State v. A.K.

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: June 9, 2026
• Docket: 25CA1218
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as State v. A.K., 2026-Ohio-2261.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT ADAMS COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO, :

Plaintiff-Appellee, : Case No. 25CA1218

v. :

A.K.,1 : DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY

Defendant-Appellant. :

________________________________________________________________ APPEARANCES:

Brian T. Goldberg, Cincinnati, Ohio, for appellant.2

Aaron E. Haslam, Adams County Prosecuting Attorney, and Sean M. Donovan, Adams County Special Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, West Union, Ohio, for appellee. ________________________________________________________________ CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT DATE JOURNALIZED:6-9-26 ABELE, J.

{¶1} This is an appeal from an Adams County Common Pleas

Court judgment of conviction and sentence. A.K., defendant

below and appellant herein, assigns the following errors for

review:

FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

“THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY ALLOWING M.K. TO

In accordance with the Ohio Supreme Court’s recommendation in the 1

Writing Manual, we have used appellant’s initials rather than his full name. See id. at 115 (“To the extent that reference to another person is likely to reveal the identity of the juvenile, that person’s full name should not be used; instead, the person should be identified by familial relationship or, if necessary, by initials.”). 2 Different counsel represented appellant during the trial court

proceedings. Adams App. No. 25CA1218 2

BE RECALLED AS A WITNESS AND TESTIFY OUTSIDE THE PRESENCE OF MR. KENNEDY INSTEAD OF HAVING TO RESUME HER TESTIMONY IN COURT.”

SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

“THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF MR. KENNEDY BY NOT DISMISSING THE CASE WITH PREJUDICE AFTER A SIGNIFICANT DISCOVERY VIOLATION WAS REALIZED DURING THE FIRST TRIAL.”

THIRD ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

“THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF MR. KENNEDY BY PERMITTING THE STATE TO AMEND THE INDICTMENT DURING TRIAL.”

FOURTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

“MR. KENNEDY’S CONVICTION FOR FELONIOUS ASSAULT WAS NOT SUPPORTED BY SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE AND IS CONTRARY TO THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.”

FIFTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:

“THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF MR. KENNEDY BY FAILING TO COMPLY WITH THE SENTENCING REQUIREMENTS CONTAINED IN R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c).”

{¶2} In 2022, M.K. told her mother that M.K.’s biological

father, appellant, raped her. Shortly thereafter, M.K.’s mother

reported the allegation to law enforcement officers.

{¶3} An Adams County Grand Jury later returned an indictment

that charged appellant with (1) two counts of rape, in violation

of R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b), (2) two counts of gross sexual

imposition, in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4), and (3) one

count of felonious assault with a sexual motivation Adams App. No. 25CA1218 3

specification, in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1). Appellant

entered not guilty pleas.

{¶4} On March 31, 2025, and continuing through April 3,

2025, the trial court held a jury trial. The State’s first

witness, M.K.’s mother, testified that between 2003 and 2011,

she and appellant were in a relationship. In 2007, the mother

gave birth to a son, and the following year, gave birth to M.K.,

the victim herein.

{¶5} In 2011, the mother and appellant separated. The

mother still wished for the children to have a relationship with

appellant, so she took them to visit appellant at relatives’

homes. These visits ended in 2017, when the children stated

that they no longer wanted to visit appellant.

{¶6} In 2022, around the start of the school year, the

victim told her mother that appellant had raped her. The mother

contacted law enforcement officers, and they advised her to set

up an appointment at the Mayerson Center for Safe and Healthy

Children, a child advocacy center.

{¶7} About a week or two later, the mother took the victim

to the child advocacy center for a forensic interview. After

the interview, the medical professionals recommended that the

victim engage in counseling. The victim, however, was “not

quite” ready for counseling. Adams App. No. 25CA1218 4

{¶8} In November 2022, the victim presented to an urgent

care center to have an injured wrist examined. During this

visit, the medical team reviewed some routine mental health

questions with the victim. As a result of this inquiry, the

victim underwent “a psych evaluation.” After this incident, the

victim agreed she was ready for counseling and her mother took

the victim to a mental health treatment center to begin

counseling.

{¶9} The victim continues to receive counseling twice per

week for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and

depression. Recently, the victim was hospitalized due to

expressing suicidal ideations and cutting herself. As a result,

medical professionals “upped [the victim’s] therapy” and changed

her medications.

{¶10} After the mother finished her testimony, the State

presented testimony from Emily Harman, a social worker at the

Mayerson Center. In September 2022, Harman interviewed the

victim. During the interview, the victim recounted multiple

instances of sexual abuse and identified appellant as the

alleged perpetrator.

{¶11} The victim completed a trauma screening, and her

scores were in the “severe category,” meaning that “she was

having a severe amount of trauma symptoms.” The victim

indicated that “she was having some mental health issues, some Adams App. No. 25CA1218 5

depressive symptoms in relation to, or related to her father.”

The victim “also answered the question about suicidal ideation

positively.” Harman performed a suicide assessment, and it did

not indicate that the victim required hospitalization. Harman

“strongly” recommended that the victim receive mental health

treatment.

{¶12} The State next called the victim to testify. The

prosecutor asked the victim whether a time arose when the

relationship with appellant began to change, and the victim

responded, “Yes.” The prosecutor invited the victim to

elaborate. Rather than elaborating, the victim asked the court

for a recess. The court granted the victim’s request for a

recess.

{¶13} During a sidebar with counsel, the court stated that

it had been informed that the victim “had asked for a recess due

to feeling very emotional.” The court indicated that it had

granted a 25-minute recess, and after the recess, the prosecutor

advised the court that the victim was unavailable to complete

her testimony. The court stated that it would instruct the jury

that the victim was unavailable, and, if she became available,

then the court would continue with her testimony. In the

meantime, the court proceeded with the State’s next witness,

Adams County Sheriff Kenneth Dick. Adams App. No. 25CA1218 6

{¶14} Sheriff Dick, the former chief investigator for the

prosecutor’s office, testified that on August 30, 2022, he

received a referral regarding a sexual assault allegation that

the victim had lodged against appellant. Sheriff Dick

subsequently interviewed appellant and he initially denied the

allegations. Appellant later stated that he recalled a time

when the victim was swimming in a creek, and afterwards, he

helped her wipe sand from her vaginal area. Appellant admitted

that he became sexually aroused and lingered in that area too

long. Appellant stated that he realized the wrongfulness of his

conduct and stopped. Appellant denied that he engaged in sexual

intercourse with the victim, but agreed that he did touch her.

Appellant believed that the victim was around seven or eight

years of age when the incident occurred.

{¶15} On the third day of testimony, the State indicated

that the victim requested to testify outside the courtroom. The

prosecutor informed the court that multiple times the victim had

stated that “her fear and her mental well-being, particularly

with seeing [appellant] in [the] courtroom” made her unable to

return to the courtroom. The victim stated that she would be

able to testify if she did not have to face appellant.

{¶16} The prosecutor recognized that the State had not made

the request at least seven days in advance, but asserted that

good cause excused its failure. The prosecutor stated that the Adams App. No. 25CA1218 7

victim’s reaction surprised him, and he did not know that she

would be unable to testify. The prosecutor pointed out that the

victim had testified in the previous trial that had resulted in

a mistrial. The prosecutor further advised the court that the

victim had been hospitalized within the last 30 days due to

incidents of “self-harm, cutting, [and] suicidal ideations.”

{¶17} The trial court stated that it would hear arguments

from defense counsel. First, however, the court remarked that

of the hundreds of cases it has tried, the victim’s reaction to

being on the stand was “the only occasion [the court could]

remember where a witness was so overcome that she asked if she

could have a break.” The court additionally noted that, as the

court was in the process of responding affirmatively, the victim

“was already up and out and leaving the courtroom.” The court

found it “an oddity that a person [would be] so overwhelmed that

they could not even wait for the appropriate direction that it

would be time to leave.”

{¶18} At that point the trial court agreed with the

prosecutor that the victim’s reaction surprised the State and

thus found that the State established good cause for failing to

file the motion at least seven days before the date of the

proceeding.

{¶19} The State next asserted that, under R.C.

2945.481(C)(1)(b), it need only show by a preponderance of the Adams App. No. 25CA1218 8

evidence that the victim will suffer serious emotional trauma if

required to testify in appellant’s presence. The State further

pointed to R.C. 2945.481(E)3 and asserted that any one of the

three factors listed in the statute permitted the court to allow

the victim to testify outside the courtroom. The State

maintained that (1) the victim could not communicate about the

alleged offense because of extreme fear, or (2) a substantial

likelihood existed that the victim will suffer serious emotional

trauma if required to testify inside the courtroom. The State

further alleged that, to the extent the court needed to hear

from the victim, the court could question her on the record

outside the courtroom.

{¶20} Defense counsel, however, asserted that the State did

not present any evidence, and, thus, it could not satisfy the

preponderance of the evidence standard. The court asked defense

3 R.C. 2945.481(E) provides as follows:

(E) For purposes of divisions (C) and (D) of this section, a judge may order the testimony of a child victim to be taken outside the room in which the proceeding is being conducted if the judge determines that the child victim is unavailable to testify in the room in the physical presence of the defendant due to one or more of the following:

(1) The persistent refusal of the child victim to testify despite judicial requests to do so;

(2) The inability of the child victim to communicate about the alleged violation or offense because of extreme fear, failure of memory, or another similar reason;

(3) The substantial likelihood that the child victim will suffer serious emotional trauma from so testifying. Adams App. No. 25CA1218 9

counsel if the court could consider the victim’s behavior from

the previous attempt to testify on the witness stand when she

“spontaneously hustl[ed] off, emotionally distraught.” Defense

counsel suggested that the court should question the victim

regarding the motivations underlying her conduct and asserted

that the court could not presume anything from her reaction.

Defense counsel indicated that reading into her conduct would be

unsupported speculation. Defense counsel further argued that

either the victim or her doctor should testify regarding her

ability to testify.

{¶21} The trial court advised the parties that it would

grant the State’s motion and that it intended “to make some

inquiry” of the victim before allowing the victim to testify

outside the courtroom. The court stated that it would ask the

victim questions and would not permit either party to further

question the victim regarding the factors contained in R.C.

2945.481(E).

{¶22} The trial court then questioned the victim outside the

courtroom to explore her ability to testify inside the courtroom

in appellant’s presence. The court first invited the victim to

explain why she had asked for a recess the previous day. She

stated that she “felt overwhelmed” and “like just there was a

lot going on in [her] head.” The court asked the victim whether

her feelings stemmed from appellant being present in the Adams App. No. 25CA1218 10

courtroom. She responded affirmatively.

{¶23} The trial court next requested the victim to describe

the emotion that she felt. The victim related that she felt “a

mix of so much anxiety to the point where [she] felt sick.” She

reported that she experiences this anxiety in appellant’s

presence and that she also is afraid to be in the same room as

appellant.

{¶24} The trial court inquired whether the victim would be

willing to testify in the courtroom, and she stated that she

would not. The victim remarked that she did not believe that

she “would ever change [her] mind.”

{¶25} The trial court also asked the victim whether

testifying inside the courtroom would cause her further trauma,

and she replied, “Yes.” The court requested the victim to rate

the severity of the emotional trauma that she would suffer if

she had to testify in appellant’s presence and stated eight on a

ten-point scale.

{¶26} After hearing from the victim, the trial court

determined that R.C. 2945.481(E)(1), (2), and (3) applied. The

court thus issued an order that permitted the victim to testify

{¶27} The victim testified that her relationship with

appellant changed when she was around six or seven years of age.

She recalled a time that he “hurt” her or “touched [her] in a Adams App. No. 25CA1218 11

way that [she] did not like.” The victim explained that, on one

occasion when she was seven or eight years of age, appellant

wanted to help her change her clothes after she had been

swimming. The victim told appellant that she did not need help,

but he still entered the bathroom and touched her sides, thighs,

stomach, and “butt area.”

{¶28} Another time when the victim was around seven years of

age, the victim and appellant were near a creek. Appellant told

her to “bend over,” and the victim heard appellant unbuckle his

belt. He then “raped” her by placing his penis inside her

vagina.

{¶29} The victim indicated that she did not immediately

report appellant’s conduct because she did not understand what

had happened to her, and did not think anyone would believe her.

She began to understand what had happened to her around ninth

grade, when she took a health class. At that time, she started

to have “a bunch of memories, like flashbacks.”

{¶30} The victim explained that a few months after her

interview at the Mayerson Center, she visited an urgent care

center for an injured wrist. During the visit, she told the

medical personnel that she “felt suicidal,” and she ended up in

the emergency room. She felt so “anxious that [she] threw up.”

After this experience, the victim started to see a counselor. Adams App. No. 25CA1218 12

{¶31} The victim continues to see a counselor twice per

week. She has been diagnosed with PTSD, anxiety, depression,

and possibly bipolar disorder. The victim indicated that her

mental health conditions relate to the sexual abuse that

appellant inflicted.

{¶32} The victim further related that, about a week or so

before her testimony, she had been placed in “a psych ward”

because she “wanted help for [her] mental health.” She felt so

“depressed to the point where [she] didn’t think that [she]

could come back.” The victim shared that she struggles with

these feelings as a result of the sexual abuse that she

suffered.

{¶33} On cross-examination, the victim indicated that the

first incident may have happened right before she started

kindergarten or first grade.

{¶34} After the victim’s testimony, the State asked the

court to amend the indictment to expand the time frame based

upon the victim’s testimony that the acts alleged in the

indictment may have occurred as early as her kindergarten year.

The State thus requested the court to amend the indictment to

begin with the date of April 30, 2013, which would have been the

victim’s fifth birthday.

{¶35} Appellant’s counsel suggested that appellant may have

been incarcerated in Brown County for about six months during Adams App. No. 25CA1218 13

2013, and thus, may have an alibi defense. The court stated

that it would be willing to permit appellant’s alibi defense as

long as appellant presented some evidence to establish the time

period of his incarceration. The State reported that it would

be willing to stipulate to appellant’s unavailability as long as

the dates could be verified. However, the record does not

contain any further information about an alibi defense.

{¶36} After hearing the testimony, the jury found appellant

guilty of one count of rape, two counts of gross sexual

imposition, and felonious assault with sexual motivation. The

trial court dismissed the second count of rape.

{¶37} On May 14, 2025, the trial court sentenced appellant

to serve (1) a term of life imprisonment without parole

eligibility for the rape offense, (2) 60 months in prison for

each of the gross sexual imposition offenses, to be served

concurrently with the life sentence, and (3) 7 to 10 and a half

years in prison for the felonious assault offense, to be served

consecutively to the other prison terms, for a total sentence of

life imprisonment without parole eligibility plus 7 to 10 and a

half years. This appeal followed.

I.

{¶38} In his first assignment of error, appellant asserts

that the trial court erred by allowing the victim to testify

outside the courtroom via a closed-circuit television, rather Adams App. No. 25CA1218 14

than inside the courtroom in his presence. Appellant contends

that allowing the victim to testify outside the courtroom

violated (1) his Sixth Amendment right to confront the witnesses

against him and (2) the statutory safeguards set forth in R.C.

2945.481(C) and (E).

A.

{¶39} Appellant first argues that the trial court violated

his Sixth Amendment right to confront the witnesses against him

by allowing the victim to testify outside the courtroom.

Appellant recognizes that this court has rejected Confrontation

Clause claims when a minor victim of a sex offense is permitted

to testify outside the courtroom. He nevertheless asks that we

reconsider our previous decision.

{¶40} We decline appellant’s invitation to reconsider our

previous determination that allowing a child victim of a sex

offense to testify outside the courtroom does not violate a

defendant’s Confrontation Clause rights. See, e.g., State v.

Knauff, 2011-Ohio-2725 (4th Dist.).

B.

{¶41} Appellant next asserts that the State failed to

satisfy the requirements set forth in R.C. 2945.481(C). He

claims that the State did not file a “motion” and that its oral

request was not made at least seven days before trial.

Appellant argues that the State’s failure to make its request at Adams App. No. 25CA1218 15

least seven days before trial prejudiced him by depriving him of

the opportunity to pursue a different trial strategy, such as

(1) questioning prospective jurors whether they would presume

appellant’s guilt if the victim was unable to testify in

appellant’s presence or (2) calling a witness to counter the

State’s assertion that the victim would suffer serious emotional

trauma if required to testify in appellant’s presence.

{¶42} Appellant further argues that the State did not

establish the existence of at least one of the R.C. 2945.481(E)

circumstances necessary for the trial court to conclude that the

victim was unavailable to testify in appellant’s physical

presence: (1) a persistent refusal to testify despite judicial

requests to do so; (2) an inability to communicate about the

alleged offense because of extreme fear, failure of memory, or

another similar reason; or (3) a substantial likelihood that the

victim would suffer serious emotional trauma from so testifying.

1.

{¶43} R.C. 2945.481(C)(1) authorizes a trial court to order

a child victim who was less than 18 years of age when the

indictment was filed to testify outside the courtroom upon (1)

“motion of . . . the prosecution” and (2) “a showing by a

preponderance of the evidence that the child will suffer serious

emotional trauma if required to provide live trial testimony.”

R.C. 2945.481(C)(1)(b). R.C. 2945.481(C)(2) also allows a trial Adams App. No. 25CA1218 16

court to order a child victim who was less than 18 years of age

when the indictment was filed to testify outside the courtroom

if, upon motion, the trial court “determines that the child

victim is unavailable to testify in the room in which the

proceeding is being conducted in the physical presence of the

defendant, for one or more of the reasons set forth in [R.C.

2945.481(E)].”4 The statute further requires a motion to be

filed “at least seven days before the date of the proceeding,”

unless good cause is shown for a later filing. R.C.

2945.481(C)(2).

{¶44} A reviewing court will affirm a trial court’s decision

to allow a child victim to testify outside the courtroom if

competent, credible evidence supports the findings that R.C.

2945.481 requires. See State v. McKenzie, 2025-Ohio-415, ¶ 43

(4th Dist.); accord State v. Powers, 2020-Ohio-7042, ¶ 61 (4th

Dist.); State v. Hammond, 2019-Ohio-4253, ¶ 21 (4th Dist.).

{¶45} Additionally, an appellate court will affirm a trial

court’s decision to permit an untimely R.C. 2945.481(C) motion

so long as the court did not abuse its discretion. See

McKenzie, 2025-Ohio-415, at ¶ 43 (4th Dist.), citing State v.

Messenger, 2022-Ohio-3120, ¶ 43 (7th Dist.). An abuse of

4 At least one other court has noted that R.C. 2945.481 appears to be

“written in a confusing manner.” State v. Wallace, 2024-Ohio-4955, ¶ 26 (12th Dist.). Nevertheless, in the case at bar, the parties appear to agree that R.C. 2945.481(E) governs our analysis. Adams App. No. 25CA1218 17

discretion implies that a court’s attitude was unreasonable,

arbitrary, or unconscionable. State v. Beasley, 2018-Ohio-16, ¶

12, citing Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219

(1983). “A decision is unreasonable if there is no sound

reasoning process that would support that decision.” State v.

Ford, 2019-Ohio-4539, ¶ 106, quoting AAAA Ents., Inc. v. River

Place Community Urban Redevelopment Corp., 50 Ohio St.3d 157,

161 (1990). “[A]n ‘arbitrary’ decision is one made ‘without

consideration of or regard for facts [or] circumstances.’”

Beasley, 2018-Ohio-16, at ¶ 12, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary

(10th Ed.2014), and citing Dayton ex rel. Scandrick v. McGee, 67

Ohio St.2d 356, 359 (1981), quoting Black’s (5th Ed.1979)

(“arbitrary” means “‘without adequate determining principle; . .

. not governed by any fixed rules or standard’”). An

unconscionable decision is one “showing no regard for

conscience” or “affronting the sense of justice, decency, or

reasonableness.” Black’s (11th ed. 2019). An unconscionable

decision also may be characterized as “[s]hockingly unjust or

unfair.” Id.

{¶46} Moreover, when reviewing for an abuse of discretion,

appellate courts must not substitute their judgment for that of

the trial court. E.g., State v. Grate, 2020-Ohio-5584, ¶ 187;

In re Jane Doe 1, 57 Ohio St.3d 135, 137-138 (1991). Indeed,

the abuse-of-discretion standard of review “allows the trial Adams App. No. 25CA1218 18

court to make a decision that we as reviewing judges find less

than perfect.” Gerken v. State Auto Ins. Co. of Ohio, 2014-

Ohio-4428, ¶ 33. Consequently, “[a]s long as the court’s

decision is based upon substantiated fact and logical reasoning,

we are duty-bound to approve it even though we [may] not have

reached the same conclusion were it ours to make initially.”

Id.; accord In re J.Y., 2025-Ohio-5308, ¶ 30 (4th Dist.),

quoting Gerken at ¶ 34 (“when a trial judge’s decision is

logically supported by facts, ‘we cannot second-guess him from

our position, which is far removed from the context of the

proceedings in his court.’”).

2.

{¶47} In the case sub judice, appellant first argues that

the State did not file a “motion.” Appellant suggests that the

statute required the State to file a written, not an oral,

motion.

{¶48} Appellant also argues that the trial court erred by

failing to issue a written order in accordance with R.C.

2945.481(F)(1). That provision provides as follows:

If a judge issues an order pursuant to division (C) or (D) of this section that requires the testimony of a child victim in a criminal proceeding to be taken outside of the room in which the proceeding is being conducted, the order shall specifically identify the child victim, in a manner consistent with section 2930.07 of the Revised Code, to whose testimony it applies, the order applies only during the testimony of the specified child victim, and the child victim giving the testimony shall Adams App. No. 25CA1218 19

not be required to testify at the proceeding other than in accordance with the order.

R.C. 2945.481(F)(1).

{¶49} We first observe that appellant does not cite any

authority to support his propositions that R.C. 2945.481

required the State to file a written motion or that R.C.

2945.481(F)(1) required the trial court to issue a written

order. This failure alone permits us to summarily reject

appellant’s argument. See In re Application of Columbus S.

Power Co., 2011-Ohio-2638, ¶ 14 (failure to cite legal authority

or to present an argument that a legal authority applies

constitute adequate grounds to reject a claim).

{¶50} Additionally, during the trial court proceedings,

appellant did not assert that the State was required to file a

written motion or that the trial court was required to issue a

written order. A basic principle of appellate practice “is that

a party ordinarily may not present an argument on appeal that it

failed to raise below.” State v. Wintermeyer, 2019-Ohio-5156, ¶

10, citing Goldfuss v. Davidson, 79 Ohio St.3d 116, 121 (1997).

Accordingly, an appellate court generally “will not consider any

error which counsel . . . could have called but did not call to

the trial court’s attention at a time when such error could have

been avoided or corrected by the trial court.” State v. Glaros,

170 Ohio St. 471 (1960), paragraph one of the syllabus (“It is a Adams App. No. 25CA1218 20

general rule that an appellate court). “This contemporaneous-

objection requirement imposes a duty on trial counsel ‘“to

exercise diligence and to aid the court rather than by silence

mislead the court into commission of error.”’” Wintermeyer,

2019-Ohio-5156, at ¶ 10, quoting State v. Williams, 51 Ohio

St.2d 112, 117 (1977), vacated in part on other grounds, 438

U.S. 911 (1978), quoting State v. Driscoll, 106 Ohio St. 33, 39

(1922). Moreover, “the contemporaneous-objection rule prevents

a litigant from ‘sandbagging’ the court—remaining silent about

his objection and belatedly raising the error only if the case

does not conclude in his favor.” Puckett v. United States, 556

U.S. 129, 134 (2009), quoting Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72,

89 (1977); accord State v. Tabor, 2017-Ohio-8656, ¶ 20 (4th

Dist.).

{¶51} In the case at bar, appellant’s failure to

contemporaneously object to the State’s failure to file a

written motion, or to the court’s failure to issue a written

order, means that he forfeited all but plain error for purposes

of appeal. See State v. Hall, 2025-Ohio-3199, ¶ 176 (4th

Dist.). A party asserting plain error must demonstrate the

following: (1) an error occurred; (2) the error was obvious; and

(3) a reasonable probability that the error affected the outcome

of the proceeding. State v. Echols, 2024-Ohio-5088, ¶ 50.

However, even when a defendant demonstrates that a plain error Adams App. No. 25CA1218 21

or defect affected the defendant’s substantial rights, the Ohio

Supreme Court repeatedly has emphasized that courts should

“notice plain error ‘with the utmost caution, under exceptional

circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of

justice.’” State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27 (2002),

quoting State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91 (1978), paragraph three

of the syllabus; e.g., State v. Bailey, 2022-Ohio-4407, ¶ 14

(“the plain-error doctrine is warranted only under exceptional

circumstances to prevent injustice”).

{¶52} In the case before us, even if we assume for purposes

of argument that the trial court obviously erred, appellant

cannot establish a reasonable probability that any error

affected the outcome of the proceeding. Assuming, arguendo,

that the trial court obviously erred by allowing the State to

file an oral motion or by failing to issue a written order,

appellant cannot establish a reasonable probability that the

outcome of the proceedings would have been any different in the

absence of the alleged errors. Furthermore, as the State notes,

the trial court issued an oral, on-the-record order that

complied with R.C. 2945.481(F)(1). We therefore reject

appellant’s argument that the trial court erred by allowing the

State to file an oral motion or by failing to issue a written

order. Adams App. No. 25CA1218 22

3.

{¶53} Appellant next asserts that the trial court should

have denied the State’s request because it failed to ask at

least seven days before trial that the victim be permitted to

testify outside the courtroom. Appellant further argues that

the State did not establish good cause for the untimely request.

{¶54} The State agrees that it did not make the request at

least seven days before trial, but contends that good cause

excused its failure. The State asserts that, before trial, it

did not know that the victim would be unable to complete her

testimony in the courtroom. The State points out that the

victim had testified at the first trial (that resulted in a

mistrial) and that it had been caught off guard when the victim

indicated that she could not continue her testimony at the

second trial.

{¶55} To support his argument that the trial court should

have denied the State’s untimely motion, appellant refers to

State v. Messenger, 2022-Ohio-3120, (7th Dist.). In that case,

the court concluded that the trial court abused its discretion

when it determined that the State established good cause for its

failure to timely file its R.C. 2945.481 motion. The court

observed that the State’s asserted reason for the untimely

filing resulted not from surprise, but from the State’s failure

to interview the victim at least seven days before the trial. Adams App. No. 25CA1218 23

The court determined that allowing a finding of good cause in

this circumstance would “render[] the statute susceptible to

abuse by the state, which may file a R.C. 2945.481 motion in the

eleventh-hour to gain a tactical advantage over the defense.”

Id. at ¶ 46.

{¶56} We do not agree with appellant that Messenger helps

establish that the trial court in the case sub judice abused its

discretion by finding that the State had established good cause

for the untimely filing. Unlike Messenger, where the State

apparently had not interviewed the child at least seven days

before trial, in the case at bar the State had presented the

victim’s testimony during the first trial. During the first

trial, the victim evidently had not expressed any reservations

about testifying inside the courtroom. Thus, the trial court

was well within its discretion to credit the State’s assertion

that the victim’s refusal to testify in appellant’s presence at

the second trial was unexpected.

{¶57} Consequently, we do not believe that the trial court

abused its discretion by finding that the State established good

cause for the untimely request.

4.

{¶58} Appellant further argues that the State did not

establish the existence of at least one of the R.C. 2945.481(E)

circumstances necessary for the trial court to conclude that the Adams App. No. 25CA1218 24

presence.

{¶59} R.C. 2945.481(E) provides as follows:

For purposes of divisions (C) and (D) of this section, a judge may order the testimony of a child victim to be taken outside the room in which the proceeding is being conducted if the judge determines that the child victim is unavailable to testify in the room in the physical presence of the defendant due to one or more of the following:

(1) The persistent refusal of the child victim to testify despite judicial requests to do so;

(2) The inability of the child victim to communicate about the alleged violation or offense because of extreme fear, failure of memory, or another similar reason;

(3) The substantial likelihood that the child victim will suffer serious emotional trauma from so testifying.

{¶60} In the case sub judice, appellant first contends that

the record does not contain any evidence that the victim

persistently refused to testify despite judicial requests to do

so. Even if we were to agree with appellant’s assertion,

however, the statute requires the trial court to find only “one

or more” of the three circumstances. See State ex rel. Harris

v. Trelka, 2025-Ohio-4453, ¶ 6, quoting In re Estate of

Centorbi, 2011-Ohio-2267, ¶ 18 (“‘the word “or,” a disjunctive

term, signifies the presence of alternatives’”); see generally

Scalia & Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts

116 (2012) (“[u]nder the conjunctive/disjunctive canon, and Adams App. No. 25CA1218 25

combines items while or creates alternatives” [emphasis in

original]). As we explain below, the record contains competent,

credible evidence to support the trial court’s findings under

R.C. 2945.481(E)(2) and (3). Thus, any error that the trial

court may have made with regard to its R.C. 2945.481(E)(1)

finding would be harmless error that we must disregard. See

Crim.R. 52(A).

{¶61} Regarding the victim’s inability to communicate about

the alleged crimes due to extreme fear, the trial court remarked

that of the hundreds of cases that it had tried, the victim’s

conduct in becoming “so overcome that she asked if she could

have a break” was the only occasion that the court could recall.

The court explained that, as it was responding to the victim’s

request for a break, the victim “was already up and out and

leaving the courtroom.” The court found it “an oddity that a

person was so overwhelmed that they could not even wait for the

appropriate direction that it would be time to leave.”

{¶62} Furthermore, before the trial court allowed the victim

to testify outside the courtroom, the court questioned her

regarding her inability to testify inside the courtroom. The

victim stated that, while she was testifying the day before, she

“felt overwhelmed.” She explained that she felt “so much

anxiety to the point where [she] felt sick.” The victim

indicated that she feels this anxiety when she is in appellant’s Adams App. No. 25CA1218 26

presence and that she fears being in the same room as appellant.

She stated that she would not be willing to testify inside the

courtroom in appellant’s presence. The victim also stated that

testifying inside the courtroom would cause her additional

trauma and rated this additional trauma as an eight on a ten-

point scale.

{¶63} Based upon all of the foregoing, we believe that the

trial court rationally could have determined that (1) the victim

was unable to communicate about the alleged offense due to

extreme fear, or (2) a substantial likelihood existed that the

victim would suffer serious emotional trauma from testifying

inside the courtroom in appellant’s presence.

{¶64} Appellant nevertheless suggests that the State was

required to present expert testimony to support the victim’s

claims regarding her fear and emotional trauma. He does not,

however, cite any authority to support this proposition. We

therefore summarily reject it. See Columbus S. Power Co., 2011-

Ohio-2638, at ¶ 14.

{¶65} Appellant further appears to suggest that our

McKenzie, 2025-Ohio-415 (4th Dist.), decision means that a trial

court must engage in a concerted effort to attempt to elicit the

victim’s testimony inside the courtroom before it grants a

motion under R.C. 2945.481. In McKenzie, over the course of two

days, the State attempted to elicit the victim’s testimony Adams App. No. 25CA1218 27

inside the courtroom. On the first day, the State spent more

than one and a half hours trying to elicit the victim’s

testimony. On the second day, the State spent approximately 30

minutes attempting to elicit the victim’s testimony. Each time,

the victim became “visibly upset, crying and sobbing, and at

times completely stopped responding or communicating with

counsel and/or the Court.” Id. at ¶ 33. The State thus

requested that the trial court allow the victim to testify

outside the courtroom based upon her persistent refusal to

testify despite judicial requests to do so.

{¶66} In McKenzie, we upheld the trial court’s decision to

allow the victim to testify outside the courtroom. We

determined that competent, credible evidence supported the

court’s finding under R.C. 2945.481(E)(1) that the victim

persistently refused to testify despite judicial requests to do

so.

{¶67} We do not, however, agree with appellant that McKenzie

required the trial court in the case at bar to expend

“significantly greater efforts” to question the victim before it

granted the State’s motion to allow the victim to testify

outside the courtroom. In McKenzie, the State filed its motion

under R.C. 2945.481(E)(1), which requires a finding that the

victim is unavailable to testify in the room in the physical

presence of the defendant due to the victim’s persistent refusal Adams App. No. 25CA1218 28

to testify despite judicial requests to do so. The opinion in

McKenzie focused on the efforts undertaken to attempt to elicit

testimony from the victim inside the courtroom to help show that

the record supported the trial court’s finding that the victim

persistently refused to testify. Our opinion did not suggest

that a trial court must make similar efforts in every case

involving a motion filed under R.C. 2945.481(E).

{¶68} Additionally, in the case before us, in granting the

State’s motion the trial court did not rely solely upon the

victim’s persistent refusal to testify. Instead, the court also

concluded that the victim was unavailable to testify in the

physical presence of appellant due to (1) the victim’s inability

to communicate about the alleged violation or offense because of

extreme fear, or (2) the substantial likelihood that the victim

will suffer serious emotional trauma from testifying. We

therefore do not agree with appellant that McKenzie demonstrates

that the trial court in the case sub judice erred by allowing

the victim to testify outside the courtroom.

{¶69} Appellant also alleges that the trial court failed to

question the victim regarding her ability to testify inside the

courtroom until after the court already had granted the State’s

motion. Appellant does not cite any authority to support the

proposition that the failure to do so constitutes reversible

error. We therefore summarily reject it. See Columbus S. Power Adams App. No. 25CA1218 29

Co., 2011-Ohio-2638, at ¶ 14. We simply note that the record

shows that the trial court did in fact, question the victim

regarding her ability to testify inside the courtroom before it

proceeded to allow the victim to testify outside the courtroom.

{¶70} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we

overrule appellant’s first assignment of error.

II.

{¶71} In his second assignment of error, appellant asserts

that the trial court erred by not dismissing the case with

prejudice after a discovery violation occurred during the first

trial. Appellant contends that the trial court abused its

discretion by determining that the State’s failure to disclose

the information was not willful and did not warrant a dismissal

with prejudice. As we explain below, we do not agree with

{¶72} We initially observe that “a trial court has

discretion in determining a sanction for a discovery violation.”

State v. Darmond, 2013-Ohio-966, ¶ 33; see State v. Hale, 2008-

Ohio-3426, ¶ 114, citing State v. Parson, 6 Ohio St.3d 442, 445

(1983) (trial courts have “a certain amount of discretion in

determining the sanction to be imposed for a party’s

nondisclosure of discoverable material”). Thus, “‘[a] reviewing

court shall review these rulings only for an abuse of Adams App. No. 25CA1218 30

discretion.’” State ex rel. Duncan v. Middlefield, 2008-Ohio-

6200, ¶ 27, quoting Nakoff v. Fairview Gen. Hosp., 75 Ohio St.3d

254 (1996), syllabus. As we noted above, “[a] trial court

abuses its discretion when it makes a decision that is

unreasonable, unconscionable, or arbitrary.” Darmond, 2013-

Ohio-966, at ¶ 34.

{¶73} The “discovery rules were designed to ‘“prevent

surprise and the secreting of evidence favorable to one

party.”’” State v. Glenn, 2021-Ohio-3369, ¶ 15, quoting

Darmond, 2013-Ohio-966, at ¶ 19, quoting Lakewood v. Papadelis,

32 Ohio St.3d 1, 3 (1987). Crim.R. 16(A) evinces that design by

specifying that the purpose of the rule “is to provide all

parties in a criminal case with the information necessary for a

full and fair adjudication of the facts, to protect the

integrity of the justice system and the rights of defendants,

and to protect the well-being of witnesses, victims, and society

at large.” Crim.R. 16(A). The essential purpose of the rule

“is to produce a fair trial.” Papadelis, 32 Ohio St.3d at 3.

{¶74} If a party fails to comply with the discovery rules, a

trial court has discretion to (1) order the noncomplying party

“to permit the discovery or inspection,” (2) “grant a

continuance,” (3) “prohibit the party from introducing in

evidence the material not disclosed,” or (4) “make such other Adams App. No. 25CA1218 31

order as it deems just under the circumstances.” Crim.R.

16(L)(1). First, however, the “trial court must inquire into

the circumstances surrounding a discovery rule violation and,

when deciding whether to impose a sanction, must impose the

least severe sanction that is consistent with the purpose of the

rules of discovery.” Papadelis, 32 Ohio St.3d at 5; accord

Darmond, 2013-Ohio-966, at ¶ 42. We note that “imposing the

least severe sanction that will further the purposes of the

discovery rules is a critical consideration that must be taken

into account in any criminal case before a severe sanction is

imposed for a discovery violation.” Darmond, 2013-Ohio-966, at

¶ 31.

{¶75} When inquiring into the circumstances surrounding a

discovery rule violation, a trial court should consider “(1)

whether the failure to disclose was a willful violation of

Crim.R. 16, (2) whether foreknowledge of the undisclosed

material would have benefited the accused in the preparation of

a defense, and (3) whether the accused was prejudiced.” Id. at

¶ 35; accord State v. Webb, 2023-Ohio-4050, ¶ 31 (4th Dist.).

“[P]rosecutorial violations of Crim.R. 16 result in reversible

error only when there is a showing that (1) the prosecution’s

failure to disclose was willful, (2) disclosure of the

information prior to trial would have aided the accused’s

defense, and (3) the accused suffered prejudice.” State v. Adams App. No. 25CA1218 32

Jackson, 2005-Ohio-5981, ¶ 131, citing State v. Parson, 6 Ohio

St.3d 442, 445 (1983); accord State v. Schulman, 2020-Ohio-4146,

¶ 24 (10th Dist.).

{¶76} In the case at bar, as appellant recognizes, during

the first trial, the trial court determined that the prosecutor

failed to disclose discoverable material and granted appellant’s

request for a mistrial. The trial court did not, however, find

that the State’s failure to disclose was willful. Appellant’s

trial counsel even agreed that the prosecutor’s failure to

disclose was not willful.

{¶77} On appeal, appellant continues to agree that the

prosecutor’s failure was not willful. He contends, however,

that, even if the prosecutor’s failure to disclose was not

willful, the officer who had the evidence did willfully fail to

disclose the evidence. Appellant asserts that given the

officer’s decades-long experience in law enforcement, the

officer knew “what his duties [were], including turning over

prior statements made to him by an alleged victim.” Appellant

does not cite any authority to support the proposition that the

State is charged with willful nondisclosure under these

circumstances. We therefore reject appellant’s argument.

{¶78} We additionally observe that this court, as well as

the Ohio Supreme Court, previously reversed trial court

decisions that dismissed criminal charges as a sanction for a Adams App. No. 25CA1218 33

discovery violation. See Darmond, 2013-Ohio-966, at ¶ 20 (“The

state asserts that the trial court’s order of dismissal with

prejudice was flawed because the trial court failed to consider

whether less severe sanctions were appropriate given the

circumstances. We agree.”); State v. Cheesbro, 1996 WL 107435,

*4 (4th Dist. Mar. 4, 1996) (“The trial court’s decision to

sanction [the prosecution] by dismissing the charge was too

severe given the nature of the infraction and the nature of the

evidence at issue. Thus, we find that the trial court’s

decision to dismiss the charge constituted an abuse of

discretion.”). Courts generally uphold dismissals, the most

severe sanction, in particularly egregious cases. See In re

J.Y., 2025-Ohio-5308, ¶ 29 (4th Dist.) (upholding dismissal as a

discovery sanction when the State withheld evidence deemed

“crucial” and “potentially exculpatory”); State v. King, 2010-

Ohio-5701, ¶ 24 (5th Dist.) (imposing a dismissal with prejudice

as a discovery “sanction is only appropriate where misbehavior

by the offending party was intentionally calculated to cause or

invite a mistrial”); see generally Darmond, 2013-Ohio-966, at ¶

41 (“We emphasize that we do not hold that a discovery violation

committed by the state can never result in the dismissal with

prejudice of a criminal case. That option remains available

when a trial court, after considering the factors set forth in

Parson and in Lakewood, determines that a lesser sanction would Adams App. No. 25CA1218 34

not be consistent with the purposes of the criminal discovery

rules.”). Thus, although appellant contends that the trial

court should have dismissed the indictment—the most severe

sanction—he does not present a cogent argument that the trial

court abused its discretion by failing to dismiss the

indictment.

{¶79} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we

overrule appellant’s second assignment of error.

III.

{¶80} In his third assignment of error, appellant asserts

that the trial court erred by allowing the State to amend the

indictment during trial. He asserts that allowing the State to

amend the indictment to allege that the offenses began two years

before the date alleged in the indictment prejudiced his defense

by depriving him of the ability to pursue potential defenses.

Appellant alleges that he “may have been out of the State or out

of the Country during some of [the] time” and that foreknowledge

of the time frame may have allowed him to pursue an alibi

defense.

{¶81} Crim.R. 7(D) allows a court to amend an indictment “at

any time before, during, or after a trial . . ., provided no

change is made in the name or identity of the crime charged.”

“[T]he rule permits most amendments but flatly prohibits

amendments that change the name or identity of the crime Adams App. No. 25CA1218 35

charged.” State v. Kittle, 2005-Ohio-3198, ¶ 12 (4th Dist.).

An amendment changes the name or identity of the crime charged

if it “changes the penalty or degree of the charged offense.”

State v. Davis, 2008-Ohio-4537, ¶ 9. Consequently, a trial

court may amend an indictment so long as the amendment does not

change the penalty or the degree of the charged offense. See

Id. at ¶ 6.

{¶82} A trial court commits reversible error if it allows an

amendment that changes the name or identity of the offense

charged. See Kittle, 2005-Ohio-3198, at ¶ 12 (4th Dist.).

Conversely, if an amendment does not change the name or identity

of the crime charged, appellate courts review the trial court’s

decision to allow the amendment for an abuse of discretion. Id.

at ¶ 13. To constitute reversible error, the defendant must

show not only that the trial court abused its discretion but

also that the amendment prejudiced the defense. State v.

Wilson, 2019-Ohio-2754, ¶ 22 (4th Dist.).

{¶83} In the case sub judice, appellant has not asserted

that the amendment changed the name or identity of the crime

charged. Instead, he agrees that the amendment changed only the

dates on which the offenses allegedly occurred.

{¶84} Amendments that change “‘only the date on which the

offense occurred . . . [do] not charge a new or different

offense, nor . . . change the substance of the offense.’” State Adams App. No. 25CA1218 36

v. Evans, 2010-Ohio-2554, ¶ 35 (4th Dist.), quoting State v.

Quivey, 2005-Ohio-5540, ¶ 28 (4th Dist.); accord State v. Pyles,

2018-Ohio-4034, ¶ 27 (4th Dist.); see State v. Sellards, 17 Ohio

St.3d 169, 171 (1985) (“[o]rdinarily, precise times and dates

are not essential elements of offenses”); Tesca v. State (1923),

108 Ohio St. 287, paragraph one of the syllabus (“[i]n a

criminal charge the exact date and time are immaterial unless in

the nature of the offense exactness of time is essential”). We

thus review the trial court’s decision to permit the amendment

for an abuse of discretion. See Evans, 2010-Ohio-2554, at ¶ 35

(4th Dist.).

{¶85} In the case sub judice, we do not believe that the

trial court abused its discretion by allowing the State to amend

the indictment to expand the time span during which the offenses

occurred. Nothing in the record indicates that the trial court

acted unreasonably, unconscionably, or arbitrarily by allowing

the State to amend the indictment.

{¶86} Moreover, even if we assume for purposes of argument

that the trial court abused its discretion, appellant cannot

establish that amending the indictment prejudiced his defense.

Although appellant suggested to the trial court that he may have

been imprisoned during part of the time specified in the amended

indictment, appellant did not provide the trial court with any

specific evidence that he actually was imprisoned during the Adams App. No. 25CA1218 37

time period and did not present this argument to the jury. On

appeal, appellant speculates that he may have been out of the

State or the country during some of the time, but he did not

offer any concrete proof of an alibi.

{¶87} Additionally, at trial, appellant’s defense largely

revolved around attempting to establish that the victim, given

her young age, may have been confused when she identified

appellant as the perpetrator. Thus, appellant’s defense was not

that he was unavailable during the dates alleged in the amended

indictment; instead, appellant claimed that someone else

committed the crimes. Consequently, because the dates were not

essential to appellant’s defense, the trial court’s decision to

permit the State to enlarge the time period did not prejudice

appellant’s defense. See State v. Hannah, 2017-Ohio-1239, ¶ 16

(4th Dist.) (trial court did not abuse its discretion by

amending an indictment to add two years to the time span during

which the offenses allegedly occurred); State v. Williams, 2013-

Ohio-4471, ¶ 15 (8th Dist.) (amending indictment to change the

dates on which sexual offenses occurred did not prejudice the

defendant when the defendant “outright denied any sexual contact

with [the victim]”); see also State v. Buckland, 2023-Ohio-2095,

¶ 18 (12th Dist.) (failure to specify precise dates did not

prejudice the defendant when the defendant merely “offered vague

speculation that some non-specific visitor at the home could Adams App. No. 25CA1218 38

have abused [the victim] and that she was simply confused”);

compare State v. Czech, 2015-Ohio-1536 (8th Dist.) (vague time

frames may be prejudicial if a defendant presents an alibi

defense); see generally State v. Mundy, 99 Ohio App.3d 275, 297

(2d Dist. 1994) (“[w]here the defendant does not present an

alibi defense, where he concedes being alone with the victims of

the alleged sex offenses at various times throughout the

relevant time frame, and where his defense is that the alleged

touchings never happened, the inexactitude of dates or times in

the indictment is not prejudicial error”). We therefore do not

agree with appellant that the trial court erred by allowing the

State to amend the indictment.

{¶88} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we

overrule appellant’s third assignment of error.

IV.

{¶89} In his fourth assignment of error, appellant asserts

that the record does not contain sufficient evidence to support

his felonious assault conviction and that his conviction is

against the manifest weight of the evidence. He asserts that

the State did not establish that appellant caused the victim

serious physical harm.

{¶90} Initially, we observe that “sufficiency” and “manifest

weight” present two distinct legal concepts. Eastley v. Adams App. No. 25CA1218 39

Volkman, 2012-Ohio-2179, ¶ 23 (“sufficiency of the evidence is

quantitatively and qualitatively different from the weight of

the evidence”); State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380 (1997),

syllabus; accord State v. Nicholson, 2024-Ohio-604, ¶ 71. A

claim of insufficient evidence invokes a due process concern and

raises the question whether the evidence is legally sufficient

to support the verdict as a matter of law. Thompkins, 78 Ohio

St.3d at 386. When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence,

our inquiry focuses primarily upon the adequacy of the evidence;

that is, whether the evidence, if believed, reasonably could

support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at

syllabus. The “critical inquiry” on appeal “is whether, after

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”

(Emphasis in original.) Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-

319 (1979); e.g., State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 273 (1991),

superseded by constitutional amendment on other grounds as

stated in State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 89, 102, fn. 4 (1997).

{¶91} Furthermore, a reviewing court is not to assess

“whether the state’s evidence is to be believed, but whether, if

believed, the evidence against a defendant would support a

conviction.” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 390 (Cook, J.,

concurring). Thus, a challenge to the sufficiency of the Adams App. No. 25CA1218 40

evidence does not permit a reviewing court to assess the

credibility of the evidence. See State v. Brown, 2025-Ohio-

2804, ¶ 17, quoting State v. Pountney, 2018-Ohio-22, ¶ 19,

quoting Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, paragraph two of the syllabus

(sufficiency review does not allow a reviewing court to “ask

whether the evidence should be believed but, rather, whether the

evidence, ‘“if believed, would convince the average mind of the

defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt”’”); see generally

State v. Balmert, 2025-Ohio-5588, ¶ 10, quoting State v. Groce,

2020-Ohio-6671, ¶ 7 (a sufficiency challenge requires a

reviewing court to determine “‘whether the evidence presented,

when viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, would

allow any rational trier of fact to find the essential elements

of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt’”).

{¶92} Consequently, when reviewing a sufficiency-of-the-

evidence claim, an appellate court must construe the evidence in

a light most favorable to the prosecution. E.g., State v. Hill,

75 Ohio St.3d 195, 205 (1996); State v. Grant, 67 Ohio St.3d

465, 477 (1993). A reviewing court will not overturn a

conviction on a sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim unless

reasonable minds could not reach the conclusion that the trier

of fact did. State v. Tibbetts, 92 Ohio St.3d 146, 162 (2001);

State v. Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 484 (2001).

{¶93} “Although a court of appeals may determine that a Adams App. No. 25CA1218 41

judgment of a trial court is sustained by sufficient evidence,

that court may nevertheless conclude that the judgment is

against the weight of the evidence.” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d

at 387. A challenge to the manifest weight of the evidence

requires a court to evaluate whether the greater amount of

credible evidence offered at trial supports the defendant’s

conviction. See id., quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1594 (6th

Ed.1990) (“Weight of the evidence concerns ‘the inclination of

the greater amount of credible evidence, offered in a trial, to

support one side of the issue rather than the other.’”). A

court that considers a manifest weight challenge must “‘review

the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable

inferences, and consider the credibility of witnesses.’” State

v. Beasley, 2018-Ohio-493, ¶ 208, quoting State v. McKelton,

2016-Ohio-5735, ¶ 328. Reviewing courts also must bear in mind,

however, that credibility generally is an issue for the trier of

fact to resolve. See Eastley, 2012-Ohio-2179, at ¶ 21; State v.

Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 67 (2001); State v. Murphy, 2008-Ohio-

1744, ¶ 31 (4th Dist.). “‘Because the trier of fact sees and

hears the witnesses and is particularly competent to decide

“whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of

particular witnesses,” we must afford substantial deference to

its determinations of credibility.’” Barberton v. Jenney, 2010-

Ohio-2420, ¶ 20, quoting State v. Konya, 2006-Ohio-6312, ¶ 6 (2d Adams App. No. 25CA1218 42

Dist.), quoting State v. Lawson, 1997 WL 476684 (2d Dist. Aug.

22, 1997). As the Eastley court explained:

“‘[I]n determining whether the judgment below is manifestly against the weight of the evidence, every reasonable intendment and every reasonable presumption must be made in favor of the judgment and the finding of facts. . . . If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the reviewing court is bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent with the verdict and judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and judgment.’”

2012-Ohio-2179, at ¶ 21, quoting Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v.

Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80 (1984), fn.3, quoting 5 Ohio

Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review, Section 60, at 191–192

(1978). Thus, an appellate court will leave the issues of

weight and credibility of the evidence to the fact finder, as

long as a rational basis exists in the record for its decision.

State v. Picklesimer, 2012-Ohio-1282, ¶ 24 (4th Dist.); accord

State v. Howard, 2007-Ohio-6331, ¶ 6 (4th Dist.) (“We will not

intercede as long as the trier of fact has some factual and

rational basis for its determination of credibility and

weight.”).

{¶94} Accordingly, a judgment of conviction is not against

the manifest weight of the evidence when the record contains

substantial credible evidence upon which the trier of fact

reasonably could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the

essential elements of the offense had been established. See Adams App. No. 25CA1218 43

State v. Leonard, 2004-Ohio-6235, ¶ 81, quoting State v. Getsy,

84 Ohio St.3d 180, 193-194 (1998), citing State v. Eley, 56 Ohio

St.2d 169 (1978), syllabus (“‘The question to be answered when a

manifest-weight issue is raised is whether “there is substantial

evidence upon which a jury could reasonably conclude that all

the elements have been proved beyond a reasonable doubt’”

[emphasis omitted.]). A court may reverse a judgment of

conviction only if it appears that the fact finder, when it

resolved the conflicts in evidence, “‘clearly lost its way and

created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the

conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’”

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20

Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983); accord

State v. Brown, 2025-Ohio-2804, ¶ 31. A reviewing court should

find a conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence

only in the “‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs

heavily against the conviction.’” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at

387, quoting Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175; accord State v.

Clinton, 2017-Ohio-9423, ¶ 166; State v. Lindsey, 87 Ohio St.3d

479, 483 (2000).

{¶95} In the case at bar, after our review of the evidence

we do not believe that the record lacks sufficient evidence to

support appellant’s felonious assault conviction or that his

conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Adams App. No. 25CA1218 44

{¶96} R.C. 2903.11(A)(1) sets forth the offense of felonious

assault as charged in the case at bar. The statute prohibits a

person from knowingly causing “serious physical harm to

another.”

{¶97} In the case sub judice, appellant disputes whether the

state presented sufficient evidence to establish that he caused

the victim “serious physical harm on the dates contained in the

indictment.” “Serious physical harm to persons” means, inter

alia, “[a]ny mental illness or condition of such gravity as

would normally require hospitalization or prolonged psychiatric

treatment[.]” R.C. 2901.01(A)(5)(a).

{¶98} In sexual assault cases involving felonious assault,

courts generally have concluded that evidence that a victim had

been diagnosed with a mental illness or condition and received

ongoing treatment is sufficient to establish the element of

serious physical harm, i.e., a mental illness or condition of

such gravity as would normally require hospitalization or

prolonged psychiatric treatment. For example, in State v.

Palmer, 2022-Ohio-2955, (8th Dist.), the court concluded that

the State presented sufficient evidence to prove the element of

serious physical harm when the evidence presented at trial

showed that the victim might require “prolonged psychiatric

treatment as a result of [the defendant]’s abuse.” Id. at ¶ 17. Adams App. No. 25CA1218 45

In that case, the testimony presented at trial established that

the victim saw “counselors once a week because she was

depressed, not sleeping, and engaging in self-harm activities.”

Id. Additionally, witnesses testified that the victim had been

referred to mental health services and that the victim “should

continue with psychiatric counseling as a result of her mental

health diagnosis.” Id. The court thus rejected the defendant’s

argument that the State failed to present evidence of serious

physical harm. Id.

{¶99} Likewise, in State v. D.S., the court determined that

the State presented sufficient evidence to establish the element

of serious physical harm when the evidence illustrated that the

victims had been “diagnosed with PTSD and required ongoing

psychiatric treatment as a result of [the defendant]’s abusive

conduct.” State v. D.S., 2021-Ohio-1725, ¶ 72 (8th Dist.); see

also State v. Setty, 2014-Ohio-2340, ¶ 95 (12th Dist.)

(upholding felonious assault conviction when the State presented

evidence that the defendant’s “physical and sexual abuse of the

children caused them to suffer from the mental condition PTSD”);

see also State v. Cooper, 139 Ohio App.3d 149, 159 (12th Dist.

2000) (“a person [may] commit felonious assault by perpetrating

an act causing mental illness”).

{¶100} In the case before us, we believe that the State

presented sufficient evidence to establish the element of Adams App. No. 25CA1218 46

serious physical harm. The evidence illustrates that the victim

had experienced a severe trauma and had been diagnosed with

multiple mental health conditions that required her to receive

ongoing treatment. The social worker who conducted a forensic

interview with the victim stated that the victim’s trauma

screening scores were in the “severe category,” meaning that the

victim “was having a severe amount of trauma symptoms.” The

social worker “strongly” recommended that the victim receive

mental health treatment.

{¶101} The victim also testified that she started receiving

mental health treatment after she had expressed suicidal

ideations. The victim stated that she had felt so “anxious”

that she vomited. Since that time, she has been diagnosed with

PTSD, anxiety, and depression, and she continues to see a

counselor twice per week. The victim further explained that

about a week before her testimony, she had been admitted to a

psychiatric ward due to mental health issues. She stated that

she had been “so down, so deep in, like, depressed to the point

where [she] didn’t think that [she] could come back.” The

victim indicated that she struggles with these feelings and that

they stemmed from the sexual abuse that appellant inflicted upon

her.

{¶102} The victim’s mother testified that, after the

victim’s September 2022 forensic interview, counseling had been Adams App. No. 25CA1218 47

recommended for the victim. The mother stated that the victim

initially was hesitant to engage in counseling. The mother

explained that, in November 2022, the victim agreed to seek

treatment after she had expressed suicidal thoughts and

underwent a mental health evaluation. The mother stated that

the victim has been diagnosed with PTSD, anxiety, and depression

and that the victim continues to receive counseling twice per

week. The mother reported that the victim’s counselors had

informed the mother that the victim’s diagnoses resulted from

the incidents of sexual abuse.

{¶103} We believe that all of the foregoing evidence is

sufficient to establish that appellant’s sexual abuse caused the

victim to suffer serious physical harm in the form of “[a]ny

mental illness or condition of such gravity as would normally

require hospitalization or prolonged psychiatric treatment,”

R.C. 2901.01(A)(5)(a). Even though the hospitalization occurred

after the time period contained in the indictment, the evidence

shows that the victim suffered from multiple mental health

conditions that required ongoing, prolonged treatment and that

arose from the sexual abuse that appellant inflicted upon the

victim.

{¶104} Appellant nevertheless asserts that the State should

have presented medical records or testimony from the

professionals who treated the victim in order to establish that Adams App. No. 25CA1218 48

his conduct caused the victim to suffer “[a]ny mental illness or

condition of such gravity as would normally require

hospitalization or prolonged psychiatric treatment,” R.C.

2901.01(A)(5)(a). Appellant does not, however, cite any

authority to support this proposition. We therefore summarily

reject appellant’s argument. See Columbus S. Power Co., 2011-

Ohio-2638, at ¶ 14. We additionally observe that at least one

court has rejected the notion that the element of serious

physical harm requires expert medical testimony. See Palmer,

2022-Ohio-2955, at ¶ 17 (8th Dist.) (the element of “serious

physical harm does not require expert medical testimony”).

{¶105} Moreover, we recognize that appellant asserts that

the victim’s hospitalization approximately one week before her

testimony shows that she did not suffer serious physical harm

during the dates alleged in the indictment. Appellant does not,

however, appear to contest that the victim had been diagnosed

with PTSD, anxiety, and depression and continues to engage in

mental health treatment. As we pointed out above, courts have

recognized similar circumstances as sufficient to establish the

element of serious physical harm for purposes of felonious

assault. We therefore do not agree with appellant that the

State failed to present sufficient evidence to support his

felonious assault conviction. Adams App. No. 25CA1218 49

{¶106} We also disagree with appellant that his felonious

assault conviction is against the manifest weight of the

evidence. The jury had the ability to consider and weigh all of

the evidence when deciding whether appellant knowingly caused

the victim serious physical harm. Nothing in the record

suggests that the jury committed a manifest miscarriage of

justice by convicting appellant of felonious assault.

{¶107} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we

overrule appellant’s fourth assignment of error.

V.

{¶108} In his fifth assignment of error, appellant asserts

that the trial court erred by failing to comply with the

sentencing notification requirements contained in R.C.

2929.19(B)(2)(c). The State agrees and asserts that appellant

“is entitled to a new sentencing hearing so the court can give

the required instructions.”

{¶109} When reviewing felony sentences, appellate courts

apply the standard set forth in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). E.g., State

v. Jones, 2024-Ohio-1083, ¶ 13; State v. Grashel, 2025-Ohio-580,

¶ 19 (4th Dist.). The statute requires appellate courts to

“review the record, including the findings underlying the

sentence or modification given by the sentencing court.” R.C.

2953.08(G)(1). In reviewing the record, “[t]he appellate

court’s standard for review is not whether the sentencing court Adams App. No. 25CA1218 50

abused its discretion.” R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(a). Instead, the

statute authorizes appellate courts to “increase, reduce, or

otherwise modify a sentence” or to “vacate the sentence and

remand the matter to the sentencing court for resentencing” “if

it clearly and convincingly finds either of the following”:

(a) That the record does not support the sentencing court’s findings under division (B) or (D) of section 2929.13, division (B)(2)(e) or (C)(4) of section 2929.14, or division (I) of section 2929.20 of the Revised Code, whichever, if any, is relevant; (b) That the sentence is otherwise contrary to law.

R.C. 2953.08(G)(2).

{¶110} Practically speaking, R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) means that

appellate courts ordinarily “‘defer to trial courts’ broad

discretion in making sentencing decisions.’” State v. Gwynne,

2023-Ohio-3851, ¶ 11 (lead opinion), quoting State v. Rahab,

2017-Ohio-1401, ¶ 10 (lead opinion); accord State v. Glover,

2024-Ohio-5195, ¶ 39 and 46 (lead opinion); State v. Creech,

2017-Ohio-6951, ¶ 11 (4th Dist.), quoting State v. Venes, 2013-

Ohio-1891, ¶ 21 (8th Dist.) (“[t]he language in R.C.

2953.08(G)(2) establishes an ‘extremely deferential standard of

review’ for ‘the restriction is on the appellate court, not the

trial judge’ ”). Deferring to the trial court “makes sense: the

trial judge presided over the trial and heard the witnesses

testify, the defendant made his allocution to the sentencing

judge directly, and the trial judge will often have heard Adams App. No. 25CA1218 51

directly from the victims at sentencing.” Glover, 2024-Ohio-

5195, at ¶ 39. Appellate courts thus do not sit as “a ‘second-

tier sentencing court.’” Id., quoting State v. Ladson, 2016-

Ohio-7781, ¶ 9 (8th Dist.); see also State v. Jones, 2020-Ohio-

6729, ¶ 41-42. In fact, in the absence of a specific statutory

directive to the contrary, an appellate court should not

“‘substitute its judgment for that of the sentencing court as to

the appropriateness of a particular sentence.’” Williams v.

United States, 503 U.S. 193, 205 (1992), quoting Solem v. Helm,

463 U.S. 277, 290, fn. 16 (1983); accord Glover, 2024-Ohio-5195,

at ¶ 39.

{¶111} Accordingly, appellate courts may increase, reduce,

modify, or vacate a sentence only if the court clearly and

convincingly finds that (1) “the record does not support the

sentencing court’s findings” under the enumerated statutes, R.C.

2953.08(G)(2)(a), or (2) “the sentence is otherwise contrary to

law,” R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(b). The term “contrary to law” means

“‘in violation of statute or legal regulations at a given

time.’” Jones, 2020-Ohio-6729, at ¶ 34, quoting Black's Law

Dictionary 328 (6th Ed.1990).

{¶112} Typically, the phrase “clear and convincing” appears

in context with the word “evidence” to denote an evidentiary

standard of proof that sits between preponderance of the

evidence and reasonable doubt. See Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio Adams App. No. 25CA1218 52

St. 469 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus. To say that

evidence is clear and convincing means that the evidence

produces “a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to

be established.” Id.; accord Black’s (12th ed. 2024) (defining

“clear and convincing evidence” as “[e]vidence indicating that

the thing to be proved is highly probable or reasonably

certain”). As applied to R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), therefore,

“clearly and convincingly” means that an appellate court must

hold a firm belief or conviction–or find it “highly probable or

reasonably certain”–that (1) “the record does not support the

sentencing court’s findings” under specified statutes, like R.C.

2929.14(C)(4), R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(a), or (2) “the sentence is

otherwise contrary to law,” 2953.08(G)(2)(b).

{¶113} In the case sub judice, appellant asserts that his

sentence is contrary to law because the trial court failed to

provide the statutory notifications set forth in R.C.

2929.19(B)(2)(c). R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c) requires a sentencing

court to give an offender sentenced to a “non-life felony

indefinite prison term”5 all of the following notifications:

(i) That it is rebuttably presumed that the offender will be released from service of the sentence on the expiration of the minimum prison term imposed as part of the sentence or on the offender’s presumptive

5 R.C. 2929.01(GGG) defines a “non-life felony indefinite prison term”

to mean “a prison term imposed under division (A)(1)(a) or (2)(a) of section 2929.14 and section 2929.144 of the Revised Code for a felony of the first or second degree committed on or after March 22, 2019.” Adams App. No. 25CA1218 53

earned early release date, as defined in section 2967.271 of the Revised Code, whichever is earlier; (ii) That the department of rehabilitation and correction may rebut the presumption described in division (B)(2)(c)(i) of this section if, at a hearing held under section 2967.271 of the Revised Code, the department makes specified determinations regarding the offender’s conduct while confined, the offender's rehabilitation, the offender’s threat to society, the offender’s restrictive housing, if any, while confined, and the offender’s security classification; (iii) That if, as described in division (B)(2)(c)(ii) of this section, the department at the hearing makes the specified determinations and rebuts the presumption, the department may maintain the offender’s incarceration after the expiration of that minimum term or after that presumptive earned early release date for the length of time the department determines to be reasonable, subject to the limitation specified in section 2967.271 of the Revised Code; (iv) That the department may make the specified determinations and maintain the offender’s incarceration under the provisions described in divisions (B)(2)(c)(i) and (ii) of this section more than one time, subject to the limitation specified in section 2967.271 of the Revised Code; (v) That if the offender has not been released prior to the expiration of the offender’s maximum prison term imposed as part of the sentence, the offender must be released upon the expiration of that term.

R.C. 2929.19.

{¶114} We initially observe that, at the sentencing hearing,

appellant did not object to the lack of R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c)

notifications. He thus forfeited all but plain error. See

State v. Gutierrez, 2025-Ohio-1884, ¶ 64 (4th Dist.); see also

State v. Grate, 2020-Ohio-5584, ¶ 204. As we noted above, a

party asserting plain error must demonstrate the following: (1)

an error occurred; (2) the error was obvious; and (3) a Adams App. No. 25CA1218 54

reasonable probability that the error affected the outcome of

the proceeding. E.g., State v. Echols, 2024-Ohio-5088, ¶ 50.

{¶115} “[A] sentence that is contrary to law is plain

error.” State v. Price, 2024-Ohio-1641, ¶ 7 (4th Dist.). “A

sentence is contrary to law if a trial court sentences an

offender to an indefinite prison term under the Reagan Tokes Law

and fails [to] advise the offender of all the notifications set

forth in R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c) at the sentencing hearing.” Id.;

accord State v. Knott, 2025-Ohio-5745, ¶ 138 (4th Dist.);

Gutierrez, 2025-Ohio-1884, at ¶ 64 (4th Dist.); State v.

Holland, 2023-Ohio-4834, ¶ 93 (2nd Dist.). Thus, a trial

court’s failure to provide a defendant with the R.C.

2929.19(B)(2)(c) notifications at the sentencing hearing

constitutes plain error that an appellate court may recognize.

See Price, 2024-Ohio-1641, at ¶ 10 (4th Dist.).

{¶116} In the case sub judice, the State agrees that the

trial court did not give appellant the R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c)

notifications. Our review of the sentencing hearing transcript

confirms that the trial court did not provide the statutory

notifications.

{¶117} We further observe that, even though the trial court

sentenced appellant to a prison term of life without the

possibility of parole for the rape offense, courts have held

that sentencing courts still must provide the R.C. Adams App. No. 25CA1218 55

2929.19(B)(2)(c) notifications if the court also imposes a non-

life felony indefinite prison term. See State v. Bansobeza,

2025-Ohio-2704, ¶ 100 (2d Dist.) (R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c)

notifications still required for non-life felony indefinite

prison terms even though the trial court also imposed three

prison terms of life without the possibility of parole); State

v. Radabaugh, 2024-Ohio-5640, ¶ 69 (3d Dist.) (a trial court

must provide the R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c) notifications when

imposing a non-life felony indefinite prison term in addition to

a term of life imprisonment).

{¶118} In the case at bar, because the State has conceded

the error, we do not question whether the trial court’s

imposition of a life sentence without the possibility of parole

eliminated the requirement to provide the R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c)

notifications with respect to the non-life felony indefinite

prison term. We therefore agree with appellant and the State

that the trial court’s failure to provide the R.C.

2929.19(B)(2)(c) notifications at appellant’s sentencing hearing

constituted plain error and requires a limited remand for

resentencing.

{¶119} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we

sustain appellant’s fifth assignment of error. We reverse the

trial court’s judgment imposing sentence solely as it pertains

to the non-life felony indefinite prison term imposed for Adams App. No. 25CA1218 56

felonious assault and remand this matter to the trial court for

the limited purpose of resentencing appellant for felonious

assault in accordance with R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c). In all other

respects, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION. Adams App. No. 25CA1218 57

JUDGMENT ENTRY

It is ordered that the judgment be affirmed and appellant shall pay the costs.

The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Adams County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.

If a stay of execution of sentence and release upon bail has been previously granted by the trial court or this court, it is temporarily continued for a period not to exceed 60 days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of a continued stay is to allow appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio an application for a stay during the pendency of the proceedings in that court. If a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the 60-day period, or the failure of the appellant to file a notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the 45-day appeal period set forth in the Rules of Practice of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the appeal prior to expiration of 60 days, the stay will terminate as of the date of such dismissal.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Smith, P.J. & Hess, J.: Concur in Judgment & Opinion

For the Court

BY:__________________________ Peter B. Abele, Judge

NOTICE TO COUNSEL

Pursuant to Local Rule No. 22, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.