving the way 9 he is.” When defense counsel asked the deputy what his reason for the stop was, the 10 deputy replied, “for straddling the center line,” paused, and then added, “for failing 11 to maintain his lane.” The deputy further testified that in his experience, “sometimes 12 you get people that minorly drive onto the edge line and get back into the 13 roadway—those I watch—but this one was really severe to the point where he actually 14 straddled the center line for several feet . . . mostly nobody does that.” 15 {4} Defense counsel asked the deputy whether Defendant’s driving behavior was 16 a violation of the lane statute even though it did not affect traffic. The deputy replied 17 that he thought it was a violation of the lane statute. However, the deputy further 18 articulated that people do not normally drive in that manner “unless they’re tired, not

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1 paying attention to what they’re doing—anything like that.” Defense counsel and the 2 deputy continued to discuss whether certain circumstances would justify Defendant’s 3 driving behavior, such as taking off his jacket while driving, drinking a coke, 4 dropping a cell phone, or looking back to talk to a child sitting in the rear seat. The 5 deputy testified that under such circumstances, he would give the driver either a 6 warning or a citation for “careless driving.” 7 {5} The district court denied Defendant’s motion and verbally found that Defendant 8 crossed the center line and violated the law. Subsequently, the district court entered 9 an order for remand to the magistrate court to enforce the judgment, finding that the 10 deputy had reasonable suspicion to stop Defendant. Defendant timely appealed the 11 district court’s denial of his motion to suppress to this Court. 12 DISCUSSION 13 {6} On appeal, Defendant argues that the State failed to demonstrate that the deputy 14 had reasonable suspicion to stop his vehicle because “the mere crossing the line 15 dividing one lane from another” is not “a per se violation of the [lane] statute[,] 16 [Section 66-7-317].” Defendant therefore asserts that his motion to suppress should 17 have been granted pursuant to the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United 18 States Constitution. Defendant makes no argument on appeal that suppression was

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1 warranted under the New Mexico Constitution, so we do not consider such an 2 argument. See State v. Hubble, 2009-NMSC-014, ¶ 6, 146 N.M. 70, 206 P.3d 579 3 (stating that, because the defendant did not assert that the New Mexico Constitution 4 afforded him greater protection, the issue of reasonable suspicion would be addressed 5 only under federal law). 6 A. Standard of Review 7 {7} “A review of the suppression of evidence is a mixed question of law and fact.” 8 State v. Anaya, 2008-NMCA-020, ¶ 5, 143 N.M. 431, 176 P.3d 1163. “We consider 9 the facts in the light most favorable to the prevailing party and defer to the district 10 court’s findings of fact if those findings are supported by substantial evidence.” Id. 11 “Determinations of reasonable suspicion also require application of law to fact, which 12 we review de novo.” Id. Since the facts in this case are undisputed, we limit our 13 review to a de novo consideration of whether the law was correctly applied to the 14 facts. See id. “Questions of reasonable suspicion are reviewed . . . by looking at the 15 totality of the circumstances to determine whether the detention was justified.” 16 Hubble, 2009-NMSC-014, ¶ 5 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

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1 B. Reasonable Suspicion 2 {8} “[T]he Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution control[s] the 3 validity of investigative stops.” Anaya, 2008-NMCA-020, ¶ 6. “Since an automobile 4 stop is considered a ‘seizure’ under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments, it must 5 be conducted in a reasonable manner to satisfy the Fourth Amendment.” Hubble, 6 2009-NMSC-014, ¶ 7 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “We evaluate 7 two factors to determine whether a stop was reasonable: (1) whether the stop was 8 justified at its inception and (2) whether continued detention was reasonably related 9 in scope to the original circumstances justifying the stop.” Anaya, 2008-NMCA-020, 10 ¶ 6. Because Defendant argues only that the stop was not justified at its inception, we 11 examine only the first factor. Id. 12 {9} “Before a police officer makes a traffic stop, he must have a reasonable 13 suspicion of illegal activity.” Anaya, 2008-NMCA-020, ¶ 6. “Reasonable suspicion 14 must be based on specific articulable facts and the rational inferences that may be 15 drawn from those facts.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see 16 Hubble, 2009-NMSC-014, ¶ 8 (stating that we “find reasonable suspicion if the officer 17 is aware of specific articulable facts, together with rational inferences from those facts, 18 that, when judged objectively, would lead a reasonable person to believe criminal

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1 activity occurred or was occurring”). “[C]onduct premised totally on a mistake of law 2 cannot create the reasonable suspicion needed to make a traffic stop; but if the facts 3 articulated by the officer support reasonable suspicion on another basis, the stop can 4 be upheld.” Id. ¶ 23 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 5 {10} The deputy testified that one of the reasons he stopped Defendant was because 6 he thought Defendant’s driving behavior violated Section 66-7-317, which states, in 7 pertinent part:

8 Whenever any roadway has been divided into two or more clearly 9 marked lanes for traffic the following rules in addition to all others 10 consistent herewith shall apply:

11 A. a vehicle shall be driven as nearly as practicable entirely 12 within a single lane and shall not be moved from such lane until the 13 driver has first ascertained that such movement can be made with 14 safety[.]

15 {11} However, we need not determine whether the deputy had reasonable suspicion 16 to stop Defendant based on a violation of Section 66-7-317 because the deputy also 17 articulated facts that “support reasonable suspicion on another basis[.]” Hubble, 2009- 18 NMSC-014, ¶ 23 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). During his 19 testimony, the deputy explained that in his experience “mostly nobody” straddles the 20 center line as “severe[ly]” as Defendant did, that Defendant’s driving behavior made 21 him “wonder[] why he was driving in that manner[,]” that he was “suspicious”

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1 because people do not normally drive in that manner “unless they’re tired,” or “not 2 paying attention to what they’re doing,” and that when drivers are doing other things 3 and not giving full attention to their driving, he would warn or cite them for “careless 4 driving.” This testimony articulated facts supporting reasonable suspicion based on 5 a violation of Section 66-8-114(A)-(B), the careless driving statute, which requires 6 that “[a]ny person operating a vehicle on the highway shall give his full time and 7 entire attention to the operation of the vehicle[,]” and provides that a person 8 “operat[ing] a vehicle in a careless, inattentive or imprudent manner” is “guilty of a 9 misdemeanor.” See, e.g., State v. Benjamin C., 1989-NMCA-075, ¶ 3, 109 N.M. 67, 10 781 P.2d 795 (affirming the legality of the traffic stop resulting in a DWI arrest where 11 the officer stopped the defendant for driving straight through an intersection with his 12 turn signal on, because such driving behavior constituted “careless driving” under 13 Section 66-8-114(B) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). 14 {12} Accordingly, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the State by 15 “[l]ooking at the totality of the circumstances and through an objective lens,” we 16 conclude that the deputy had a “particularized suspicion that Defendant was breaking, 17 or had broken the law[]” that also requires drivers to give their full time and entire 18 attention to the operation of their vehicle on the highway. Hubble, 2009-NMSC-014,

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1 ¶ 35 (alterations, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted); Section 66-8-114(A). 2 Therefore, regardless of the magistrate court’s and district court’s conclusion that the 3 deputy had reasonable suspicion to stop Defendant based on a violation of the lane 4 statute, the stop was proper under an alternative statute—the careless driving statute. 5 See Hubble, 2009-NMSC-014, ¶ 23; see also State v. Vargas, 2008-NMSC-019, ¶ 8, 6 143 N.M. 692, 181 P.3d 684 (“Under the ‘right for any reason’ doctrine, we may 7 affirm the district court’s order on grounds not relied upon by the district court if those 8 grounds do not require us to look beyond the factual allegations that were raised and 9 considered below.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). 10 CONCLUSION 11 {13} For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of Defendant’s 12 motion to suppress and its remand to the magistrate court to enforce the judgment. 13 This matter is now remanded for such further proceedings as may be necessary to 14 enforce the original judgment entered by the magistrate court.

15 {14} IT IS SO ORDERED.

16 __________________________________ 17 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge

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1 WE CONCUR:

2 _________________________________ 3 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge

4 _________________________________ 5 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge