1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please 2 see Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. 3 Please also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated 4 errors or other deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does 5 not include the filing date. 6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 8 Plaintiff-Appellee, 9 v. No. 27,923 10 ISIDRO ALATORRE, 11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF DOÑA ANA COUNTY 13 Douglas R. Driggers, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Santa Fe, NM 16 Jacqueline R. Medina, Assistant Attorney General 17 Albuquerque, NM
18 for Appellee
19 Hugh W. Dangler, Chief Public Defender 20 Will O’Connell, Assistant Appellate Defender 21 Santa Fe, NM
22 for Appellant 23 MEMORANDUM OPINION 24 SUTIN, Judge.
1 Defendant appeals his convictions for one count of first degree criminal sexual 2 penetration of a minor (CSPM) (child under 13 years of age), contrary to NMSA 3 1978, Section 30-9-11(A) and (C)(1) (1995, prior to amendments through 2009); six 4 counts of third degree criminal sexual contact of a minor (CSCM) (child under 13 5 years of age), contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-9-13(A) (1991, prior to 6 amendments through 2003); five counts of second degree CSPM (child 13-16 years 7 of age, position of authority), contrary to Section 30-9-11(A) and (D) (2001, prior to 8 amendments through 2009); and four counts of third degree CSCM (position of 9 authority), contrary to Section 30-9-13(A) (2001) (amended 2003). On appeal, 10 Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, arguing specifically that 11 (1) Victim’s testimony supports only four, as opposed to six, convictions for third 12 degree CSCM (child under 13 years of age); (2) the evidence does not support the 13 jury’s determination that Defendant acted in a position of authority; and (3) Victim’s 14 testimony is not credible. For reasons discussed in this opinion, we affirm.
15 The Evidence Supports Defendant’s Convictions for 16 Six Counts of Third Degree CSCM (Child Under 13 Years of Age)
17 Defendant argues that the evidence is insufficient to support his six convictions 18 for CSCM as charged in Counts 2 through 7 on the asserted basis that Victim’s 19 testimony supports only four incidents of CSCM. We review the evidence to 20 determine “whether substantial evidence of either a direct or circumstantial nature
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1 exists to support a verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to every 2 element essential to a conviction.” State v. Sutphin, 107 N.M. 126, 131, 753 P.2d 3 1314, 1319 (1988). Under this standard, “we must view the evidence in the light most 4 favorable to the guilty verdict, indulging all reasonable inferences and resolving all 5 conflicts in the evidence in favor of the verdict.” State v. Cunningham, 2000-NMSC- 6 009, ¶ 26, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176. We do not re-weigh the evidence, nor 7 substitute our judgment for that of the factfinder, so long as there is sufficient 8 evidence to support the verdict. Sutphin, 107 N.M. at 131, 753 P.2d at 1319. 9 To convict Defendant of Counts 2 through 7 of third degree CSCM, the State 10 was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant, on six different 11 occasions, unlawfully and intentionally touched or applied force to Victim’s penis; 12 that Victim was twelve years of age or younger; and that this happened in New 13 Mexico between June 6, 2001, and June 20, 2001. See § 30-9-13(A) (1991); UJI 14- 14 925 NMRA. 15 The State relied on Victim’s testimony to prove that Defendant committed the 16 crimes. Victim began his testimony by describing his grandmother’s house where the 17 crimes took place. Victim testified about the touching incidents that took place when 18 Defendant, his uncle, came for his grandfather’s funeral and stayed at his 19 grandmother’s house for about two weeks between June 6, 2001, and June 20, 2001.
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1 At this time, Victim was not yet thirteen years old. As discussed more fully later in 2 this opinion, Victim testified about three specific incidents during this time-frame, 3 which, for ease of reference, we refer to as the “porch incident,” the “bedroom 4 incident,” and the “sofa incident.” Apart from these three specific incidents, Victim 5 also confirmed that Defendant touched him “three or four other times” down his pants. 6 As for the porch incident, Victim testified that this was the first touching incident and 7 that it took place a few days after his grandfather passed away. Victim testified that 8 he stepped outside at night on his grandmother’s porch “to go take a breather, and just 9 reminisce.” Defendant went outside, hugged him from the back, and then put his 10 hands down the front of Victim’s pants and touched Victim’s penis. 11 With regard to the bedroom incident, Victim testified that this touching took 12 place in the bedroom where his aunt and grandmother slept. Victim testified that he 13 was lying down watching television in this bedroom when Defendant came in, sat next 14 to him, and then touched him on his penis both over then under his clothes. In 15 addition to the touching, this bedroom incident culminated in Defendant masturbating 16 Victim and having Victim anally penetrate him (the subject of Defendant’s conviction 17 for first degree CSPM (child under 13 years old)). Victim further related a third 18 touching, the sofa incident, which took place when Victim was sitting on the sofa and 19 Defendant stuck his hand down Victim’s pants.
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1 In addition to the foregoing three incidents, evidence was presented that 2 Defendant touched Victim “three or four other times.” This evidence was presented 3 first by Victim on direct examination. Then on redirect examination, the prosecutor 4 asked Victim about times that Defendant touched him by putting his hand down 5 Victim’s pants. The following exchange took place, reiterating Victim’s earlier 6 testimony:
7 [Prosecutor:] So when you said that he touched you on the porch, and 8 touched you on the sofa during the funeral – during that time he was here 9 for the funeral, and then he touched you three or four other times down 10 your pants, are you sure of that?
11 [Victim:] Yes, ma’am. 12 We agree with Defendant that the reference to “three or four other times” can 13 only reasonably be viewed as supporting a finding of three other touching incidents, 14 but not four. This contention is uncontested by the State. Given Victim’s equivocal 15 testimony, viewing this reference as support for four incidents would allow for the 16 possibility of an impermissible verdict based on mere conjecture or surmise. See 17 generally State v. Padilla, 104 N.M. 446, 448, 722 P.2d 697, 699 (Ct. App. 1986) 18 (providing that “[i]f the evidence must be buttressed by surmise and conjecture rather 19 than logical inference, the conviction cannot stand”). 20 In dispute, however, is the scope of the three other times. From the State’s 21 perspective, the “other times” statement references three additional touching incidents
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1 separate from the porch, sofa, and bedroom incidents. In this regard, Defendant 2 concedes that the bedroom incident, which culminated in an anal penetration, could 3 not be viewed as encompassed within the three other times. This is because it 4 “involved a sexual touching that was different from the generic ‘hands-down-the- 5 pants’ scenario” about which Victim was testifying when the prosecutor asked the 6 “other times” question. Defendant asserts, however, that the porch and sofa incidents 7 are necessarily included within the three other times because they are not distinct from 8 the “hands-down-the-pants” scenarios. We disagree. The prosecutor’s question 9 clearly references three other such incidents apart from the porch, sofa, and bedroom 10 incidents, and from this, the jury could have reasonably inferred that such “hands- 11 down-the-pants” incidents were in addition to those particular incidents. See State v. 12 Garcia, 2005-NMSC-017, ¶ 20, 138 N.M. 1, 116 P.3d 72 (recognizing that the jury 13 is entitled to draw reasonable inferences from the evidence to reach a conclusion that 14 the defendant committed a crime). 15 Based on the foregoing discussion, we hold that Victim’s testimony referencing 16 the porch and sofa incidents, the three other times, and the bedroom incident, support 17 the jury’s determination that Defendant touched Victim’s penis on six separate 18 occasions during the period that Defendant was staying at the grandmother’s house 19 for the grandfather’s funeral.
