State v. Acord

2023 Ohio 2126

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: June 26, 2023
• Docket: 2022 CA 00110
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as State v. Acord, 2023-Ohio-2126.]

COURT OF APPEALS LICKING COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

STATE OF OHIO JUDGES: Hon. William B. Hoffman, P. J. Plaintiff-Appellant Hon. John W. Wise, J. Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J. -vs- Case No. 2022 CA 00110 DANIEL J. ACORD

Defendant-Appellant OPINION

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Criminal Appeal from the Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2022 CR 00474

JUDGMENT: Affirmed

DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: June 26, 2023

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant

JENNY WELLS BRIAN A. SMITH PROSECUTING ATTORNEY BRIAN A. SMITH LAW FIRM LLC KENNETH W. OSWALT 123 South Miller Road ASSISTANT PROSECUTOR Suite 250 20 South Second Street, 4th Floor Akron, Ohio 44333 Newark, Ohio 43055 Licking County, Case No. 2022 CA 00110 2

Wise, J.

{¶1} Defendant-Appellant Daniel J. Acord appeals his conviction on one count

of burglary entered in the Licking County Court of Common Pleas following a jury trial.

{¶2} Appellee is the state of Ohio.

STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE

{¶3} For purposes of this appeal, the relevant facts and procedural history are

as follows:

{¶4} On July 19, 2022, at approximately 5:25 A.M., Stacy Shannon was

awakened by what she called "a tickle on my leg, I guess, and someone was covering

me up with a blanket." (T. at 93). Shannon described the individual covering her, whom

she later identified as Appellant Daniel J. Acord, as wearing only "[b]oxer shorts," and that

he did not have a shirt on. (T. at 93-94). Shannon testified that she told Appellant to "get

the heck out, and if he didn't hurry up and go, I was calling the police." (T. at 95). Shannon

testified that she repeatedly told Appellant to "get out." (T. at 95-96).

{¶5} Shannon testified that she did not have a land line and that she kept her cell

phone in her purse, but that when she looked for it, it was not there. (T. at 96-97). She

then began beating on her wall, alerting her neighbor Mark Cotter. (T. at 97-98). Cotter

testified that he came to Shannon's residence, heard her screaming "[g]et out; get out;

get out," and "pulled the door open and pulled the guy out of there." (T. at 116). Cotter

testified that when he pulled Appellant out of the apartment, Appellant "hit me with his-he

had one of those vape-bigger vape containers." (T. at 117). Cotter then called 911 using

his phone. (T. at 117-118). Shannon testified that Appellant "took off' after hitting Cotter. Licking, Case No. 2022 CA 00110 3

(T. at 98). Shannon claimed that Appellant took her cell phone, "[a] pack and a half' of

cigarettes, and $160.00 in cash from her apartment. (T. at 111).

{¶6} Shannon testified that she saw Appellant again later that day near the steps

leading to her apartment. (T. at 104). She testified that she began screaming at him, "Get

the heck out; get out; get out," after which Appellant "stood there for a minute, looked at

me, and he finally turned around and walked out." (T. at 104-105).

{¶7} On July 28, 2022, Appellant Daniel J. Acord was indicted on one count of

Burglary, in violation of R.C. §2911.12(A)(1), a second-degree felony.

{¶8} Appellant was arraigned and pleaded not guilty.

{¶9} On August 18, 2022, Appellant, through counsel, filed a Motion for

Psychiatric Evaluation to Determine Defendant's Competency to Stand Trial.

{¶10} On August 22, 2022, the trial court ordered a psychiatric evaluation be

conducted.

{¶11} On November 2, 2022, based upon the psychiatric evaluation report, the

trial court found that Appellant was capable of understanding the nature and objective of

the proceedings and of assisting in his defense, and found him competent to stand trial.

{¶12} On November 15, 2022, the case proceeded to a jury trial.

{¶13} On November 15, 2022, the jury found Appellant guilty on the sole count

contained in the Indictment.

{¶14} On November 16, 2022, the trial court sentenced Appellant to 6 to 9 years

in prison.

{¶15} Appellant now appeals, raising the following assignments of error: Licking, Case No. 2022 CA 00110 4

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

{¶16} “I. APPELLANT'S CONVICTION FOR BURGLARY WAS NOT

SUPPORTED BY SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE.

{¶17} “II. APPELLANT'S CONVICTION FOR BURGLARY WAS AGAINST THE

MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.

{¶18} “III. R.C. 2967.171, ALSO KNOWN AS THE "REAGAN TOKES ACT,"

WHICH ALLOWS THE OHIO DEPARTMENT OF REHABILITATION AND

CORRECTION TO UNILATERALLY EXTEND APPELLANT'S SENTENCE, IS

UNCONSTITUTIONAL UNDER BOTH THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION, ARTS.

I, II, AND III, AND AMENDS. V, VI AND XIV, AND THE OHIO CONSTITUTION, ART. I,

§ 10, AND ART. IV, §§ 1 AND 3(B)(2).”

I., II.

{¶19} In his first and second Assignments of Error, Appellant argues his conviction

is against the manifest weight and sufficiency of the evidence. We disagree.

{¶20} The legal concepts of sufficiency of the evidence and weight of the evidence

are both quantitatively and qualitatively different. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380,

1997-Ohio-52, 678 N.E.2d 541, paragraph two of the syllabus. The standard of review for

a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is set forth in State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d

259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991) at paragraph two of the syllabus, in which the Ohio Supreme

Court held, “An appellate court's function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence

to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine

whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant's

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the Licking, Case No. 2022 CA 00110 5

evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.”

{¶21} In determining whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of the

evidence, the court of appeals functions as the “thirteenth juror,” and after “reviewing the

entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility

of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly

lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must

be overturned and a new trial ordered.” State v. Thompkins, supra, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387.

Reversing a conviction as being against the manifest weight of the evidence and ordering

a new trial should be reserved for only the “exceptional case in which the evidence weighs

heavily against the conviction.” Id.

{¶22} Appellant herein was convicted of Burglary, in violation of R.C.

§2911.12(A)(1), which provides, in relevant part:

(A) No person, by force, stealth, or deception, shall do any of the

following:

(1) Trespass in an occupied structure or in a separately secured or

separately occupied portion of an occupied structure, when another person

other than an accomplice of the offender is present, with purpose to commit

in the structure or in the separately secured or separately occupied portion

of the structure any criminal offense[.]

{¶23} Appellant herein argues that there was insufficient evidence to show that he

entered Shannon’s apartment with purpose to commit a criminal offense. Appellant claims Licking, Case No. 2022 CA 00110 6

that the State’s arguments that he committed a theft offense and/or an assault during the

trespass into Shannon’s apartment were both insufficient.

{¶24} “A person acts purposely when it is the person's specific intention to cause

a certain result, or, when the gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a certain

nature, regardless of what the offender intends to accomplish thereby, it is the offender's

specific intention to engage in conduct of that nature.” R.C. §2901.22(A).

{¶25} In the average case, “[t]o establish the ‘any criminal offense’ prong of the

burglary statute, the State is required to show that the defendant ‘invaded the dwelling for

the purpose of committing a crime or that he formed that intent during the trespass.’ ”

State v. Hudson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27561, 2018-Ohio-423, ¶ 22, quoting State v.

Gardner, 118 Ohio St.3d 420, 2008-Ohio-2787, ¶ 33, citing State v. Fontes, 87 Ohio St.3d

527 (2000), syllabus.

{¶26} “ ‘The purpose with which a person does an act is determined from the

manner in which it is done, the means or weapon used, and all the other facts and

circumstances in evidence.’ ” Hudson at ¶ 22, quoting State v. Johnson, 11th Dist. Lake

No. 2006-L-259, 2007-Ohio-5783, ¶ 40.

{¶27} Upon review of the record, we find that the State presented testimony from

the victim that Appellant entered her apartment, while she was sleeping, and that

afterward her cell phone, $160 in cash and her cigarettes were missing. This testimony,

if believed by the jury, was sufficient to support the State’s theory that Appellant

committed a theft offense while trespassing in the victim’s apartment.

{¶28} “[O]n review for evidentiary sufficiency we do not second-guess the jury's

credibility determinations; rather, we ask whether, ‘if believed, [the evidence] would Licking, Case No. 2022 CA 00110 7

convince the average mind of the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” State

v. Murphy, 91 Ohio St.3d 516, 543, 747 N.E.2d 765 (2001), quoting Jenks at paragraph

two of the syllabus. We will not “disturb a verdict on appeal on sufficiency grounds unless

‘reasonable minds could not reach the conclusion reached by the trier-of-fact.’ ” State v.

Ketterer, 111 Ohio St.3d 70, 2006-Ohio-5283, 855 N.E.2d 48, ¶ 94, quoting State v.

Dennis, 79 Ohio St.3d 421, 430, 683 N.E.2d 1096 (1997); State v. Montgomery, 148 Ohio

St.3d 347, 2016-Ohio-5487, 71 N.E.3d 180, ¶74.

{¶29} When viewed in a light most favorable to the State, we find this evidence

sufficient from which a rational trier of fact could have found Appellant trespassed with

purpose to commit a criminal offense.

{¶30} Having found sufficient evidence to support the theft offense, we will not

address the alternate theory of an assault offense having also occurred during the

trespass.

{¶31} Appellant also argues that his conviction was against the manifest weight

of the evidence because the State failed to show that he used “force, stealth or deception”

to gain entrance to Shannon’s apartment.

{¶32} Here, the victim testified that when she went to bed that evening, the door

to her apartment was closed and locked. (T. at 93, 97, 108, 110).

{¶33} Under Ohio law, the opening of a door falls within the definition of force,

even if the door if unlocked. State v. McLeod, 5th Dist. Licking No. 14 CA 53, 2015-Ohio-

93; State v. Shirley, 9th Dist. No. 20569, 2002 WL 5177 at *2 (Jan. 2, 2002); State v.

Hibbard, 12th Dist. Nos. CA 2001–12–276, CA 2001–12,286, 2003–Ohio–707.

Additionally, to further open a door which is already partially open is considered force. Licking, Case No. 2022 CA 00110 8

Goins v. State (1914), 90 Ohio St. 176; State v. Stump, 5th Dist. Perry County, 13-CA-

0006, 2014-Ohio-1706.

{¶34} Stealth has been defined as “any secret, sly or clandestine act to avoid

discovery and to gain entrance into or to remain within a residence of another without

permission.” State v. Ward, 85 Ohio App.3d 537, 540, 620 N.E.2d 168, 170 (3d Dist.

Hancock 1993).

{¶35} Again, the victim herein testified that she was asleep that night when

Appellant entered her apartment without permission. Viewed in a light most favorable to

the State, we find this evidence sufficient from which a rational trier of fact could have

found Appellant entered the room by stealth.

{¶36} The weight to be given to the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses

are issues for the trier of fact. State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967).

The trier of fact “has the best opportunity to view the demeanor, attitude, and credibility

of each witness, something that does not translate well on the written page.” Davis v.

Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 418, 674 N.E.2d 1159 (1997).

{¶37} Based on the foregoing, we find the jury did not lose its way in finding Appellant

entered by force or stealth, and the judgment is not against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

{¶38} Appellant’s first and second assignments of error are overruled.

III.

{¶39} In his third assignment of error, Appellant challenges the constitutionality of

the Reagan Tokes Act, specifically R.C. §2967.271, which codified hybrid indefinite prison

terms for first- and second-degree felonies. Appellant argues that the Act violates the Licking, Case No. 2022 CA 00110 9

separation of powers doctrine, the constitutional right to trial by jury, due process and

equal protection.

{¶40} For the reasons set forth in this Court's opinion in State v. Householder,

5th Dist. Muskingum No. CT2021-0026, 2022-Ohio-1542, 2022 WL 1439978, we find the

Reagan Tokes Act is constitutional.

{¶41} Appellant’s third assignment of error is overruled.

{¶42} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas,

Licking County, Ohio, is affirmed

By: Wise, P. J.

Hoffman, P. J., and

Baldwin, J., concur.

JWW/kw 0622