FILED MARCH 11, 2021 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 37147-6-III ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) ZACHARY STEVEN SKONE, ) ) Appellant. )
LAWRENCE-BERREY, J. — Zachary Skone appeals his convictions of first degree
assault (with a firearm enhancement), two counts of unlawful possession of a firearm
(UPFA), and attempted bribery of a witness. We vacate one of Skone’s unlawful
possession of a firearm convictions, remand for resentencing, and direct the trial court to
strike the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) collection fee. We otherwise affirm.
FACTS
On January 11, 2018, Zachary Skone went to the drive-through window of a coffee
shop and ordered a drink. He told the barista he was “running from the pigs.” Report of
Proceedings (RP) at 428. Looking inside Skone’s car, the barista saw that Skone had a
revolver. The barista reported this to the police. No. 37147-6-III State v. Skone
Three days later, on January 14, Skone shot Dane Alexander at the Montlake boat
launch on Moses Lake. Alexander had come to the boat launch as part of a drug deal
when Skone attacked him, firing a .22 caliber revolver. Skone admitted to police that he
shot Alexander, but claimed he was protecting a friend.
The State charged Skone by amended information with one count of first degree
assault, one count of first degree robbery, two counts of first degree unlawful possession
of a firearm, and one count of bribing a witness. With respect to the first two counts, the
State alleged a firearm enhancement and that Skone had committed the offenses to obtain
or advance his position in a gang.
The State contended Skone was either a gang member or wanted to be in the
Norteños gang. It offered evidence that Skone called himself “Little Wigga” and
recorded a video on his phone the day before the shooting in which he said he was doing
a “whole lotta gang” stuff. RP at 1072, 1076.
During the trial, juror 5 approached the bailiff to express concern about gang
retaliation against jurors if Skone was convicted. The bailiff told the juror he had a job to
do and needed to focus. The bailiff brought this to the trial court’s attention, who spoke
to the parties about it.
2 No. 37147-6-III State v. Skone
The trial court and the parties agreed that the court should have a colloquy with
juror 5 outside the presence of the other jurors. Defense counsel emphasized the court
needed to “gingerly walk that line between not inquiring too much of the jurors and
implanting that significant bias.” RP at 1490. They discussed the nature of the court’s
inquiry and the type of questions that could and should be asked.
The trial court then questioned juror 5 with the parties present. The juror said he
had earlier expressed to the entire jury a concern for the possibility of gang retaliation and
the jurors shared his concern. When asked by the court whether his concern would affect
his ability to evaluate the evidence and follow the court’s instructions of the law, juror 5
said it would not.
The trial court and the parties agreed that all of the jurors needed to go through the
same process. Defense counsel seemed satisfied with juror 5 but wanted additional time
to process the juror’s responses. The trial court remarked:
[I]n any case a juror is going to have their own thoughts and whether they express it out loud to us ever, we will have no idea. So they will already be thinking, am I nervous about making a decision? Am I nervous about retaliation? I mean that’s already probably going through their head in any jury trial that I can imagine. It’s just unfortunate, of course, that this person has decided to express it out loud, rather than follow the instructions and just keep it to themselves.
RP at 1509.
3 No. 37147-6-III State v. Skone
The trial court then interviewed the rest of the jurors in the same manner, taking
each aside, asking what they had heard or said, and then asking whether their ability to
decide the case based on the evidence and the court’s instructions on the law would be
impaired. During the interviews, defense counsel had initial concerns only about jurors 2
and 5; but afterward, Skone and his counsel agreed there were no issues and the trial
could continue without recusing any of the jurors.
The trial court commented it had not heard anything from juror 5 appearing to
manifest unfitness. The court also noted that the interviews established there was no
further discussion and there was no indication the jurors had discussed the case itself in
any form or fashion or any of the trial evidence.
The jury found Skone guilty of first degree assault with a firearm but agreed he did
not commit the crime to obtain or advance his position in a gang. It also found him guilty
of both counts of first degree unlawful possession of a firearm, as well as attempted
bribery of a witness. It found him not guilty of first degree robbery.
At sentencing, Skone did not contest the State’s sentencing memorandum that
argued the two firearm convictions were different criminal conduct nor did he challenge
the State’s offender score calculation of 6, which showed 1 point for each of the two
firearm convictions. The trial court imposed a standard range sentence of 262.5 months.
4 No. 37147-6-III State v. Skone
Skone appealed to this court.
ANALYSIS
JURY BIAS
Skone contends the trial court failed to ensure he received a fair trial by an
unbiased jury. He argues that some of the jurors discussed the case before deliberations,
the trial court actively avoided gathering more specific information, and it compounded
the jurors’ preconception of danger by offering police escorts to their cars. We disagree
that the trial court did anything improper.