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1 The Evidence Supports the Jury’s Determination That Defendant 2 Acted in a Position of Authority When He Committed the Crimes
3 In support of his sufficiency argument, Defendant also argues that the evidence 4 was insufficient to show that he occupied a position of authority over Victim for his 5 convictions for Counts 8 through 16. 6 To convict Defendant of the sexual offenses by a person in a position of 7 authority, the State had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that “Defendant was a 8 person who[,] by reason of his relationship [with Victim,] was able to exercise undue 9 influence over [Victim] and used his position of authority to coerce [Victim] to submit 10 to the act[s.]” See NMSA 1978, § 30-9-10(E) (1993) (amended 2001 and 2005) 11 (defining “position of authority” as “that position occupied by a parent, relative, 12 household member, teacher, employer or other person who, by reason of that position, 13 is able to exercise undue influence over a child”). The undue influence to compel 14 submission “might take many forms but is less overtly threatening than physical force 15 or threats.” State v. Gardner, 2003-NMCA-107, ¶ 22, 134 N.M. 294, 76 P.3d 47 16 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Undue influence results from moral, 17 social, or domestic force exerted upon a party, so as to control the free action of his 18 or her will.” Id. (alteration omitted) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 19 In the present case, our review of the evidence supports the jury’s determination 20 that Defendant was in a position of authority over Victim and used this authority to
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1 coerce Victim to submit to the sexual acts. As elicited at trial, Defendant is the 2 brother of Victim’s grandmother and was referred to by Victim as “Uncle Junior.” In 3 addition to his status as a family member, Defendant was afforded a position of trust 4 with regard to Victim. During the relevant time period, Defendant lived in the home 5 of Victim’s grandmother, where Victim went after school and during the summers. 6 Victim testified that there were times when he was left totally alone with Defendant, 7 and further testified that, during the bedroom incident, his grandmother and other 8 family members were outside cleaning the yard. Victim’s grandmother testified that 9 when she ran errands or worked in her yard Victim would be in her house with 10 Defendant. When asked if he and Victim were ever alone in the house, Defendant 11 responded, “I can recall one or two instances where we were there right before I went 12 to work.” In addition to being trusted to be in the grandmother’s home with Victim, 13 Defendant provided transportation to Victim by picking him up from school when 14 asked to do so by Victim’s mother or grandmother and dropping Victim and his 15 friends off at the mall if they needed a ride. 16 Moreover, both Victim and his mother entrusted Defendant with their problems. 17 In this regard, Defendant testified that Victim would periodically mention problems 18 he was having with the loss of his grandfather. Defendant testified that he told Victim 19 that drugs were not the solution to solving his problems and that he would talk to
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1 Victim’s mother and grandmother to try to get him some professional help if Victim 2 needed it. Similarly, Defendant testified that, before he moved back to New Mexico, 3 Victim’s mother would call him at various times to discuss Victim’s problems. 4 Lastly, Defendant also played a role in providing financial assistance to Victim’s 5 family. Defendant testified that he moved in with Victim’s grandmother to help her 6 with her expenses and that he also gave spending money to Victim and his siblings as 7 well as to Victim’s mother when she needed help buying things like shoes for Victim. 8 Despite the foregoing, Defendant maintains that the evidence did not show that 9 he was actually in a position of authority such that he could exercise undue influence 10 over Victim. See generally State v. Segura, 2002-NMCA-044, ¶ 13, 132 N.M. 114, 11 45 P.3d 54 (emphasizing that the prosecution must prove that the defendant, by reason 12 of his authority, was actually able to exercise undue influence over the child). We 13 disagree. While Victim did not expressly object to Defendant’s commission of the 14 crimes, the evidence supports a conclusion that he yielded to Defendant because he 15 felt like he had to comply. Victim testified that he did not want the things Defendant 16 did to him to happen, but that he did what Defendant told him to do because he “was 17 just trapped in a world [he] couldn’t get out [of]” and “was just hoping that God was 18 going to end it.” Victim additionally testified that, when his grandmother left the 19 house, Defendant “[j]ust made me pull down my pants and get me hard and stick it in
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1 his butt.” When asked why he continued to stay at his grandmother’s house and did 2 not tell anyone what was happening to him, Victim responded “I was lost” and “I 3 didn’t think they would believe me.” Consistent with Victim’s testimony, his 4 therapist testified that Victim was extremely vulnerable after his grandfather’s death 5 and that Defendant, as his uncle, was an authoritative figure, such that Victim would 6 feel like he had no choice but to comply. Victim’s therapist additionally testified that 7 Victim’s acts of cutting himself and using drugs “were all symptoms of the sexual 8 abuse where he was trying to get as far away from that experience as possible.” 9 In sum, the evidence provides that Defendant was a person of authority who 10 was relied upon and trusted by Victim’s family: Defendant was a close family 11 relative; he lived in the grandmother’s house during the time that Victim spent his 12 afternoons and summers at the home; he provided financial assistance to Victim and 13 his grandmother; he was authorized to provide transportation to Victim when needed; 14 and he was a person with whom Victim and his mother shared their problems. See, 15 e.g., State v. Gipson, 2009-NMCA-053, ¶¶ 24-25, 146 N.M. 202, 207 P.3d 1179 16 (affirming the jury’s determination that the defendant used his position of authority 17 to commit the sexual crimes when the defendant was in the role of a trusted family 18 friend who was allowed to be alone with the victim, who did chores at the behest of 19 the victim’s mother, and who provided the victim with money for doing jobs);
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1 Segura, 2002-NMCA-044, ¶ 16 (recognizing evidence of position of authority was 2 sufficient where parents entrusted child to the care of a person who informally acted 3 as a counselor to the child from time to time); State v. Gillette, 102 N.M. 695, 702, 4 699 P.2d 626, 633 (Ct. App. 1985) (considering that the victim frequently sought 5 advice from the defendant as a factor in concluding that the defendant used his 6 position of authority to coerce the victim into submitting to the sexual acts). We 7 further conclude that the evidence supports a conclusion that Defendant used his 8 position of authority to coerce Victim to submit to the sexual acts: Victim testified 9 that he felt “trapped,” that Defendant “made” him submit, and the therapist testified 10 that Victim would have felt like he had no choice but to comply. See, e.g., State v. 11 Haskins, 2008-NMCA-086, ¶ 14, 144 N.M. 287, 186 P.3d 916 (holding that “a 12 rational jury could have found that [the d]efendant used his position of authority as 13 a trained professional to control the free action of the girls’ wills by the very fact that 14 they consented or failed to object to the massaging of their intimate parts”); State v. 15 Trevino, 113 N.M. 804, 807, 833 P.2d 1170, 1173 (Ct. App. 1991) (stating that 16 “[c]ommon sense and experience teaches us that children generally yield to the wishes 17 of adults” and considering the victim’s testimony that he did not tell others of the 18 incident because he was scared and “didn't know how to handle it then” as evidence 19 from which the jury could infer that the defendant used his position of authority to
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1 coerce the victim). Based on the foregoing discussion, we hold that sufficient 2 evidence supports the jury’s findings that Defendant used his position of authority to 3 exercise undue influence over Victim. See State v. Sparks, 102 N.M. 317, 320, 694 4 P.2d 1382, 1385 (Ct. App. 1985) (defining substantial evidence as evidence which a 5 reasonable mind would consider adequate to support a defendant’s conviction). 6 It Was the Jury’s Prerogative to Assess Victim’s Credibility 7 Lastly, Defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his 8 convictions because Victim’s testimony was not credible. Defendant refers to State 9 v. Franklin, 78 N.M. 127, 428 P.2d 982 (1967), and State v. Boyer, 103 N.M. 655, 712 10 P.2d 1 (Ct. App. 1985), in support of his position. 11 Defendant argues that “it defies belief” that the acts could have taken place 12 without detection because “[t]here were [sic] almost always several adults present in 13 the house” when he and Victim were there, the house was small and crowded and had 14 no doors that would lock, and Victim was “the only witness who claimed that anything 15 untoward had occurred.” Although Defendant believes that the circumstances belie 16 Victim’s credibility, it was the jury’s prerogative as factfinder to determine otherwise. 17 See generally State v. Nichols, 2006-NMCA-017, ¶¶ 5, 10-11, 139 N.M. 72, 128 P.3d 18 500 (holding that the jury could rely on the victim’s uncorroborated testimony to 19 support the defendant’s conviction for attempted CSP); see also State v. Gonzales,
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1 1997-NMSC-050, ¶ 18, 124 N.M. 171, 947 P.2d 128 (holding that it is the factfinder’s 2 prerogative to weigh the evidence and to determine the credibility of the witnesses). 3 Thus, while Defendant denies molesting Victim and asserts that—had the crimes taken 4 place—they would have been detected by family members who were present in the 5 home, it was the jury’s prerogative to disbelieve Defendant. See State v. Day, 2008- 6 NMSC-007, ¶ 15, 143 N.M. 359, 176 P.3d 1091 (recognizing that “the [jury] is free 7 to reject the defendant’s version of the events”). CONCLUSION 8 Based on the foregoing discussion, we hold that there is sufficient evidence to 9 support Defendant’s convictions for one count of first degree CSPM (child under 13 10 years of age), contrary to Section 30-9-11(A) and (C)(1); six counts of third degree 11 CSCM (child under 13 years of age), contrary to Section 30-9-13(A); five counts of 12 second degree CSPM (child 13-16 years of age, position of authority), contrary to 13 Section 30-9-11(A) and (D); and four counts of third degree CSCM (person of 14 authority), contrary to Section 30-9-13(A). We affirm Defendant’s convictions. 15 We lastly note that the judgment and sentence, when reciting Defendant’s 16 convictions for five counts of second degree CSPM (for Counts 8-11 and 15), states 17 “Position of Authority – Child 13 to 16 Years Old.” The applicable statute, Section 18 30-9-11(D)(1) (2001), however, provides that the relevant age of the child is 13 to 18 19 years of age. Accordingly, we remand for the limited purpose of entering an amended
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1 judgment and sentence to reflect that Defendant was convicted for five counts of 2 second degree CSPM (Position of Authority – Child 13 to 18 Years Old). 3 IT IS SO ORDERED.
