FILED AUGUST 20, 2019 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 36296-5-III ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) VICTOR JAMES MATHIS, ) ) Appellant. )
PENNELL, A.C.J. — Victor James Mathis appeals his Klickitat County convictions
for two counts of first degree unlawful possession of a firearm. Mr. Mathis contends the
evidence was insufficient to support the convictions because the State failed to prove the
essential element of a constitutionally valid predicate felony conviction. We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURE
Mr. Mathis was charged with the unlawful firearm possession counts after police
responded to a call reporting a fight in progress at Mr. Mathis’s home. One participant
told officers that Mr. Mathis had pointed a rifle at him. Mr. Mathis admitted there were
guns in the house. He turned over a .30-06 rifle to officers that night. A subsequent
criminal history check revealed that Mr. Mathis had prior felony convictions in Georgia No. 36296-5-III State v. Mathis
that precluded him from possessing firearms. Police then obtained a warrant to search
Mr. Mathis’s home and recovered a .22-caliber rifle. At the time the warrant was
executed, Mr. Mathis initially told an officer it was not him but his brother who was
convicted of offenses in Georgia. The officer testified at trial that Mr. Mathis admitted
later in the conversation that he had been convicted of burglary and armed robbery in
Georgia.
To establish the prior conviction element of first degree unlawful possession of a
firearm, the State introduced certified copies of documents from the State of Georgia
showing that “Victor Lewis James” had been convicted of several felonies. Included in
these documents was a “Final Disposition” dated April 17, 1991, showing a conviction by
guilty plea to 10 counts, including armed robbery (count 1) and possession of firearm by
convicted felon (count 10). Ex. 8.1. 1 The State’s expert fingerprint examiner testified
that Mr. Mathis’s fingerprints taken during the booking process in the current case
conclusively matched those of the person convicted of the Georgia crimes.
Mr. Mathis nevertheless denied that he was “Victor Lewis James” or that he had
been convicted of the Georgia crimes. At the close of the State’s case, Mr. Mathis moved
1 A Final Disposition entered on February 23, 1990, shows that “Victor Lewis James” was also convicted in Georgia of burglary pursuant to a guilty plea. The burglary conviction gave rise to the 1991 possession of firearm by convicted felon conviction. Id.
2 No. 36296-5-III State v. Mathis
for dismissal of the charges against him on grounds that the State failed to prove the
constitutionally valid predicate conviction element of unlawful possession of a firearm.
His counsel reasoned that although the final disposition document in Exhibit 8.1 is akin to
a judgment and sentence, and references a guilty plea, it did not also contain a guilty plea
statement or any other document indicating the defendant acknowledged understanding
the constitutional rights given up entering into the plea. Counsel maintained that the State
had not proved anybody named on that Final Disposition, “be it Victor Lewis James or
Victor James Mathis, was convicted of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt, or even at
this point in time in the light most favorable to the [S]tate, because they cannot show,
again, that it’s constitutionally valid.” Report of Proceedings (RP) (Aug. 8, 2018) at 124-
25. Counsel further argued that “since the time of my opening [statement], this whole
case is whether or not Mr. Mathis was convicted,” and dismissal was warranted because
the State provided no evidence that Mr. Mathis was ever convicted of a felony or given
notice, or acquired actual knowledge, that he could not possess a firearm. RP (Aug. 9,
2018) at 137-38.
The court denied Mr. Mathis’s motion to dismiss. It reasoned that the State
presented prima facie evidence of a constitutionally valid armed robbery conviction from
Georgia absent any contradictory evidence from the defense, and the Georgia conviction
3 No. 36296-5-III State v. Mathis
for possession of firearm by a convicted felon was prima facie evidence that Mr. Mathis
had actual knowledge of his inability to possess a firearm.
Mr. Mathis testified at trial. He said he had never gone by any other name, and
denied being convicted of any felony in Georgia or being fingerprinted there. Mr. Mathis
claimed “Victor Lewis James,” the person convicted and fingerprinted in Georgia, was
actually his twin brother from the same father but a different mother. Id. at 145. Mr.
Mathis also admitted to possessing the .30-06 and .22-caliber rifles that were the subject
of the current charges.
A jury found Mr. Mathis guilty as charged of two counts of first degree unlawful
possession of a firearm. The trial court imposed concurrent high-end 102-month
sentences on each count. This appeal follows.
ANALYSIS
Mr. Mathis contends sufficient evidence did not support his convictions for first
degree unlawful possession of a firearm because the State failed to prove a constitutionally
valid predicate felony conviction. In contrast to Mr. Mathis’s trial testimony, his counsel
states that for purposes of this appeal it is now assumed that the prior Georgia convictions
of Victor Lewis James were properly attributed to the appellant, Victor James Mathis.
In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence
and all reasonable inferences in a light most favorable to the State to determine whether
4 No. 36296-5-III State v. Mathis
any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt. State v. Green, 94 Wn.2d 216, 221, 616 P.2d 628 (1980). A claim of
insufficiency admits the truth of the State’s evidence and all reasonable inferences that a
trier of fact can draw from the evidence. State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d
1068 (1992).
Under RCW 9.41.040(1)(a), a person is guilty of first degree unlawful possession
of a firearm if the person owns or has in his or her possession a firearm, after having
previously been convicted of any serious offense. Here, it is undisputed that armed
robbery in Georgia is a crime of violence that is equivalent to a serious offense in
Washington, as currently defined in RCW 9.41.010(24)(a), (o). 2
RCW 9.41.040 requires a constitutionally valid predicate (serious offense)
conviction. State v. Gore, 101 Wn.2d 481, 485-86, 681 P.2d 227 (1984); State v. Swindell,
93 Wn.2d 192, 196–97, 607 P.2d 852 (1980). The existence of a constitutionally valid
prior conviction is an essential element of the offense, one the State must prove beyond a
reasonable doubt. Swindell, 93 Wn.2d at 196–97.
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FILED AUGUST 20, 2019 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 36296-5-III ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) VICTOR JAMES MATHIS, ) ) Appellant. )
PENNELL, A.C.J. — Victor James Mathis appeals his Klickitat County convictions
for two counts of first degree unlawful possession of a firearm. Mr. Mathis contends the
evidence was insufficient to support the convictions because the State failed to prove the
essential element of a constitutionally valid predicate felony conviction. We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURE
Mr. Mathis was charged with the unlawful firearm possession counts after police
responded to a call reporting a fight in progress at Mr. Mathis’s home. One participant
told officers that Mr. Mathis had pointed a rifle at him. Mr. Mathis admitted there were
guns in the house. He turned over a .30-06 rifle to officers that night. A subsequent
criminal history check revealed that Mr. Mathis had prior felony convictions in Georgia No. 36296-5-III State v. Mathis
that precluded him from possessing firearms. Police then obtained a warrant to search
Mr. Mathis’s home and recovered a .22-caliber rifle. At the time the warrant was
executed, Mr. Mathis initially told an officer it was not him but his brother who was
convicted of offenses in Georgia. The officer testified at trial that Mr. Mathis admitted
later in the conversation that he had been convicted of burglary and armed robbery in
Georgia.
To establish the prior conviction element of first degree unlawful possession of a
firearm, the State introduced certified copies of documents from the State of Georgia
showing that “Victor Lewis James” had been convicted of several felonies. Included in
these documents was a “Final Disposition” dated April 17, 1991, showing a conviction by
guilty plea to 10 counts, including armed robbery (count 1) and possession of firearm by
convicted felon (count 10). Ex. 8.1. 1 The State’s expert fingerprint examiner testified
that Mr. Mathis’s fingerprints taken during the booking process in the current case
conclusively matched those of the person convicted of the Georgia crimes.
Mr. Mathis nevertheless denied that he was “Victor Lewis James” or that he had
been convicted of the Georgia crimes. At the close of the State’s case, Mr. Mathis moved
1 A Final Disposition entered on February 23, 1990, shows that “Victor Lewis James” was also convicted in Georgia of burglary pursuant to a guilty plea. The burglary conviction gave rise to the 1991 possession of firearm by convicted felon conviction. Id.
2 No. 36296-5-III State v. Mathis
for dismissal of the charges against him on grounds that the State failed to prove the
constitutionally valid predicate conviction element of unlawful possession of a firearm.
His counsel reasoned that although the final disposition document in Exhibit 8.1 is akin to
a judgment and sentence, and references a guilty plea, it did not also contain a guilty plea
statement or any other document indicating the defendant acknowledged understanding
the constitutional rights given up entering into the plea. Counsel maintained that the State
had not proved anybody named on that Final Disposition, “be it Victor Lewis James or
Victor James Mathis, was convicted of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt, or even at
this point in time in the light most favorable to the [S]tate, because they cannot show,
again, that it’s constitutionally valid.” Report of Proceedings (RP) (Aug. 8, 2018) at 124-
25. Counsel further argued that “since the time of my opening [statement], this whole
case is whether or not Mr. Mathis was convicted,” and dismissal was warranted because
the State provided no evidence that Mr. Mathis was ever convicted of a felony or given
notice, or acquired actual knowledge, that he could not possess a firearm. RP (Aug. 9,
2018) at 137-38.
The court denied Mr. Mathis’s motion to dismiss. It reasoned that the State
presented prima facie evidence of a constitutionally valid armed robbery conviction from
Georgia absent any contradictory evidence from the defense, and the Georgia conviction
3 No. 36296-5-III State v. Mathis
for possession of firearm by a convicted felon was prima facie evidence that Mr. Mathis
had actual knowledge of his inability to possess a firearm.
Mr. Mathis testified at trial. He said he had never gone by any other name, and
denied being convicted of any felony in Georgia or being fingerprinted there. Mr. Mathis
claimed “Victor Lewis James,” the person convicted and fingerprinted in Georgia, was
actually his twin brother from the same father but a different mother. Id. at 145. Mr.
Mathis also admitted to possessing the .30-06 and .22-caliber rifles that were the subject
of the current charges.
A jury found Mr. Mathis guilty as charged of two counts of first degree unlawful
possession of a firearm. The trial court imposed concurrent high-end 102-month
sentences on each count. This appeal follows.
ANALYSIS
Mr. Mathis contends sufficient evidence did not support his convictions for first
degree unlawful possession of a firearm because the State failed to prove a constitutionally
valid predicate felony conviction. In contrast to Mr. Mathis’s trial testimony, his counsel
states that for purposes of this appeal it is now assumed that the prior Georgia convictions
of Victor Lewis James were properly attributed to the appellant, Victor James Mathis.
In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence
and all reasonable inferences in a light most favorable to the State to determine whether
4 No. 36296-5-III State v. Mathis
any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt. State v. Green, 94 Wn.2d 216, 221, 616 P.2d 628 (1980). A claim of
insufficiency admits the truth of the State’s evidence and all reasonable inferences that a
trier of fact can draw from the evidence. State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d
1068 (1992).
Under RCW 9.41.040(1)(a), a person is guilty of first degree unlawful possession
of a firearm if the person owns or has in his or her possession a firearm, after having
previously been convicted of any serious offense. Here, it is undisputed that armed
robbery in Georgia is a crime of violence that is equivalent to a serious offense in
Washington, as currently defined in RCW 9.41.010(24)(a), (o). 2
RCW 9.41.040 requires a constitutionally valid predicate (serious offense)
conviction. State v. Gore, 101 Wn.2d 481, 485-86, 681 P.2d 227 (1984); State v. Swindell,
93 Wn.2d 192, 196–97, 607 P.2d 852 (1980). The existence of a constitutionally valid
prior conviction is an essential element of the offense, one the State must prove beyond a
reasonable doubt. Swindell, 93 Wn.2d at 196–97. A defendant may raise a defense to a
firearm possession charge by challenging the constitutional validity of the predicate
conviction. State v. Summers, 120 Wn.2d 801, 811-12, 846 P.2d 490 (1993). This
2 At the time of Mr. Mathis’s offense conduct, this definition was found at former RCW 9.41.010(21)(a), (o) (2015).
5 No. 36296-5-III State v. Mathis
includes the ability to challenge the present use of a prior conviction based on a guilty plea
that allegedly did not meet the constitutional voluntariness criteria of Boykin v. Alabama,
395 U.S. 238, 89 S. Ct. 1709, 23 L. Ed. 2d 274 (1969). Swindell, 93 Wn.2d at 196-97
(citing State v. Holsworth, 93 Wn.2d 148, 607 P.2d 845 (1980)).
In raising this defense, “the defendant bears the initial burden of offering a
colorable, fact-specific argument supporting the claim of constitutional error in the prior
conviction.” Summers, 120 Wn.2d at 812. Such a challenge is not considered an attempt
to invalidate the judgment, as is the case in a direct appeal or personal restraint petition.
“Rather, [the] defendant seeks to foreclose the prior conviction’s present use to establish
an essential element of RCW 9.41.040.” Id. at 810 (quoting Swindell, 93 Wn.2d at 196).
Once this showing has been made, the burden shifts to the State to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that the predicate conviction is constitutionally sound. Id. at 812;
Swindell, 93 Wn.2d at 196-97. The State’s burden arises only after the defendant has
made the initial showing. Summers, 120 Wn.2d at 812; State v. Reed, 84 Wn. App. 379,
384–85, 928 P.2d 469 (1997).
Mr. Mathis contends his case is controlled by Swindell, where the Washington
Supreme Court reversed and dismissed a conviction for unlawful possession of a firearm
because Mr. Swindell’s largely unchallenged testimony during a motion in limine about
the details of his guilty plea to the predicate offense had placed in question the plea’s
6 No. 36296-5-III State v. Mathis
voluntariness, and the State then failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt the
constitutional validity of the plea. Swindell, 93 Wn.2d at 197-99.
Mr. Mathis asserts that he met Swindell’s requirement to challenge the
constitutional validity of the predicate Georgia conviction when he argued in his motion
to dismiss that the State’s evidence failed to establish that he entered a knowing and
voluntary plea. He then argues under Boykin that a voluntary waiver cannot be inferred
from a silent record. Mr. Mathis concludes that because the evidence failed to show a
voluntary and therefore constitutionally valid plea to the predicate conviction, the State’s
proof was insufficient and his convictions must be reversed and dismissed. Boykin, 395
U.S. at 243-44. These arguments miss the mark.
Unlike in Swindell, Mr. Mathis did not offer any colorable, fact-specific argument
that his 1991 Georgia plea to armed robbery (and possession of a firearm by a convicted
felon) was constitutionally invalid. Instead, throughout trial Mr. Mathis completely
denied being the person convicted of the armed robbery (and other Georgia felonies) and
he made only an unsupported conclusory assertion that whoever was convicted in Georgia
did not enter a constitutionally valid guilty plea because no plea document was included
with the 1991 Final Disposition. In contrast to Swindell, this tactical approach by Mr.
Mathis did not satisfy his initial burden of making a colorable, fact-specific argument to
show constitutional invalidity of the plea. Thus, the burden never shifted to the State to
7 No. 36296-5-III State v. lv.fathis
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the predicate Georgia conviction for armed robbery
shown on the 1991 Final Disposition was constitutionally sound. Summers, 120 Wn.2d at
812. The certified copy of the Final Disposition for armed robbery in Exhibit 8.1 sufficed
as proof that Mr. Mathis had been convicted of a qualifying serious offense. The jury
rejected Mr. Mathis~s testimony to the contrary-a determination that we do not review.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of
fact could have found Mr. Mathis guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the two counts of
first degree unlawful possession of a firearm. RCW 9.41.040(l)(a); Green, 94 Wn.2d at
221.
The convictions are affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in
the Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
Q Pennell, A.CJ.
WE CONCUR:
1 Feating, J ~