State of Washington v. United States Department of Homeland Security

Opinion

1 EASTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON

Dec 17, 2020 2 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON SEAN F. MCAVOY, CLERK 3

4 STATE OF WASHINGTON; COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA; NO: 4:19-CV-5210-RMP 5 STATE OF COLORADO; STATE OF DELAWARE; STATE OF 6 ILLINOIS; COMMONWEALTH OF STIPULATED PROTECTIVE MASSACHUSETTS; DANA ORDER 7 NESSEL, Attorney General on behalf of the people of Michigan; STATE OF 8 MINNESOTA; STATE OF NEVADA; STATE OF NEW 9 JERSEY; STATE OF NEW MEXICO; STATE OF RHODE 10 ISLAND; STATE OF MARYLAND; STATE OF HAWAI’I, 11 Plaintiffs, 12 v. 13 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT 14 OF HOMELAND SECURITY, a federal agency; CHAD F. WOLF, in 15 his official capacity as Acting Secretary of the United States 16 Department of Homeland Security; UNITED STATES CITIZENSHIP 17 AND IMMIGRATION SERVICES, a federal agency; KENNETH T. 18 CUCCINELLI, II, in his official capacity as Senior Official Performing 19 the Duties of Director for United States Citizenship and Immigration 20 Services,

21 Defendants. 1 BEFORE THE COURT is a Joint Motion for Entry of a Stipulated 2 Protective Order, ECF No. 272. A district court may issue protective orders 3 regarding discovery upon a showing of good cause. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c). Before 4 issuing a stipulated protective order, a district court judge should ensure that the

5 protective order’s restrictions do not infringe on the public’s general right to 6 inspect and copy judicial records and documents. See Kamakana v. City and Cty. 7 of Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172, 1178 (9th Cir. 2006); see also Courthouse News Serv.

8 v. Planet, 947 F.3d 581, 589 (9th Cir. 2020) (recognizing a long-held First 9 Amendment right of access to court proceedings and documents). 10 Having reviewed the protective order and the remaining record, the Court 11 finds good cause to grant the stipulated motion and enter the agreed-upon

12 protective order. Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the parties’ 13 motion for entry of a stipulated protective order, ECF No. 272, is GRANTED. 14 The protective order in effect is set forth below.

15 STIPULATED PROTECTIVE ORDER The Plaintiffs and Defendants to this action move that the Court enter a 16 protective order. ECF No. 272. The Court has determined that the terms set forth 17 herein are appropriate to protect the respective interests of the parties, the public, 18 and the Court. 19 Accordingly, it is HEREBY ORDERED: 20 1. Scope. All materials produced or adduced in the course of discovery, 21 including initial disclosures, responses to discovery requests, deposition testimony 1 “documents”), shall be subject to this Order concerning Confidential Information 2 as defined below. This Order is subject to the Local Rules of this District and the 3 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure on matters of procedure and calculation of time 4 periods. 2. Confidential Information. As used in this Order, “Confidential Information” 5 means information designated as “CONFIDENTIAL-SUBJECT TO 6 PROTECTIVE ORDER” by the producing party that falls within one or more of 7 the following categories: (a) information prohibited from disclosure by statute, 8 including the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552a, et seq., and federal regulations 9 (including non-public information that is For Official Use Only or is Law 10 Enforcement Sensitive), or information that would be covered by the Privacy Act if 11 the subject of the information had been a U.S. citizen or a person lawfully admitted for permanent residence;1 (b) information protected from disclosure under the 12 Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552, et seq., (c) information that may 13 disclose or contain information of certain of Plaintiffs’ witnesses who may have a 14 fear of removal or immigration enforcement, (d) the personally identifying 15 information of current or former government employees below the senior 16 executive level; (e) contact information, including email addresses and telephone 17 numbers, of current or former government employees; (f) any other documents or

18 1 Subject to the requirements of this Order, in connection with the production of 19 records in this case, Defendants are authorized to release government records, documents, and other information, including computerized or electronic 20 information, that are protected from disclosure by the Privacy Act of 1974, 5 U.S.C. § 522a, or whose disclosure might otherwise intrude upon the privacy 21 interests of third parties, without obtaining the prior written consent of the 1 information that qualify for protection under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 2 26(c). Information or documents that are available to the public may not be 3 designated as Confidential Information. 4 3. Designation. a. A party may designate a document as Confidential Information for 5 protection under this Order by placing or affixing the words 6 “CONFIDENTIAL - SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER” on the 7 document and on all copies in a manner that will not interfere with the 8 legibility of the document. As used in this Order, “copies” includes 9 electronic images, duplicates, extracts, summaries or descriptions that 10 contain the Confidential Information. The marking “CONFIDENTIAL - 11 SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER” shall be applied prior to or at the time of the documents are produced or disclosed. Applying the marking 12 “CONFIDENTIAL - SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER” to a 13 document does not mean that the document has any status or protection 14 by statute or otherwise except to the extent and for the purposes of this 15 Order. Any copies that are made of any documents marked 16 “CONFIDENTIAL - SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER” shall also 17 be so marked, except that indices, electronic databases or lists of documents that do not contain substantial portions or images of the text 18 of marked documents and do not otherwise disclose the substance of the 19 Confidential Information are not required to be marked. 20 4. The designation of a document as Confidential Information is a certification 21 by an attorney or a party appearing pro se that the document contains Confidential 1 Information as defined in this order. Depositions. 2 Unless all parties agree on the record at the time the deposition testimony is 3 taken, all deposition testimony taken in this case shall presumptively be treated as 4 Confidential Information until no later than the fourteenth day after the transcript is delivered to any party or the witness. Within this time period, a party may serve a 5 Notice of Designation to all parties of record as to specific portions of the 6 testimony that are designated Confidential Information, and thereafter only those 7 portions identified in the Notice of Designation shall be protected by the terms of 8 this Order. The failure to serve a timely Notice of Designation shall waive any 9 designation of testimony taken in that deposition as Confidential Information, 10 unless otherwise ordered by the Court. 11 5. Protection of Confidential Material. a. General Protections. Confidential Information shall not be used or 12 disclosed by the parties, counsel for the parties or any other persons 13 identified in subparagraph (b) for any purpose whatsoever other than for 14 use by the parties in this litigation, including any appeal thereof. 15 b. Limited Third-Party Disclosures. The parties and counsel for the parties 16 shall not disclose or permit the disclosure of any Confidential 17 Information to any third person or entity except as set forth in subparagraphs (1)–(10). Subject to these requirements, the following 18 categories of persons may be allowed to review Confidential Information, 19 but only if they have executed Attachment A: 20 1) Counsel. Counsel for the parties and employees of counsel who 21 have responsibility for the action; 1 2) Parties. Individual parties and employees of a party but only to the 2 extent counsel determines in good faith that the employee’s 3 assistance is reasonably necessary to the conduct of the litigation in 4 which the information is disclosed; 3) The Court and its personnel; 5 4) Court Reporters and Records. Court reporters and recorders 6 engaged for depositions; 7 5) Contractors. Those persons specifically engaged for the limited 8 purpose of making copies of documents or organizing or 9 processing documents, including outside vendors hired to process 10 electronically stored documents; 11 6) Consultants and Experts. Consultants, investigators, or experts employed by the parties or counsel for the parties to assist in the 12 preparation and trial of this action but only after such persons have 13 completed the certification contained in Attachment A, 14 Acknowledgment of Understanding and Agreement to Be Bound; 15 7) Witnesses at depositions. During their depositions, witnesses in 16 this action to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary. Witnesses 17 shall not retain a copy of documents containing Confidential Information, except witnesses may receive a copy of all exhibits 18 marked at their depositions in connection with review of the 19 transcripts. Pages of transcribed deposition testimony or exhibits to 20 depositions that are designated as Confidential Information 21 pursuant to the process set out in this Order must be separately 1 bound by the court reporter and may not be disclosed to anyone 2 except as permitted under this Order. 3 8) Author or recipient. The author or recipient of the document (not 4 including a person who received the document in the course of litigation); 5 9) A party (including its employees) to a common interest agreement 6 with Plaintiffs, so long as the party is a plaintiff in a parallel suit 7 challenging DHS’s Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds 8 Rule, and so long as the court in the parallel suit has allowed the 9 party to take discovery that would encompass the Confidential 10 Information. Before disclosing Confidential Information to the 11 party, Plaintiffs shall inform Defendants which Confidential Information will be disclosed and to which party, and Defendants 12 shall have five business days to inform Plaintiffs of any 13 objection(s) to the disclosure. If there are no objections, or if 14 Plaintiffs and Defendants resolve any objections, Plaintiffs may 15 disclose the Confidential Information to the party. Any unresolved 16 objections may be brought to the Court for resolution; and, Others 17 by Consent. Other persons only by written consent of the producing party or upon order of the Court and on such conditions 18 as may be agreed or ordered. 19 c. Control of Documents. Counsel for the parties shall make reasonable 20 efforts to prevent unauthorized or inadvertent disclosure of Confidential 21 Information. Counsel shall maintain the originals of the forms signed by 1 persons acknowledging their obligations under this Order for a period of 2 three years after the termination of the case. 3 6. Inadvertent Failure to Designate. An inadvertent failure to designate a 4 document as Confidential Information does not, standing alone, waive the right to so designate the document; provided, however, that a failure to serve a timely 5 Notice of Designation of deposition testimony as required by this Order, even if 6 inadvertent, waives any protection for deposition testimony. If a party designates a 7 document as Confidential Information after it was initially produced, the receiving 8 party, on notification of the designation, must make a reasonable effort to assure 9 that the document is treated in accordance with the provisions of this Order. No 10 party shall be found to have violated this Order for failing to maintain the 11 confidentiality of material during a time when that material has not been designated Confidential Information, even where the failure to so designate was 12 inadvertent and where the material is subsequently designated Confidential 13 Information. 14 7. Filing of Confidential Information. This Order does not, by itself, authorize 15 the filing of any document under seal. Any party wishing to file a document 16 designated as Confidential Information in connection with a motion, brief or other 17 submission to the Court must comply with all applicable local rules. 8. No Greater Protection of Specific Documents. Except on privilege grounds 18 not addressed by this Order, no party may withhold information from discovery on 19 the ground that it requires protection greater than that afforded by this Order unless 20 the party moves for an order providing such special protection. 21 9. Challenges by a Party to Designation as Confidential Information. The 1 designation of any material or document as Confidential Information is subject to 2 challenge by any party. The following procedure shall apply to any such challenge. 3 a. Meet and Confer. A party challenging the designation of Confidential 4 Information must do so in good faith and must begin the process by conferring directly with counsel for the designating party. In conferring, 5 the challenging party must explain the basis for its belief that the 6 confidentiality designation was not proper and must give the designating 7 party an opportunity to review the designated material, to reconsider the 8 designation, and, if no change in designation is offered, to explain the 9 basis for the designation. The designating party must respond to the 10 challenge within five (5) business days. 11 b. Judicial Intervention. A party that elect to challenge a confidentiality designation may file and serve a motion that identifies the challenged 12 material and sets forth in detail the basis for the challenge. Each such 13 motion must be accompanied by a competent declaration that affirms 14 that the movant has complied with the meet and confer requirements of 15 this procedure. The burden of persuasion in any such challenge 16 proceeding shall be on the designating party. Until the Court rules on the 17 challenge, all parties shall continue to treat the materials as Confidential Information under the terms of this Order. 18 10. Action by the Court. Applications to the Court for an order relating to 19 materials or documents designated Confidential Information shall be by motion. 20 Nothing in this Order or any action or agreement of a party under this Order limits 21 the Court’s power to make orders concerning the disclosure of documents 1 produced in discovery or at trial. 2 11. Use of Confidential Documents or Information at Trial. Nothing in this 3 Order shall be construed to affect the use of any document, material, or 4 information at any trial or hearing. A party that intends to present or that anticipates that another party may present Confidential information at a hearing or 5 trial shall bring that issue to the Court’s and parties’ attention by motion or in a 6 pretrial memorandum without disclosing the Confidential Information. The Court 7 may thereafter make such orders as are necessary to govern the use of such 8 documents or information at trial. 9 12. Confidential Information Subpoenaed or Ordered Produced in Other 10 Litigation. 11 a. If a receiving party is served with a subpoena or an order issued in other litigation that would compel disclosure of any material or 12 document designated in this action as Confidential Information, the 13 receiving party must so notify the designating party, in writing, 14 immediately and in no event more than three court days after 15 receiving the subpoena or order. Such notification must include a 16 copy of the subpoena or court order. 17 b. The receiving party also must immediately inform in writing the party who caused the subpoena or order to issue in the other litigation that 18 some or all of the material covered by the subpoena or order is the 19 subject of this Order. In addition, the receiving party must deliver a 20 copy of this Order promptly to the party in the other action that caused 21 the subpoena to issue. 1 c. The purpose of imposing these duties is to alert the interested persons 2 to the existence of this Order and to afford the designating party in 3 this case an opportunity to try to protect its Confidential Information 4 in the court from which the subpoena or order issued. The designating party shall bear the burden and the expense of seeking protection in 5 that court of its Confidential Information, and nothing in these 6 provisions should be construed as authorizing or encouraging a 7 receiving party in this action to disobey a lawful directive from 8 another court. The obligations set forth in this paragraph remain in 9 effect while the party has in its possession, custody or control 10 Confidential Information by the other party to this case. 11 13. Challenges by Members of the Public to Sealing Orders. A party or interested member of the public has a right to challenge the sealing of particular 12 documents that have been filed under seal, and the party asserting confidentiality 13 will have the burden of demonstrating the propriety of filing under seal. 14 14. Inadvertent Production. 15 a. The production of a document, or part of a document, shall not 16 constitute a waiver of any privilege or protection as to any portion of 17 that document, or as to any undisclosed privileged or protected communications or information concerning the same subject matter, 18 in this or in any other proceeding. This Order applies to the attorney- 19 client privilege, work-product protections, and all other protections 20 afforded by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b) and governmental 21 privileges including any information or material that has been 1 determined by the United States Government pursuant to an Executive 2 order, statute, or regulation, to require protection against unauthorized 3 disclosure for reasons of national security. 4 b. The procedures applicable to a claim of privilege with respect to a produced document and the resolution thereof shall be as follows: 5 1) If a party discovers a document, or part thereof, produced 6 by another party that is privileged or otherwise protected, the 7 receiving party shall promptly notify the producing party and 8 then return the document or destroy it and certify that it has 9 been destroyed to the producing party. Nothing in this Order is 10 intended to shift the burden to identify privileged and protected 11 documents from the producing party to the receiving party. 2) If the producing party determines that a document 12 produced, or part thereof, is subject to a privilege or privileges, 13 the producing party shall promptly give the receiving party 14 notice of the claim of privilege (“privilege notice”). 15 3) The privilege notice must contain information sufficient 16 to identify the document including, if applicable, a Bates 17 number as well as an identification of the privilege asserted and its basis. 18 4) Upon receiving the privilege notice, if the receiving party 19 agrees with the privilege assertion made, the receiving party 20 must promptly return the specified document(s) and any copies 21 or destroy the document(s) and copies and certify to the 1 producing party that the document(s) and copies have been 2 destroyed. The receiving party must sequester and destroy any 3 notes taken about the document. If a receiving party disclosed 4 the document or information specified in the notice before receiving the notice, it must take reasonable steps to retrieve it, 5 and so notify the producing party of the disclosure and its 6 efforts to retrieve the document or information. 7 5) Upon receiving the privilege notice, if the receiving party 8 wishes to dispute a producing party’s privilege notice, the 9 receiving party shall promptly meet and confer with the 10 producing party. The document(s) shall be sequestered—and if 11 applicable securely stored—and not be used by the receiving party in the litigation (e.g., filed as an exhibit to a pleading or 12 used in deposition) while the dispute is pending. If the parties 13 are unable to come to an agreement about the privilege 14 assertions made in the privilege notice, the receiving party may 15 make a sealed motion for a judicial determination of the 16 privilege claim. 17 6) Pending resolution of the judicial determination, the parties shall both preserve and refrain from using the 18 challenged information for any purpose and shall not disclose it 19 to any person other than those required by law to be served with 20 a copy of the sealed motion. The receiving party’s motion 21 challenging the assertion must not publicly disclose the 1 information claimed to be privileged. Any further briefing by 2 any party shall also not publicly disclose the information 3 claimed to be privileged if the privilege claim remains 4 unresolved or is resolved in the producing party’s favor. 7) If a document must be returned or destroyed as 5 determined by the process above, that document, along with 6 copies and notes about the document, that exist on back-up 7 tapes, systems, or similar storage need not be immediately 8 deleted or destroyed, and, instead, such materials shall be 9 overwritten and destroyed in the normal course of business. 10 Until they are overwritten in the normal course of business, the 11 receiving party will take reasonable steps to limit access, if any, to the persons necessary to conduct routine IT and 12 cybersecurity functions. In the case of the inadvertent 13 disclosure of information or material that has been determined 14 by the United States Government pursuant to an Executive 15 order, statute, or regulation, to require protection against 16 unauthorized disclosure for reasons of national security, 17 additional procedures may be required as specified by the United States Government. 18 15. Obligations on Conclusion of Litigation 19 a. Order Continues in Force. Unless otherwise agreed or ordered, this 20 Order shall remain in force after dismissal or entry of final judgment 21 not subject to further appeal. 1 b. Obligations at Conclusion of Litigation. Within sixty-three days after 2 dismissal or entry of final judgment not subject to further appeal, all 3 Confidential Information and documents marked “CONFIDENTIAL - 4 SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER” under this Order, including copies as defined in ¶ 3(a), shall be returned to the producing party 5 unless (1) the document has been offered into evidence or filed 6 without restriction as to disclosure; (2) the parties agree to destruction 7 to the extent practicable in lieu of return;2 or (3) as to documents 8 bearing the notations, summations, or other mental impressions of the 9 receiving party, that party elects to destroy the documents and 10 certifies to the producing party that it has done so. 11 c. Retention of Work Product and one set of Filed Documents. Notwithstanding the above requirements to return or destroy 12 documents, counsel may retain (1) attorney work product, including 13 an index that refers or relates to designated Confidential Information 14 so long as that work product does not duplicate verbatim substantial 15 portions of Confidential Information, and (2) one complete set of all 16 documents filed with the Court including those filed under seal. Any 17 retained Confidential Information shall continue to be protected under this Order. An attorney may use his or her work product in subsequent 18 19 2 The parties may choose to agree that the receiving party shall destroy documents 20 containing Confidential Information and certify the fact of destruction, and that the receiving party shall not be required to locate, isolate and return e-mails (including 21 attachments to e-mails) that may include Confidential Information, or Confidential 1 litigation, provided that its use does not disclose or use Confidential 2 Information. With respect to documents, testimony, and/or 3 information designated "CONFIDENTIAL" and maintained by the 4 parties’ counsel in electronic form ("Electronically Stored Information") the parties’ counsel shall make reasonable efforts to 5 remove such Electronically Stored Information from counsels' active 6 systems, specifically, active email servers, active document 7 management systems, and active litigation support databases. 8 d. Deletion of Documents filed under Seal from Electronic Case Filing 9 (ECF) System. Filings under seal shall be deleted from the ECF 10 system only upon order of the Court. 11 16. Order Subject to Modification. This Order shall be subject to modification by the Court on its own initiative or on motion of a party or any other person with 12 standing concerning the subject matter. 13 17. No Prior Judicial Determination. This Order is entered based on the 14 representations and agreements of the parties and for the purpose of facilitating 15 discovery. Nothing herein shall be construed or presented as a judicial 16 determination that any document or material designated Confidential Information 17 by counsel or the parties is entitled to protection under Rule 26(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or otherwise until such time as the Court may rule on a 18 specific document or issue. 19 18. Persons Bound. This Order shall take effect when entered and shall be 20 binding upon all counsel of record and their law firms, the parties, and persons made 21 subject to this Order by its terms or by the execution of Attachment A. 1 IT IS SO ORDERED. The District Court Clerk is directed to enter this 2 Order and Attachment A and provide copies to counsel. 3 DATED December 17, 2020.

4 s/ Rosanna Malouf Peterson 5 ROSANNA MALOUF PETERSON United States District Judge 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

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