4 __________________________________ 5 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
6 I CONCUR:
7 _________________________________ 8 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
9 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge, specially concurring.
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1 GARCIA, Judge (specially concurring). 2 I write to specially concur in this decision because Defendant was convicted of 3 three factually indistinguishable counts of CSCM based solely upon Victim’s trial 4 testimony as follows:
5 Q How many times did [Defendant] stick his hand down your pants 6 while he was here for that funeral?
7 A A few times. 8 Q What is a few times [Victim’s name]? 9 A Like, three or four. 10 ....
11 Q So when you said that he touched you on the porch, and touched 12 you on the sofa during the funeral—during that time he was here for the 13 funeral, and then he touched you three or four other times down your 14 pants, are your sure of that?
15 A Yes, ma’am. 16 The State relied solely upon this testimony to convict Defendant of three of the six 17 counts of CSCM. Trial counsel failed to raise this matter in the district court. 18 Appellate counsel has also failed to raise the matter in this appeal, either as 19 fundamental error or as ineffective assistance of trial counsel. This Court is not 20 obligated to raise this new issue on its own accord, and we have chosen not to do so. 21 State v. Joanna V., 2003-NMCA-100, ¶ 10, 134 N.M. 232, 75 P.3d 832 (declining to
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1 review an issue on appeal where the issue was not preserved below and where counsel 2 failed to argue any exception regarding the general public interest, fundamental error, 3 or fundamental rights); State v. Lucero, 1999-NMCA-102, ¶ 43, 127 N.M. 672, 986 4 P.2d 468 (reasoning that this Court is not required to address issues that were not 5 properly preserved or briefed). As a result, we leave this apparent error for Defendant 6 to raise in habeas corpus proceedings if he deems it appropriate. 7 This Court has clearly stated that multiple undifferentiated sexual abuse charges 8 that are factually indistinguishable will violate a defendant’s due process rights and 9 protections against double jeopardy. State v. Tafoya, 2010-NMCA-010, ¶¶ 19-24, 147 10 N.M. 602, 227 P.3d 92 (consolidating indistinguishable convictions of certain types 11 of specific behavior into single counts of an ongoing pattern of conduct for each 12 specific type of behavior charged); State v. Dominguez, 2008-NMCA-029, ¶¶ 7-11, 13 143 N.M. 549, 178 P.3d 834 (affirming the dismissal of five indistinguishable counts 14 of ongoing conduct that occurred during the charging period); State v. Gardner, 15 2003-NMCA-107, ¶ 28, 134 N.M. 294, 76 P.3d 47 (allowing a charge of one count 16 for a pattern of conduct that occurred continuously and randomly, not at specific 17 times). Without a legislative remedy, this Court has determined that “the [s]tate must 18 either charge ongoing conduct as a single offense or charge a defendant with and
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1 provide evidence of distinct offenses that will support multiple counts.” Dominguez, 2 2008-NMCA-029, ¶ 11 (emphasis added). 3 The ongoing pattern of unlawful sexual conduct in this case was charged and 4 tried as six specific counts of CSCM. Evidence of only three distinct CSCM events 5 that are factually distinguishable were presented by the State’s evidence. These were 6 the porch incident, the sofa incident, and the bedroom incident. No other factually 7 specific evidence was presented to support the remaining three convictions of CSCM.
8 ___________________________________ 9 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge