FILED CCURT 0F APPEALS
2013 AUP27 ,'; - 35
r
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTO
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 42914 4 II - -
Respondent,
V.
TERRY L. JACOB, PUBLISHED IN PART OPINION
Appellant.
HUNT, P. . — J Terry L. Jacob appeals his jury conviction and sentence for felony driving
while under the influence (DUI), former RCW 46. 1.2011). He argues that the trial 502( 6 6 ) (
court ( ) 1 miscalculated his offender score under, CW 9. R e); 525( 4A.2) 2)( imposed the ( 9 wrongly
statutory maximum confinement term plus a community custody term; and ( ) 3 wrongly excluded
testimony that he had used an asthma inhaler on the day of his arrest., The State asserts that the
Morales opinion' "force[s]" concede the first sentencing error (miscalculated offender it to score); the State concedes the second sentencing exceeded statutory maximum). error ( We
reject the State's forced concession" of sentencing error based on Morales, adopt most ( ut not " b
all) of Division One's rationale in Morales, and accept the State's second concession of
State v. Martinez Morales, 168 Wn. App. 489, 278 P. d 668 (2012). 3 2 Br.of Resp't at 13. No. 42914 4 II - -
sentencing error based on the Supreme Court's superseding of the Brooks notation. We hold that the trial court did not err in excluding the inhaler testimony, affirm Jacob's conviction,
vacate his sentence, and remand for recalculation of his offender score and resentencing.
FACTS
On October 3, 2011, Jacob consumed two or three alcoholic drinks between 5:7 PM and 1
6:2 PM at "Jimmy D' " Belfair and drove away. I Report of Proceedings (RP)at 169. A few 0 s in
minutes later, three to five miles from Jimmy D' , Mason County Sheriff's Deputy Kelly s
LaFrance pulled over Jacob's vehicle. LaFrance learned that the vehicle was registered to Jacob,
whose license had been revoked and for whom there was an outstanding arrest warrant. As
LaFrance approached, she smelled a strong odor of intoxicants coming from the partially opened
driver's window, asked Jacob to exit the car, and informed him that he had an outstanding arrest
warrant. She observed that his eyes were red and watery, his speech was slurred, and he smelled
of intoxicants. She placed Jacob in her patrol car and called Deputy Duain Dugan to process
Jacob for a suspected DUI.
Dugan asked Jacob if he (Jacob)would allow him ( ugan)to conduct field sobriety tests; D
Jacob agreed. Dugan administered a horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) test, which indicated
impairment. Dugan administered a finger dexterity test, which Jacob did not pass. Dugan also
administered a finger to nose test: Jacob missed touching the tip of his nose with his finger six - -
out of seven tries.
3 In re Pers. Restraint of Brooks, 166 Wn. d 664, 674, 211 P. d 1023 (2009), 2 3 superseded by State v. Boyd, 174 Wn. d 470, 473,275 P. d 321 (2012). 2 3
0) No. 42914 4 II - -
Dugan placed Jacob under arrest for DUI and gave him the implied consent warning
required for administering a breath test for the presence of alcohol. Jacob declined to take a
breath test. After obtaining a blood draw search warrant, Dugan transported Jacob to the
hospital, where a technician drew Jacob's blood at approximately 10: 0 PM. 2
At trial, state toxicologist Justin Knoy testified that ( Jacob's blood had registered .10 1)
g100ml blood alcohol concentration and (2)certain "medication[s] muscle relaxants or / like sleep aids"as well as "different inhalants that some people may use for huffing, like gasoline or
Dust[- ] ' may affect the subject's eyes during the HGN test. I RP at 120. Knoy did not, Off
however, testify about the presence of any inhalants in Jacob's blood; nor did Jacob cross-
examine Knoy about this subject.
Nevertheless, Jacob later sought to testify that, on the day of his arrest, he had used an
inhaler ... for COPD. " II RP at 214. Jacob claimed that his use of an inhalant device brought
into question the accuracy of the blood test results on the day of his arrest; but (l) made no he
offer of proof that he had used the type of muscle relaxants, sleep aids, or non -medicinal
inhalants " like gasoline or Dust[ Off," - ] which Knoy had testified might affect the subject's eyes
during an HGN test; 2) offered no expert testimony about the potential effect on his blood ( he
alcohol level of these substances in general or of his medicinal inhalant in particular, nor did he
seek to recall State expert witness Knoy to explore these issues. I RP at 120. The superior court
4 A person is guilty of driving while under the influence of alcohol when he has a blood alcohol concentration of 08 g100ml or higher. Former RCW 46. 1. . / a) 502( 1)( 6 2011). ( 5" Dust Off' is - an aerosol product used to clean computers. Castaneda v. State, 292 Ga. pp. A 390, 392, 664 S. . 2d 803 (2008). E
6 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
3 No. 42914 4 II - -
denied Jacob's request, ruling that his inhalant use was not relevant because there was no
evidence to establish that inhalant use affects a blood alcohol content reading.
On December 2, 2011, a jury convicted Jacob of felony DUI under former RCW
46. 1.201 1) and first degree driving 502( 6 6 ) ( 7 while license suspended (DWLS). At Jacob's
December 8 sentencing, the trial court calculated his offender score as nine under RCW
e), 525( 4A.based on eight of the nine offenses listed in the following criminal history, plus 9. 2)( 9
one additional point for Jacob's having been on community custody when he committed the
present offense:
Conviction Date of Date of Crime Sentence Felony DUI 09 01/ 3/ 0 09 05/ 1/ 1 DWLS 1 05 4/8/ 1 DUI 03 03/ 6/ 0 03 07/ 3/ 0 DUI 01 01/ 1/ 3 01 06/ 5/ 0 DUI 00 05/ 7/ 1 01 06/ 5/ 0 DUI 99 11/ 9/ 2 01 06/ 5/ 0 DUI 97 01/ 6/ 2 97 08/ 1/ 2 Felony Drug Charge 91 06/ 0/ 1 93 01/ 2/ 2 DUI 88 08/ 9/ 2 89 06/ 5/ 0
The trial court included two offender score points under RCW 9. e)( 525( 4A.for the ii) 2)( 9
following two prior convictions, because they had occurred within ten years before Jacob's
present offense ( for which he had been arrested on October 3, 2011): one felony DUI,
7 The pertinent portion of former RCW 46. 1. 502( 6 provides: 6 ) It is a class C felony punishable under chapter 9. RCW, or chapter 13. 0_ 94A 4 RCW if the person is a juvenile, if: a)The person has four or more prior offenses within ten years as defined in RCW 46. 1. 5055. 6
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committed on January 3, 2009; and one non -felony DUI, committed on March 6, 2003. The trial court did not, however, include an offender score point for Jacob's prior 2005 DWLS
conviction, denoted by a single asterisk in the above grid.
The trial court then included six more offender points under RCW 9. e)( 525( 4A. i) 2)( 9 for
the following six offenses that Jacob had committed more than ten years before the present
offense, and within five years since the last date of release from confinement or entry of
judgment and sentence: three points for three DUIs committed on January 31, 2001, May 17,
2000, and November 29, 1999; one point for a DUI committed on January 26, 1997; one point
for a drug conviction, committed on June 10, 1991 and one point for a DUI committed on August 29, 1988. The trial court sentenced Jacob to 60 months of confinement for the present felony DUI
conviction and 364 days for the DWLS conviction; it also imposed a community custody term of 12 months or the period of earned release, whichever was greater, such that Jacob's total
8 Citing former RCW 46. 1. c) 5055( 4)( Division One held: "For the purposes of this 1 6 2008), ( statute, w] ten years' means that `the arrest for a prior offense occurred within ten years `[ ithin the arrest for the current offense. "' Morales, 168 Wn. App. at 495 (alteration in before ... original). The record before us on appeal does not include the arrest dates for Jacob's prior offenses; thus, we use the dates of commission of these offenses instead. 9 Jacob's January 22, 1993 drug conviction is also denoted by a single asterisk in the above grid. 10 Whether the trial court properly included Jacob's 1989 DUI conviction (denoted by a double asterisk in the above grid) in his offender score is in dispute in this appeal. This issue is also pivotal in our adoption in part and rejection in part of Division One's rationale in Morales, based on whether Jacob's January 22, 1993 drug conviction judgment and sentence can be used to establish a timeline for determining whether he had been crime free for the requisite five year- intervals under RCW 9. e)( 525( 4A. i). 2)( 9 11 Jacob does not appeal his driving while license suspended conviction and sentence.
F No. 42914 4 II - -
combined sentence would not exceed the statutory maximum of 60 months. Jacob appeals his
felony DUI conviction and sentence.
ANALYSIS
12 FELONY DUI OFFENDER SCORE: MORALES AND RCW e) 525( 4A. 9. 2)( 9
Jacob argues that the superior court erred in including his 1993 drug conviction and his
1989 DUI in calculating his felony DUI offender score, citing Morales. We agree that inclusion
of his 1993 drug and 1989 DUI convictions was improper. We adopt most, but not all, of the
corresponding Morales rationale; and we remand for resentencing.
In Morales, Division One of our court strictly interpreted RCW 9. e) 525( 4A.and held 2)( 9
that this statute specifies a limited class of prior offenses to be used in offender score calculations
for felony DUI sentences. Morales, 168 Wn. App. at 498. RCW 9. e) 525( 4A. 2)( 9 provides:
If the present conviction is felony driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or any drug ( RCW 46. 1. 502( 6)) prior 6 . . . convictions offelony driving while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or any drug,felony physical control ofa vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or any drug [( CW 46. 1. R 504( 6))], 6 and serious traffic offenses 131 [ shall be included in the offender score if.
i) prior convictions were committed within five years since The the last date of release from confinement ( including full time - residential treatment)or entry ofjudgment and sentence; or
12 Morales cites former RCW 9. 525 2008). The legislature amended this statute in 2010 94A. ( and 2011. LAWS OF 2010, ch. 274, § 403; LAWS OF 2011, ch. 166, § 3. These amendments did not alter the statute in any way relevant to this case or Morales; accordingly, we cite the current version of the statute.
13 9.1)((b) ( Under former RCW a) 030( 4A. 4 9 and LAWS OF 2009, ch. 28, §4, recodified as RCW 44)( 9.a) 94A030( and (b)), " serious traffic offenses" include nonfelony DUI (former RCW 502 ( 46. 1.2008)), 6 nonfelony actual physical control while under the influence (former RCW 504 ( 46. 1. 2008)), 6 reckless driving ( former RCW 46. 1. 1990)), - run attended 500 ( 6 hit and - vehicle ( CW 46. 2. comparable out ofstate convictions for these listed offenses. R 020(5 and 5 ); - -
C No. 42914 4 II - -
ii) the prior convictions would be considered "prior offenses within ten years"as defined in RCW 46. 1. 5055. 6
Emphasis added). These subsection (ii) " offenses," prior however, do not include every crime;
rather, they are limited to the following statutorily specified offenses: nonfelony DUI (RCW
502), 46. 1.nonfelonny physical control of vehicle while under the influence (RCW 46. 1. 6 504), 6
vehicular homicide (RCW 46. 1.vehicular assault (RCW 46. 1.negligent driving 520), 6 522), 6
RCW 46. 1.reckless driving (RCW 46. 1. and reckless endangerment (RCW 5249), 6 500), 6
050); 9A. 6.these "prior offenses" also include deferred prosecutions and comparable out of- 3 -
state convictions for these listed crimes. Former RCW 46. 1. a) 5055( 4)( 1 6 2011). (
A. Subsection ( i) " [ormer RCW 46. 1.( i prior f 5055 2011)] 6 offenses within ten years"
Division One turned first to subsection (2)( of RCW 9. ii) e)( 525 to determine (1) 94A.
which of Morales' prior convictions qualified as " prior offenses ... as defined in former RCW
5055 ( 46. 1.2008)," ( ) 6 and 2 which of those "prior offenses"had occurred within ten years of his
current felony DUI conviction. Morales, 168 Wn. App. at 495. The court then determined that
Morales' offender score should include three points for three prior nonfelony DUI convictions
during this ten year period. Morales, 168 Wn. App. at 495; RCW 9. - e)( 525( 4A.Adopting ii). 2)( 9
this part of Division One's Morales analysis, we hold that under subsection (ii) trial court the
erred in including Jacob's 1993 drug conviction in his offender score because this conviction did 14 not occur within ten years before his present 2011 felony DUI conviction.
14 We further note that Jacob's 1993 drug conviction was also not includable in his offender score under RCW 9. c) 525( 4A.because, although it is a class C prior felony, it is not a sex 2)( 9 offense, an express prerequisite for offender score inclusion under this statutory subsection.
7 No. 42914 4 II - -
B. Subsection ( ) " i prior convictions"committed within five years " ince"release from s confinement or entry.ofjudgment and sentence
Turning to subsection (2)( of RCW 9. Division One next determined which i) e)( 525, 94A.
prior offenses had occurred within five year intervals since the last date of release from. -
confinement or entry of judgment and sentence for a prior offense. Division One identified these
five year intervals as having accumulated during subsection (ii)' tenyear period immediately - s -
preceding the current offense. Morales, 168 Wn. App. at 495 96, 498. Strictly interpreting -
RCW 9. e), 525( 4A.Division One held that (1)only statutorily specified prior convictions 2)( 9
occurring during an RCW 9. e)( 525( 4A.five year interval can count as offender score i) 2)( 9 -
points for felony DUI sentences; and (2)the trial court erred in considering Morales' 1996
assault conviction, which occurred within such a fiveyear interval, because assault is not one of -
the prior offense that RCW 9. e) 525( 4A.includes for felony DUI offender score calculation 2)( 9
purposes. Morales, 168 Wn.App. at 497 500. -
1. Prior convictions that count as offender score points
We find persuasive Division One's reasoning in determining the type of "prior
convictions" that are includable under subsection (i) felony DUI offender score purposes. for
Thus, we adopt the first part of its Morales holding that under subsection (i) — only RCW
525- 9. specified prior convictions count as offender score points for purposes of sentencing a 94A.
defendant convicted of former RCW 46. 1.2008) felony DUI. Accordingly, we agree 502( 6 6 ) (
with Jacob and hold that, like the improper inclusion of Morales' prior assault conviction in his
offender score, the trial court here similarly erred in including Jacob's 1993 drug conviction in
his offender score because drug convictions are not among the statutorily specified prior
convictions for offender score inclusion under subsection ( of RCW i) c). 525( 4A. 9. 2)( 9 No. 42914 4 II - -
2. Prior convictions that begin the running of the five year intervals -
But we decline to adopt the second part of Division One's Morales rationale and holding,
which use these same statutorily specified prior convictions also to define the five- ear intervals y
during which commission of these prior offenses are includable in a felony DUI offender score
under RCW 9. e)( 525( 4A. Division One (1)focused on the legislature's use of the term i). 2)( 9
any crime" in RCW 9. ) 525( 4A.subsections (b), and (d); (2) 2 9 c), ( and reasoned that, because
subsection (e)( of RCW 9. ) not similarly use the phrase "any crime," i) 525( 4A. does 2 9 the
legislature must have intended that only the crimes specified in RCW 9. e) 525( 4A.could 2)( 9
underlie "release from confinement" or "entry of judgment and sentence." Morales,.168 Wn.
App. at 493. Respectfully disagreeing with Division One on this point, we do not adopt that part
of its Morales rationale to define the type of offenses that circumscribe subsection (i) year five -
statutory intervals. Instead, we hold that, in determining whether a defendant has been crime-
free for five year intervals under RCW 9. - e)( 525( 4A.the sentencing court must decide i), 2)( 9
whether one of the listed prior offenses occurred within a five year period measured from the last -
preceding judgment and sentence or the last preceding release from custody for any crime.
To support our holding, and our departure from Division One's Morales holding on this
point,we first look to the statute's plain language. Dep't ofEcology v. Campbell & Gwinn,LLC,
146 Wn. d 1, 9 10, 43 P. d 4 (2002) citing State v. J. .,144 Wn. d 472, 480, 28 P. d 720 2 - 3 ( M 2 3
2001)). Where different language is used in the same connection in different parts of a statute,
9 No. 42914 4 II - -
15 it is presumed that a different meaning was intended. State v. Roggenkamp, 153 Wn. d 614, 2
625, 106 P. d 196 (2005) citing State v. Beaver, 148 Wn. d 338, 343, 60 P. d 586 (2002)). 3 ( 2 3
Courts will not read into a statute that which the legislature left out. Seattle Ass'n of Credit Men
v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp.,188 Wash. 635, 639, 63 P. d 359 (1936). Applying these 2
statutory construction principles here, we hold that the lack of the phrase "any crime" in RCW
e)( 525( 4A. 9. i) nor limits the parameters of the five year statutory intervals to 2)( 9 neither defines -
which the sentencing court may look for commission of additional "prior convictions" outside
subsection ( i)' ten year period immediately preceding the present conviction. i s -
Subsections (b), and (d) RCW 9. ) c),( of 525( 4A.specify only which prior convictions 2 9
shall not be included"in offender score calculations when " he offender spends five years in the t 16 ( community without committing any crime." RCW 525( 4A. emphasis added). d) 9. 2)( 9 In
is For example, we presume that the legislature intended different meanings for the following different RCW 9. 525( 4A. terms: exclusion from an offender score specific " prior 2) 9 convictions" listed in subsections (b), ( (d)outside specified crime free intervals, and c), and - inclusion in an offender score other specific subsection (e)( prior convictions would be ii) " considered `prior offenses within ten years' as defined in RCW 46. 1. In our view, the 5055." 6 different terms used throughout the felony DUI offender score statute show that the legislature used "inclusion" and "exclusion" of prior offenses when it so intended and that it did not use these terms when it was not so referring, such as when it expressed the parameters of subsection i)' year intervals. See RCW 9. s five - e)( 525( 4A. i). 2)( 9 16 RCW 9. ) 525( 4A.provides in pertinent part: 2 9 b)Class B prior felony convictions other than sex offenses shall not be included in the offender score, if since the last date of release from confinement (ncluding i full time residential treatment)pursuant to a felony conviction, if any, or entry of - judgment and sentence, the offender had spent ten consecutive years in the community without committing any crime that subsequently results in a conviction. c)Except as provided in ( of this subsection, class C prior felony convictions e) other than sex offenses shall not be included in the offender score if,since the last date of release from confinement ( including full time residential treatment) - pursuant to a felony conviction, if any, or entry of judgment and sentence, the
10 No. 42914 4 II - -
contrast, subsection (e)( of RCW 9. ) i) 525( 4A.expressly requires offender score inclusion of 2 9
qualifying "prior convictions" that were "committed within five years since the last date of
release from confinement (including full time residential treatment) or entry of judgment and -
sentence."Nothing in the pertinent statutory language extends the definition of includable " rior p
convictions" to the type of crimes underlying a release from confinement or a judgment and
sentence that begins the five year intervals during which conviction for these specified crimes -
counts in offender score calculations. Again, in our view, the statute's plain language does not
support Division One's analysis.
Moreover, no express language in the statute suggests a contrary notion that the
legislature intended to so limit the crimes used to determine the parameters of the five year -
intervals. We will not read into the statute a limitation that the legislature did not establish and
does not exist. Seattle Ass'n of Credit Men, 188 Wash. at 639 We further note that ( ) plain 1 the
meanings of the subsection (i) phrases "release from confinement" or "entry of judgment and
sentence" include confinement or sentence for any type of crime, RCW 9. e)( 525( 4A. i); 2)( 9 and
2) the legislature had intended to restrict these parameter -defining crimes to a limited class, as if
offender had spent five consecutive years in the community without committing any crime that subsequently results in a' conviction. d)Except as provided in ( )of this subsection, serious traffic convictions shall e not be included in the offender score if, since the last date of release from confinement ( including full time residential treatment) pursuant to a felony - conviction, if any, or entry of judgment and sentence, the offender spent five years in the community without committing any crime that subsequently results in a conviction.
11 No. 42914 4 II - -
17 it did expressly for offender score inclusion purposes, it would also have expressly done so.
We apply a similar plain language analysis to the legislature's use of the word " since,"
which means " after," mark the beginning of to a subsection (i) year interval. See RCW five -
e)( 525( 4A. Under this approach, prior convictions for specified offenses count toward a 9. i). 2)( 9
felony DUI offender score only if they occurred within five years after another prior conviction 18 or release from confinement for any crime. Here, the trial court included Jacob's 1989 DUI
conviction in his offender score for his current felony DUI. But although this 1989 DUI ,
conviction occurred within five years of Jacob's 1993 drug conviction, his 1989 DUI conviction
occurred before, not after, his 1993 drug conviction. Therefore, as the State conceded at oral 19 argument, under the statute's plain language, Jacob's 1989 DUI conviction should not have
been included in his current offender score.
17 In our view, the legislature's parenthetical note that "confinement" also "includ[es]full time - residential treatment" simply explains its intent for the meaning of "confinement." RCW e)( 525. 4A. It does not lead us to Division One's conclusion that the legislature thereby 9. i). 2( 9 intended to limit the crimes defining the five year interval boundaries to those crimes susceptible - to full time residential treatment. -
18 Contrast with former RCW 46. 1. c) 5055( 4)( which provides that "[ ithin ten years" 1 6 2011), ( w] means that the arrest for a prior offense occurred within ten years before or after the arrest for the current offense. ( mphasis added). E 19 Although the State conceded that Jacob's 1993 violation of the Uniform Controlled Substance Act ( UCSA)is not an offense includable in his offender score for the current offense, the State V argued, and we Jacob's 1993 VUCSA is properly used as a time - agree, that boundary for marking statutory prior five year crime free intervals. The State did not also concede, however, - - that "since"means "after"and not "before."Instead, the State asserted that (1) " since"means within"five years of the stated last event, which includes "before"and "after"the last date of release from confinement or judgment and sentence; and (2)thus, Jacob's 1989 DUI conviction could be counted as an offender score point, not relegated merely to setting a boundary to circumscribe a statutory five year period. -
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We hold, therefore, 1) ( that the trial court improperly included Jacob's 1989 DUI in his
offender score; but ( ) trial court did not err in using Jacob's 1993 drug conviction to begin a 2 the
five year interval "since" Jacob's release from confinement or last judgment and sentence. -
Accordingly, we vacate Jacob's sentence and remand for recalculation of Jacob's offender score
and resentencing consistent with our analysis.
A majority of the panel having determined that only the foregoing portion of this opinion
will be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder shall be filed for public
record in accordance with RCW 2.6.it is so ordered. 040, 0
EXCLUSION OF INHALANT DEVICE TESTIMONY
Jacob argues that his proposed testimony about his COPD inhaler use on the day of his
DUI arrest was relevant and that the trial court erred in excluding it because Knoy indicated that
inhalants affect blood alcohol levels. This argument fails.
A. Standard of Review
We review a trial court's evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. State v. Finch, 137
Wn. d 792, 810, 975 P. d 967, cent. denied, 528 U. . 922 (1999).A court abuses its discretion 2 2 S
when its evidentiary ruling is "` manifestly unreasonable, or exercised on untenable grounds, or
for untenable reasons. "' State v. Downing, 151 Wn. d 265, 272, 87 P. d 1169 (2004)quoting 2 3 (
State ex rel. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn. d 12, 26, 482 P. d 775 (1971)). may uphold a trial 2 2 We
court's evidentiary ruling on the grounds that the trial court used or on other proper grounds the
record supports. State v. Powell, 126 Wn. d 244, 259, 893 P. d 615 (1995). 2 2
Evidence is relevant if it has "` any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of
consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be
13 No. 42914 4 II - -
without the evidence. "' State v. Gregory, 158 Wn. d 759, 835, 147 P. d 1201 (2006) quoting 2 3 (
ER 401). The threshold for admitting relevant evidence is low; even minimally relevant
evidence is admissible. Gregory, 158 Wn. d at 835 (citing State v. Darden, 145 Wn. d 612, 2 2
621, 41 P. d 1189 (2002)). 3
B. Mischaracterization of Knoy's Testimony
First, we note that Jacob mischaracterizes Knoy's testimony. Knoy testified only that the
HGN test measures "the involuntary jerking of the eyes," which is " brought on by alcohol, and] [
other central nervous system depressants," which could be "prescription medication like muscle
relaxants or sleep aids that may be categorized as a depressant" or " ifferent inhalants that some d
people may use for huffing, like gasoline or Dust Off for instance, and also PCP
phencyclidine]"in the person's system. I RP at 119 20. - Knoy did not testify on direct
examination about the effect of any medications or other substances that did or might have an
effect on blood alcohol level; nor did Jacob . attempt to elicit such testimony on cross-
examination. Thus, contrary to Jacob's argument to the trial court in support of his proffered
testimony, Knoy did not testify "about medications that may have an effect on blood alcohol
level content."II RP at 213 14 ( mphasis added). In the absence of any evidence that medicinal - e
inhaler use affects blood alcohol levels, Jacob's proposed testimony that he had used an inhaler
the day he was arrested was irrelevant. Thus, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in excluding this testimony.
COMMUNITY CUSTODY AND INCARCERATION
Jacob argues that the trial court erred in imposing the statutory maximum term of
confinement plus a term of community custody that together exceed the statutory maximum and,
14 No. 429144- I I
therefore, we must remand for resentencing. The State concedes this error, acknowledging that
the trial court's notation about not exceeding the statutory maximum term no longer operates to
ensure the sentence's validity in light of our Supreme Court's recent decision in State v. Boyd,
174 Wn. d 470, 473, 275 P. d 321 ( 2 3 2012). Agreeing with Jacob, we accept the State's
concession of error.
Under RCW 9. ), 701( 4A.the combined terms of confinement and community custody 9 9
cannot exceed the statutory maximum sentence for the crime. Here, the trial court imposed the
statutory maximum sentence of 60 months of confinement under RCW 9A. 0. c) 021( 1)( 2 and a 20 community custody term that would be the greater of either 12 months or the period of any
earned release, such that Jacob's total combined sentence would not exceed 60 months. In Boyd,
the Supreme Court held that the trial court cannot impose a sentence in excess of the statutory
maximum and that the called so- "Brooks notation " ( which the trial court used here in -an
attempt to keep Jacob's sentence from exceeding the statutory maximum) no longer complies
with statutory requirements of RCW 9. ), the legislature amended in 2010. 701( 4A. which 9 9
Boyd, 174 Wn. d at 472. Instead, the trial court must reduce the term of community custody 2
whenever the standard range confinement in combination with the community custody term
2°RCW 9. ) 701( 4A.authorizes a one year period of community custody. 3 9 -
21 The "Brooks notation"was a hand -written addition to the judgment and sentence stating that the total combined term of confinement and community custody actually served may not exceed the statutory maximum. Brooks, 166 Wn. d at 674, superseded by Boyd. 2
15 No. 42914 4 II - -
exceeds the statutory maximum. RCW 9. ); 174 Wn. d at 472. Accepting the 701( 4A.Boyd, 9 9 2
State's concession of error, we hold that Jacob's sentence was improper under Boyd. --
We affirm Jacob's felony DUI conviction, vacate his sentence, and remand for offender
score recalculation and resentencing.
A majority of the panel having determined that this part of the opinion will not be printed in
the Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
22 Although RCW 9. ) 701( 4A. became effective on June 10, 2010, before the trial court 9 9 sentenced Jacob for the current offense, this sentencing occurred before the Supreme Court held in Boyd that such a " rooks notation"sentence was improper. B