The right to be tried by an impartial jury is fundamental to the fairness of the trial
and explicitly protected by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and
article I, section 22 of the Washington Constitution. This right “means a trial by an
unbiased and unprejudiced jury, free of disqualifying jury misconduct.” State v. Tigano,
63 Wn. App. 336, 341, 818 P.2d 1369 (1991).
We initially question whether juror misconduct occurred at all. The jurors did not
discuss the case. Rather, they discussed their safety. The trial court aptly observed that
jurors probably always have some degree of concern if they render a guilty verdict in a
criminal case. Here, the trial court and the parties had an opportunity to inquire further
5 No. 37147-6-III State v. Skone
about this concern and make doubly sure the jurors would base their verdict on the facts
presented and the law given to them.
Even if misconduct did occur, it likely benefited Skone. Had the jury believed
Skone was involved in gangs, this belief might have made it more difficult for them to
find Skone guilty.
Also, a mistrial is not appropriate when the trial court is satisfied beyond a
reasonable doubt that the misconduct will not contribute to the verdict. State v. Fry, 153
Wn. App. 235, 239, 220 P.3d 1245 (2009). Here, defense counsel and Skone were
satisfied. So was the trial court.
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FILED MARCH 11, 2021 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 37147-6-III ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) ZACHARY STEVEN SKONE, ) ) Appellant. )
LAWRENCE-BERREY, J. — Zachary Skone appeals his convictions of first degree
assault (with a firearm enhancement), two counts of unlawful possession of a firearm
(UPFA), and attempted bribery of a witness. We vacate one of Skone’s unlawful
possession of a firearm convictions, remand for resentencing, and direct the trial court to
strike the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) collection fee. We otherwise affirm.
FACTS
On January 11, 2018, Zachary Skone went to the drive-through window of a coffee
shop and ordered a drink. He told the barista he was “running from the pigs.” Report of
Proceedings (RP) at 428. Looking inside Skone’s car, the barista saw that Skone had a
revolver. The barista reported this to the police. No. 37147-6-III State v. Skone
Three days later, on January 14, Skone shot Dane Alexander at the Montlake boat
launch on Moses Lake. Alexander had come to the boat launch as part of a drug deal
when Skone attacked him, firing a .22 caliber revolver. Skone admitted to police that he
shot Alexander, but claimed he was protecting a friend.
The State charged Skone by amended information with one count of first degree
assault, one count of first degree robbery, two counts of first degree unlawful possession
of a firearm, and one count of bribing a witness. With respect to the first two counts, the
State alleged a firearm enhancement and that Skone had committed the offenses to obtain
or advance his position in a gang.
The State contended Skone was either a gang member or wanted to be in the
Norteños gang. It offered evidence that Skone called himself “Little Wigga” and
recorded a video on his phone the day before the shooting in which he said he was doing
a “whole lotta gang” stuff. RP at 1072, 1076.
During the trial, juror 5 approached the bailiff to express concern about gang
retaliation against jurors if Skone was convicted. The bailiff told the juror he had a job to
do and needed to focus. The bailiff brought this to the trial court’s attention, who spoke
to the parties about it.
2 No. 37147-6-III State v. Skone
The trial court and the parties agreed that the court should have a colloquy with
juror 5 outside the presence of the other jurors. Defense counsel emphasized the court
needed to “gingerly walk that line between not inquiring too much of the jurors and
implanting that significant bias.” RP at 1490. They discussed the nature of the court’s
inquiry and the type of questions that could and should be asked.
The trial court then questioned juror 5 with the parties present. The juror said he
had earlier expressed to the entire jury a concern for the possibility of gang retaliation and
the jurors shared his concern. When asked by the court whether his concern would affect
his ability to evaluate the evidence and follow the court’s instructions of the law, juror 5
said it would not.
The trial court and the parties agreed that all of the jurors needed to go through the
same process. Defense counsel seemed satisfied with juror 5 but wanted additional time
to process the juror’s responses. The trial court remarked:
[I]n any case a juror is going to have their own thoughts and whether they express it out loud to us ever, we will have no idea. So they will already be thinking, am I nervous about making a decision? Am I nervous about retaliation? I mean that’s already probably going through their head in any jury trial that I can imagine. It’s just unfortunate, of course, that this person has decided to express it out loud, rather than follow the instructions and just keep it to themselves.
RP at 1509.
3 No. 37147-6-III State v. Skone
The trial court then interviewed the rest of the jurors in the same manner, taking
each aside, asking what they had heard or said, and then asking whether their ability to
decide the case based on the evidence and the court’s instructions on the law would be
impaired. During the interviews, defense counsel had initial concerns only about jurors 2
and 5; but afterward, Skone and his counsel agreed there were no issues and the trial
could continue without recusing any of the jurors.
The trial court commented it had not heard anything from juror 5 appearing to
manifest unfitness. The court also noted that the interviews established there was no
further discussion and there was no indication the jurors had discussed the case itself in
any form or fashion or any of the trial evidence.
The jury found Skone guilty of first degree assault with a firearm but agreed he did
not commit the crime to obtain or advance his position in a gang. It also found him guilty
of both counts of first degree unlawful possession of a firearm, as well as attempted
bribery of a witness. It found him not guilty of first degree robbery.
At sentencing, Skone did not contest the State’s sentencing memorandum that
argued the two firearm convictions were different criminal conduct nor did he challenge
the State’s offender score calculation of 6, which showed 1 point for each of the two
firearm convictions. The trial court imposed a standard range sentence of 262.5 months.
4 No. 37147-6-III State v. Skone
Skone appealed to this court.
ANALYSIS
JURY BIAS
Skone contends the trial court failed to ensure he received a fair trial by an
unbiased jury. He argues that some of the jurors discussed the case before deliberations,
the trial court actively avoided gathering more specific information, and it compounded
the jurors’ preconception of danger by offering police escorts to their cars. We disagree
that the trial court did anything improper.
The right to be tried by an impartial jury is fundamental to the fairness of the trial
and explicitly protected by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and
article I, section 22 of the Washington Constitution. This right “means a trial by an
unbiased and unprejudiced jury, free of disqualifying jury misconduct.” State v. Tigano,
63 Wn. App. 336, 341, 818 P.2d 1369 (1991).
We initially question whether juror misconduct occurred at all. The jurors did not
discuss the case. Rather, they discussed their safety. The trial court aptly observed that
jurors probably always have some degree of concern if they render a guilty verdict in a
criminal case. Here, the trial court and the parties had an opportunity to inquire further
5 No. 37147-6-III State v. Skone
about this concern and make doubly sure the jurors would base their verdict on the facts
presented and the law given to them.
Even if misconduct did occur, it likely benefited Skone. Had the jury believed
Skone was involved in gangs, this belief might have made it more difficult for them to
find Skone guilty.
Also, a mistrial is not appropriate when the trial court is satisfied beyond a
reasonable doubt that the misconduct will not contribute to the verdict. State v. Fry, 153
Wn. App. 235, 239, 220 P.3d 1245 (2009). Here, defense counsel and Skone were
satisfied. So was the trial court.
“[T]he trial court is in the best position to determine a juror’s ability to be fair and
impartial.” State v. Noltie, 116 Wn.2d 831, 839, 809 P.2d 190 (1991). Reviewing courts
defer to the trial court’s determination on this issue. Ottis v. Stevenson-Carson Sch. Dist.
No. 303, 61 Wn. App. 747, 755-56, 812 P.2d 133 (1991). Moreover, defense counsel’s
and Skone’s agreement that each of the 12 jurors could fairly decide the case cannot be
overlooked. We are convinced not only that the trial court did not err but commend the
trial court for doing a conscientious job ensuring Skone’s right to a fair trial.
6 No. 37147-6-III State v. Skone
DOUBLE JEOPARDY
Skone contends the two unlawful possession of a firearm convictions were based
on the same course of conduct without the State showing an intervening event. Because
of this, he argues that double jeopardy applies and this court must vacate one of the
charges. We agree.
We first address the State’s argument that Skone waived his right to raise this
argument by not objecting at sentencing to the entry of separate unlawful possession of a
firearm convictions or his purported offender score of 6. In support of this, the State cites
State v. Nitsch, 100 Wn. App. 512, 997 P.2d 1000 (2000). Nitsch discussed a statutory
“same criminal conduct” analysis, not a constitutional double jeopardy issue.
“A double jeopardy violation claim is distinct from a ‘same criminal conduct’
claim and requires a separate analysis.” State v. French, 157 Wn.2d 593, 611, 141 P.3d
54 (2006). Double jeopardy is a constitutional protection, focusing on the “allowable unit
of prosecution.” Id. Same criminal conduct is a statutory sentencing provision, involving
the scoring of offenses that examines whether the offenses consisted of the same intent,
time, place, and victim. Id. at 613 (citing RCW 9.94A.589(1)(a)).
7 No. 37147-6-III State v. Skone
A double jeopardy claim may be raised for the first time on appeal. State v.
Jackman, 156 Wn.2d 736, 746, 132 P.3d 136 (2006). Whether double jeopardy has been
violated is a question of law that we review de novo. Id.
The principle of double jeopardy prevents a person from being “twice put in
jeopardy for the same offense.” WASH. CONST. art. I, § 9; State v. Villanueva-Gonzalez,
180 Wn.2d 975, 980, 329 P.3d 78 (2014). “The prohibition on double jeopardy generally
means that a person cannot be prosecuted for the same offense after being acquitted, be
prosecuted for the same offense after being convicted, or receive multiple punishments
for the same offense.” Villanueva-Gonzalez, 180 Wn.2d at 980. It is this last principle
that we examine here.
When examining a purported double jeopardy violation, this court looks to “what
act or course of conduct has the Legislature defined as the punishable act.” State v. Adel,
136 Wn.2d 629, 634, 965 P.2d 1072 (1998). Unlawful possession of a firearm is a single
unit of prosecution even when committed in different places because it rests on a course
of conduct rather than a discrete act. State v. Mata, 180 Wn. App. 108, 120, 321 P.3d 291
(2014). Therefore, to prove two separate charges, the State must show that Skone’s
possession of the firearm was interrupted. Id.
8 No. 37147-6-III State v. Skone
Here, the State argues it does not need to show Skone’s possession was interrupted
because the charges were based on possession of different firearms and the evidence
supports this. We disagree.
The barista in the drive-through only said he witnessed Skone in possession of a
revolver. Three days later, Skone shot Alexander with a .22 caliber revolver. No
evidence was presented to show these revolvers were different.
Moreover, the court’s instructions never asked the jury to find that Skone
possessed different firearms or that his possession was interrupted. The State argued in
closing that Skone had a firearm at the coffee drive-through and during the shooting. It
claimed the firearm was “a revolver” on both occasions. It disputed Skone’s claim that he
only had a flare gun at the coffee drive-through. It argued “he had at least one firearm on
him . . . that’s the one the [S]tate’s charged him with.” RP at 1633.
“When a person is charged with multiple counts of the same offense, ‘each count
must be based on a separate and distinct criminal act.’” State v. Robinson, 8 Wn. App. 2d
629, 638, 439 P.3d 710 (2019) (quoting State v. Mutch, 171 Wn.2d 646, 662, 254 P.3d
803 (2011)). While the reviewing court looks to the entire record, review is “rigorous and
is among the strictest” to protect against double jeopardy. Mutch, 171 Wn.2d at 664. It
must be “‘manifestly apparent’” from the record, testimony, and argument that the two
9 No. 37147-6-III State v. Skone
identical charges are based on separate acts. Id. (emphasis omitted) (quoting State v.
Berg, 147 Wn. App. 923, 931, 198 P.3d 529 (2008)).
Here, the State cannot argue to the jury that Skone possessed the same gun for both
offenses and make a different argument on appeal. Because the record does not
sufficiently show that both unlawful possession of a firearm convictions rest on separate
and distinct conduct, one of Skone’s unlawful possession of a firearm convictions must
be vacated.
DNA COLLECTION FEE
A court may not impose a DNA collection fee if DNA has already been collected.
RCW 43.43.7541; State v. Ramirez, 191 Wn.2d 732, 745-47, 426 P.3d 714 (2018). Skone
contends the trial court erred in imposing a DNA collection fee where one had previously
been collected. The State correctly concedes this was in error, and we agree.
When resentencing Skone, the trial court must strike the DNA collection fee.
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL GROUNDS FOR REVIEW (SAG)
SAG I: LACK OF FOUNDATION
Skone contends there was a lack of foundation regarding the bullet shown to the
jury during Detective Aaron Hintz’s testimony. There was no objection to the bullet
being admitted or the detective’s opinion about it. An issue may generally not be raised
10 No. 37147-6-III State v. Skone
for the first time on appeal unless there is a manifest error of constitutional magnitude.
RAP 2.5(a)(3). Failure to lay an adequate foundation does not create manifest
constitutional error. State v. Newbern, 95 Wn. App. 277, 288, 975 P.2d 1041 (1999).
Therefore, we will not review this issue.
SAG II: NEW THEORY OF FACTS
Skone contends Alexander was nervous about going to the meeting on January 14
and that was why he carried a fake, but realistic toy pistol. This is a new theory that
would have been best raised for the finder of fact to decide. New theories presented for
the first time on appeal must be disregarded. State v. Lyskoski, 47 Wn.2d 102, 111, 287
P.2d 114 (1955).
SAG III: JUROR COERCION
Skone contends one of the jurors was coerced into changing their verdict on Mr.
Skone’s assault charge. Skone’s argument is based on facts not in the record on appeal.
This court will not consider issues raised where the facts referenced are not in the
appellate record. State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 333, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995).
11 No. 37147-6-III State v. Skone
Remanded for res ntencing.
A majority of the anel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate R ports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
WE CONCUR: