FILiX- COURT OF APPEALS UIV i STATE OF WASH'HGTCH
2QI3MAR -U AH 10= 39
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, NO. 67647-4-
Respondent, DIVISION ONE
v.
TERRY JOE FLETCHER, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant. FILED: March 4, 2013
Lau, J. — Terry Fletcher appeals a restitution order following his guilty plea for
two counts of first degree theft. He argues the trial court abused its discretion when it
ordered restitution in an amount unsupported by substantial evidence. Finding no error,
we affirm.
FACTS
In June 2010, Terry Fletcher pleaded guilty to two counts of first degree theft. As
part of the plea agreement, Fletcher stipulated that the facts set forth in the certification
for determination of probable cause were real and material facts for sentencing
purposes and acknowledged that the State would be seeking restitution from him. 67647-4-1/2
The certification for determination of probable cause establishes the following
facts. In 2007, Fletcher presented himself as the general contractor and registered
owner of Northwest Construction and HVAC Company and contracted to perform over
$400,000 of construction work for Southside Church of Christ (SCC). Between April
2007 and August 2008, SCC paid Northwest Construction and HVAC Company
$197,183.26 in checks. SCC also wrote joint checks to Northwest Construction and
HVAC Company and various suppliers for $201,739.58.
Herman Snoddy, an elder at SCC, told special agent Frank Fulton that Fletcher
"either did poor quality work or did not work at all for some of the money paid to him
under the name of Northwest Construction and HVAC Co." Fulton also discovered that
Fletcher collected over $35,000 in retail sales tax for the SCC work and never remitted
that sales tax to the Washington Department of Revenue as required by law. Further
investigation revealed that Northwest Construction and HVAC Company was dissolved
in May 2007 and, thus, Fletcher was unlawfully acting as the agent of an invalid
corporation.
In his guilty plea agreement, Fletcher also agreed to pay restitution "in full to the
victim(s) on [the] charged counts" and to pay restitution "to [SCC] for all losses related
to unfinished + inadequate construction work." The court sentenced Fletcher to
concurrent 12-month sentences in the King County work/education release program
and ordered him to pay restitution as determined at a future hearing. 67647-4-1/3
Several interim hearings1 and the State's restitution submissions elicited the
following additional information. SCC hired Merit Mechanical to complete Fletcher's
unfinished and inadequate construction work. Merit Mechanical indicated it received
$138,009 as payment for completing Fletcher's unfinished work and for repairing
inadequate work.2 SCC's records indicated it paid Merit Mechanical over $185,000. At the final restitution hearing, the trial court noted the discrepancy between Merit
Mechanical's statement and the amount SCC claimed it paid and took "the conservative
approach," ordering $138,000 in restitution for the amount SCC paid to Merit
Mechanical. RP (Aug. 3, 2011) at 21. The court also ordered restitution for "the
amounts claimed for the vendors where there is actual documentation."3 RP (Aug. 3,
2011) at 22. The State and the defense provided the court with an agreed total
restitution amount of $149,502.35, with the exact dollar figure supplied by defense
counsel on the record. The court entered an order for that amount.
1The trial court held several postsentencing hearings. The final restitution hearing was postponed several times to allow the parties more time to gather evidence. 2The State submitted Merit Mechanical's project description. According to the description, SCC hired Merit Mechanical to complete "the mechanical installation that had not been finished." Appellant's Br. at App. B. SCC also asked Merit Mechanical to correct and repair improper or inadequate construction done by "[t]he previous contractor [Fletcher]." Appellant's Br. at App. B. Merit Mechanical "performed the work on the original portion including repairs to the existing equipment and added refrigeration piping in the amount of $138,009.00." Appellant's Br. at App. B.
3 These amounts included two documented expenses for QuickTin Inc., two documented expenses for Thrifty Supply, and one documented expense for Johnson- Barrow Inc. 67647-4-1/4
ANALYSIS
Fletcher contends the trial court's restitution order was not supported by
substantial evidence because the State failed to prove a causal connection between
SCC's expenses and Fletcher's incomplete or inadequate construction work. The State
counters that the restitution award was causally connected to Fletcher's crimes and
supported by substantial evidence.
The trial court's power to impose restitution is derived solely from statute. State
v. Enstone. 137 Wn.2d 675, 682, 974 P.2d 828 (1999). Where the trial court has
authority to order restitution, it has discretion to determine the amount of restitution.
State v. Davison. 116 Wn.2d 917, 919, 809 P.2d 1374(1991). Its decision will be
overturned only for an abuse of discretion. Davison, 116 Wn.2d at 919. A court abuses
its discretion when the restitution decision is "'manifestly unreasonable, or exercised on
untenable grounds, or for untenable reasons.'" Enstone, 137 Wn.2d at 679-80 (internal
quotation marks omitted) (quoting State v. Cunningham. 96 Wn.2d 31, 34, 633 P.2d 886
(1981)).
RCW 9.94A.753(5) provides, "Restitution shall be ordered whenever the offender
is convicted of an offense which results in injury to any person or damage to or loss of
property . . .." Costs that a victim incurs as the result of a defendant's crimes have
been determined a loss of property under the restitution statute. State v. Tobin, 161
Wn.2d 517, 526-27, 166 P.3d 1167 (2007). "There must be a causal connection
between the damages claimed and the crime charged. The Court of Appeals has
required only a determination that "but for" the crime, the damages would not have 67647-4-1/5
occurred, and we have made it clear that foreseeability is not required." Tobin, 161
Wn.2d at 527.
"If a defendant disputes the restitution amount, the State must prove the
damages by a preponderance of the evidence." State v. Griffith, 164 Wn.2d 960, 965,
195 P.3d 506 (2008). The amount of restitution must be based on "easily ascertainable"
damages. RCW 9.94A.753(3). Easily ascertainable damages are tangible damages
supported by sufficient evidence. State v. Tobin. 132 Wn. App. 161, 173, 130 P.3d 426
(2006), affd, 161 Wn.2d 517, 166 P.3d 1167 (2007). Once the State establishes the
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FILiX- COURT OF APPEALS UIV i STATE OF WASH'HGTCH
2QI3MAR -U AH 10= 39
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, NO. 67647-4-
Respondent, DIVISION ONE
v.
TERRY JOE FLETCHER, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant. FILED: March 4, 2013
Lau, J. — Terry Fletcher appeals a restitution order following his guilty plea for
two counts of first degree theft. He argues the trial court abused its discretion when it
ordered restitution in an amount unsupported by substantial evidence. Finding no error,
we affirm.
FACTS
In June 2010, Terry Fletcher pleaded guilty to two counts of first degree theft. As
part of the plea agreement, Fletcher stipulated that the facts set forth in the certification
for determination of probable cause were real and material facts for sentencing
purposes and acknowledged that the State would be seeking restitution from him. 67647-4-1/2
The certification for determination of probable cause establishes the following
facts. In 2007, Fletcher presented himself as the general contractor and registered
owner of Northwest Construction and HVAC Company and contracted to perform over
$400,000 of construction work for Southside Church of Christ (SCC). Between April
2007 and August 2008, SCC paid Northwest Construction and HVAC Company
$197,183.26 in checks. SCC also wrote joint checks to Northwest Construction and
HVAC Company and various suppliers for $201,739.58.
Herman Snoddy, an elder at SCC, told special agent Frank Fulton that Fletcher
"either did poor quality work or did not work at all for some of the money paid to him
under the name of Northwest Construction and HVAC Co." Fulton also discovered that
Fletcher collected over $35,000 in retail sales tax for the SCC work and never remitted
that sales tax to the Washington Department of Revenue as required by law. Further
investigation revealed that Northwest Construction and HVAC Company was dissolved
in May 2007 and, thus, Fletcher was unlawfully acting as the agent of an invalid
corporation.
In his guilty plea agreement, Fletcher also agreed to pay restitution "in full to the
victim(s) on [the] charged counts" and to pay restitution "to [SCC] for all losses related
to unfinished + inadequate construction work." The court sentenced Fletcher to
concurrent 12-month sentences in the King County work/education release program
and ordered him to pay restitution as determined at a future hearing. 67647-4-1/3
Several interim hearings1 and the State's restitution submissions elicited the
following additional information. SCC hired Merit Mechanical to complete Fletcher's
unfinished and inadequate construction work. Merit Mechanical indicated it received
$138,009 as payment for completing Fletcher's unfinished work and for repairing
inadequate work.2 SCC's records indicated it paid Merit Mechanical over $185,000. At the final restitution hearing, the trial court noted the discrepancy between Merit
Mechanical's statement and the amount SCC claimed it paid and took "the conservative
approach," ordering $138,000 in restitution for the amount SCC paid to Merit
Mechanical. RP (Aug. 3, 2011) at 21. The court also ordered restitution for "the
amounts claimed for the vendors where there is actual documentation."3 RP (Aug. 3,
2011) at 22. The State and the defense provided the court with an agreed total
restitution amount of $149,502.35, with the exact dollar figure supplied by defense
counsel on the record. The court entered an order for that amount.
1The trial court held several postsentencing hearings. The final restitution hearing was postponed several times to allow the parties more time to gather evidence. 2The State submitted Merit Mechanical's project description. According to the description, SCC hired Merit Mechanical to complete "the mechanical installation that had not been finished." Appellant's Br. at App. B. SCC also asked Merit Mechanical to correct and repair improper or inadequate construction done by "[t]he previous contractor [Fletcher]." Appellant's Br. at App. B. Merit Mechanical "performed the work on the original portion including repairs to the existing equipment and added refrigeration piping in the amount of $138,009.00." Appellant's Br. at App. B.
3 These amounts included two documented expenses for QuickTin Inc., two documented expenses for Thrifty Supply, and one documented expense for Johnson- Barrow Inc. 67647-4-1/4
ANALYSIS
Fletcher contends the trial court's restitution order was not supported by
substantial evidence because the State failed to prove a causal connection between
SCC's expenses and Fletcher's incomplete or inadequate construction work. The State
counters that the restitution award was causally connected to Fletcher's crimes and
supported by substantial evidence.
The trial court's power to impose restitution is derived solely from statute. State
v. Enstone. 137 Wn.2d 675, 682, 974 P.2d 828 (1999). Where the trial court has
authority to order restitution, it has discretion to determine the amount of restitution.
State v. Davison. 116 Wn.2d 917, 919, 809 P.2d 1374(1991). Its decision will be
overturned only for an abuse of discretion. Davison, 116 Wn.2d at 919. A court abuses
its discretion when the restitution decision is "'manifestly unreasonable, or exercised on
untenable grounds, or for untenable reasons.'" Enstone, 137 Wn.2d at 679-80 (internal
quotation marks omitted) (quoting State v. Cunningham. 96 Wn.2d 31, 34, 633 P.2d 886
(1981)).
RCW 9.94A.753(5) provides, "Restitution shall be ordered whenever the offender
is convicted of an offense which results in injury to any person or damage to or loss of
property . . .." Costs that a victim incurs as the result of a defendant's crimes have
been determined a loss of property under the restitution statute. State v. Tobin, 161
Wn.2d 517, 526-27, 166 P.3d 1167 (2007). "There must be a causal connection
between the damages claimed and the crime charged. The Court of Appeals has
required only a determination that "but for" the crime, the damages would not have 67647-4-1/5
occurred, and we have made it clear that foreseeability is not required." Tobin, 161
Wn.2d at 527.
"If a defendant disputes the restitution amount, the State must prove the
damages by a preponderance of the evidence." State v. Griffith, 164 Wn.2d 960, 965,
195 P.3d 506 (2008). The amount of restitution must be based on "easily ascertainable"
damages. RCW 9.94A.753(3). Easily ascertainable damages are tangible damages
supported by sufficient evidence. State v. Tobin. 132 Wn. App. 161, 173, 130 P.3d 426
(2006), affd, 161 Wn.2d 517, 166 P.3d 1167 (2007). Once the State establishes the
fact of damage, "the amount need not be shown with mathematical certainty." State v.
Mark, 36 Wn. App. 428, 434, 675 P.2d 1250 (1984). While certainty of damages need
not be proved with specific accuracy, the evidence must be sufficient to provide a
reasonable basis for estimating loss. State v. Pollard, 66 Wn. App. 779, 785, 834 P.3d
51 (1992). Evidence that subjects the trier of fact to speculation or conjecture is
insufficient. Pollard, 66 Wn. App. at 785.
Fletcher cites State v. Dennis, 101 Wn. App. 223, 6 P.3d 1173 (2000), and State
v. Bunner, 86 Wn. App. 158, 936 P.2d 419 (1997), for the proposition that "[t]he mere
existence of a list of expenses is insufficient to establish the necessary causal
connection." Appellant's Br. at 8. Those cases are distinguishable. In Dennis, the
defendant was convicted of assaulting three police officers. Dennis, 101 Wn. App. at
225. The trial court ordered him to pay restitution for two of the officers' injuries.
Dennis, 101 Wn. App. at 225. The only evidence the State presented regarding one of
the officers indicated that the officer was treated at a hospital for injuries on an unknown
date, incurring $180.94 in expenses. Dennis, 101 Wn. App. at 228. We accepted the 67647-4-1/6
State's concession that the evidence failed to establish a causal connection as to that
officer. Dennis, 101 Wn. App. at 228.
In Bunner, the defendant was convicted of second degree rape of a child and
ordered to pay restitution for the child's injuries. Bunner, 86 Wn. App. at 159. The sole
evidence produced at the restitution hearing was a medical recovery report listing
medical services charged and amounts the State had paid for those services. Bunner.
86 Wn. App. at 159. The State conceded this evidence was insufficient to establish a
causal connection between the crime and the victim's damages. Bunner, 86 Wn. App.
at 159. But the State argued we should consider on appeal a presentence investigation
report (PSI) that it failed to present to the trial court at the restitution hearing. Bunner,
86 Wn. App. at 159. We declined to consider the PSI because it was not presented
below, and we reversed the trial court's restitution award because, by the State's own
concession, the medical report was "insufficient to connect the costs incurred with the
crime." Bunner, 86 Wn. App. at 162.
Unlike in Dennis and Bunner, here, the evidence consisted of more than a mere
list of expenses. As discussed above, Fletcher pleaded guilty to the crimes "as charged
in the ... 1st amended information." He admitted that he "did take property from [SCC]
by color and aid of deception with the intent to deprive them of their property. The
property was worth over $1500." In the felony plea agreement, Fletcher stipulated to
the facts set forth in the certification for determination of probable cause, including the
fact that he either performed poor quality work or failed to work at all for some of the
money SCC paid him. The State thus established the fact of damage—meaning "the
amount need not be shown with mathematical certainty." Mark, 36 Wn. App. at 434. 67647-4-1/7
Fletcher expressly agreed to pay restitution "in full" to the victims, including
restitution to SCC "for all losses related to unfinished + inadequate construction work."
In ordering restitution, the trial court considered documentation from SCC, Merit
Mechanical, and various other vendors. Merit Mechanical's project description detailed
the $138,009 it received from SCC for "completing] the mechanical installation that had
not been finished," including repairing Fletcher's inadequate work. Appellant's Br. at
App. B. This documentation and Fletcher's plea agreement support the court's
restitution order. The court expressly declined to order any amount SCC requested that
was undocumented or unsupported.
The certification for determination of probable cause and the facts elicited at the
restitution hearing provided the trial court with a reasonable basis for awarding
restitution. The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it ordered Fletcher to pay
$149,502.35 in restitution to reimburse SCC and various vendors for losses resulting
from his incomplete or inadequate construction work.
CONCLUSION
Because the State presented sufficient evidence to support the restitution order,
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding restitution. We affirm.
WE CONCUR:
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