Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
March 9, 2021
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 53839-3-II
Respondent,
v.
T-JAY DUANE DELO, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
VELJACIC, J. — T-Jay D. Delo appeals his three bail jumping convictions, arguing that the
2020 changes to the bail jumping statute, RCW 9A.76.170, require vacating his convictions. He
also argues that the trial court improperly admitted irrelevant and prejudicial evidence contrary to
ER 401 and 403. In his statement of additional grounds (SAG) for review, Delo alleges
prosecutorial misconduct, ineffective assistance of counsel, speedy trial violation, and various
other constitutional violations. Finding no error, we affirm.
FACTS
The State charged Delo with one count of first degree criminal impersonation for claiming
to be his brother when stopped by police. First degree criminal impersonation is a class C felony.
RCW 9A.60.040(2).
The trial court released Delo and notified him that he must appear at his arraignment on
January 9, 2018. He failed to appear. Delo then failed to appear for a motion to suppress hearing
on August 6, 2018 and a motion to suppress hearing on February 25, 2019. 53839-3-II
As a result of Delo’s failure to appear for his arraignment and the two motion hearings, the
State charged Delo with three counts of bail jumping. Delo pleaded guilty to making a false or
misleading statement to a public servant, a lesser included offense of first degree criminal
impersonation, and proceeded to trial on the bail jumping charges.
Prior to trial, the State filed a motion in limine to exclude evidence that Delo subsequently
pleaded guilty to a gross misdemeanor. Delo argued that the jury was required to find every fact
of the case and that includes whether Delo was “held for, convicted of a class C felony.” Report
of Proceedings (RP) (Aug. 6, 2019) at 29. The trial court agreed with the State and excluded
evidence that Delo subsequently pleaded guilty to a lesser offense. The court also noted that issues
relating to the wording of the jury instructions would be addressed at a later time.
During trial, the State presented evidence, including a copy of the original information,
showing that at the time of his failures to appear, Delo was charged with first degree criminal
impersonation, a class C felony. Delo did not object.
Delo submitted jury instructions, asking the trial court to instruct the jury to consider
whether Delo was “charged with, or convicted of a Class C Felony in each count.” Clerk’s Papers
(CP) at 64. The trial court ultimately instructed the jury that to convict Delo of bail jumping under
each count, it must find he “was charged with a class C felony.” CP at 103-05. Delo did not
object.
The State presented several PowerPoint slides during its closing argument, setting forth the
elements of bail jumping and stating that Delo “was charged with a class C felony.” CP at 112-
14. Delo did not object.
The jury found Delo guilty of all three counts of bail jumping. He appeals.
2 53839-3-II
ANALYSIS
I. RECENT CHANGES TO BAIL JUMPING STATUTE
We first address whether Delo’s convictions should be vacated based on recent changes to
the bail jumping statute, RCW 9A.76.170. LAWS OF 2020 ch. 19 § 1. Delo argues that the changes
to RCW 9A.76.170 apply retroactively to his charges because his appeal is not final. This issue
has been recently raised and rejected in State v. Brake, 15 Wn. App. 2d 740, 743, 476 P.3d 1094
(2020).
Delo committed his offenses on January 9, 2018, August 6, 2018, and February 25, 2019.
At that time, former RCW 9A.76.170 (2001) stated, “Any person having been released by court
order or admitted to bail with knowledge of the requirement of a subsequent personal appearance
before any court of this state . . . and who fails to appear . . . is guilty of bail jumping.”
On March 7, 2020, the legislature amended RCW 9A.76.170. LAWS OF 2020, ch. 19, §§
1, 2. The law took effect on June 11, 2020. LAWS OF 2020, ch. 19, §§ 1, 2.
Under the prior law, felony bail jumping required only failure to appear “before any court
of this state.” Former RCW 9A.76.170(1), (3). Under the 2020 law, felony bail jumping requires
a person to “fail[] to appear for trial.” LAWS OF 2020, ch. 19, § 1(1)(a). The legislature also created
a separate section for failure to appear for a court date other than trial and downgraded the crime
to either a gross misdemeanor or no crime at all. RCW 9A.76.190. As part of the new crime of
failure to appear or surrender for a non-trial court date, the State must either prove that the
defendant did not appear and did not move to quash the warrant within thirty days of its issuance
or that the defendant had a prior warrant issued for failing to appear in the case. RCW
9A.76.190(1)(b).
3 53839-3-II
In Brake, we held that because there is no clear legislative intent that the 2020 amendments
to the bail jumping statute apply retroactively, “the version of the statute in effect on the date of .
. . [the] offense is the one that applies.” Brake, 15 Wn. App.2d at 747. Based on Brake, we
conclude former RCW 9A.76.170 applies to Delo’s offenses. We now turn to Delo’s other
contentions.
II. ALLEGED EVIDENTIARY AND INSTRUCTIONAL ERRORS
For the first time on appeal, Delo contends the trial court abused its discretion by allowing
the prosecutor to argue before the jury that Delo was originally charged with a class C felony and
by instructing the jury likewise in the to-convict jury instructions. He argues this evidence was
irrelevant and prejudicial and should have been excluded under ER 401 and ER 403. Delo has not
preserved this issue for review.
A. Legal Principles
We review evidentiary rulings and the decision to exclude evidence for abuse of discretion.
State v. Garcia, 179 Wn.2d 828, 846, 318 P.3d 266 (2014). We also generally review instructional
errors for abuse of discretion. State v. Wilson, 10 Wn. App. 2d 719, 727, 450 P.3d 187 (2019). A
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Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
March 9, 2021
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 53839-3-II
Respondent,
v.
T-JAY DUANE DELO, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
VELJACIC, J. — T-Jay D. Delo appeals his three bail jumping convictions, arguing that the
2020 changes to the bail jumping statute, RCW 9A.76.170, require vacating his convictions. He
also argues that the trial court improperly admitted irrelevant and prejudicial evidence contrary to
ER 401 and 403. In his statement of additional grounds (SAG) for review, Delo alleges
prosecutorial misconduct, ineffective assistance of counsel, speedy trial violation, and various
other constitutional violations. Finding no error, we affirm.
FACTS
The State charged Delo with one count of first degree criminal impersonation for claiming
to be his brother when stopped by police. First degree criminal impersonation is a class C felony.
RCW 9A.60.040(2).
The trial court released Delo and notified him that he must appear at his arraignment on
January 9, 2018. He failed to appear. Delo then failed to appear for a motion to suppress hearing
on August 6, 2018 and a motion to suppress hearing on February 25, 2019. 53839-3-II
As a result of Delo’s failure to appear for his arraignment and the two motion hearings, the
State charged Delo with three counts of bail jumping. Delo pleaded guilty to making a false or
misleading statement to a public servant, a lesser included offense of first degree criminal
impersonation, and proceeded to trial on the bail jumping charges.
Prior to trial, the State filed a motion in limine to exclude evidence that Delo subsequently
pleaded guilty to a gross misdemeanor. Delo argued that the jury was required to find every fact
of the case and that includes whether Delo was “held for, convicted of a class C felony.” Report
of Proceedings (RP) (Aug. 6, 2019) at 29. The trial court agreed with the State and excluded
evidence that Delo subsequently pleaded guilty to a lesser offense. The court also noted that issues
relating to the wording of the jury instructions would be addressed at a later time.
During trial, the State presented evidence, including a copy of the original information,
showing that at the time of his failures to appear, Delo was charged with first degree criminal
impersonation, a class C felony. Delo did not object.
Delo submitted jury instructions, asking the trial court to instruct the jury to consider
whether Delo was “charged with, or convicted of a Class C Felony in each count.” Clerk’s Papers
(CP) at 64. The trial court ultimately instructed the jury that to convict Delo of bail jumping under
each count, it must find he “was charged with a class C felony.” CP at 103-05. Delo did not
object.
The State presented several PowerPoint slides during its closing argument, setting forth the
elements of bail jumping and stating that Delo “was charged with a class C felony.” CP at 112-
14. Delo did not object.
The jury found Delo guilty of all three counts of bail jumping. He appeals.
2 53839-3-II
ANALYSIS
I. RECENT CHANGES TO BAIL JUMPING STATUTE
We first address whether Delo’s convictions should be vacated based on recent changes to
the bail jumping statute, RCW 9A.76.170. LAWS OF 2020 ch. 19 § 1. Delo argues that the changes
to RCW 9A.76.170 apply retroactively to his charges because his appeal is not final. This issue
has been recently raised and rejected in State v. Brake, 15 Wn. App. 2d 740, 743, 476 P.3d 1094
(2020).
Delo committed his offenses on January 9, 2018, August 6, 2018, and February 25, 2019.
At that time, former RCW 9A.76.170 (2001) stated, “Any person having been released by court
order or admitted to bail with knowledge of the requirement of a subsequent personal appearance
before any court of this state . . . and who fails to appear . . . is guilty of bail jumping.”
On March 7, 2020, the legislature amended RCW 9A.76.170. LAWS OF 2020, ch. 19, §§
1, 2. The law took effect on June 11, 2020. LAWS OF 2020, ch. 19, §§ 1, 2.
Under the prior law, felony bail jumping required only failure to appear “before any court
of this state.” Former RCW 9A.76.170(1), (3). Under the 2020 law, felony bail jumping requires
a person to “fail[] to appear for trial.” LAWS OF 2020, ch. 19, § 1(1)(a). The legislature also created
a separate section for failure to appear for a court date other than trial and downgraded the crime
to either a gross misdemeanor or no crime at all. RCW 9A.76.190. As part of the new crime of
failure to appear or surrender for a non-trial court date, the State must either prove that the
defendant did not appear and did not move to quash the warrant within thirty days of its issuance
or that the defendant had a prior warrant issued for failing to appear in the case. RCW
9A.76.190(1)(b).
3 53839-3-II
In Brake, we held that because there is no clear legislative intent that the 2020 amendments
to the bail jumping statute apply retroactively, “the version of the statute in effect on the date of .
. . [the] offense is the one that applies.” Brake, 15 Wn. App.2d at 747. Based on Brake, we
conclude former RCW 9A.76.170 applies to Delo’s offenses. We now turn to Delo’s other
contentions.
II. ALLEGED EVIDENTIARY AND INSTRUCTIONAL ERRORS
For the first time on appeal, Delo contends the trial court abused its discretion by allowing
the prosecutor to argue before the jury that Delo was originally charged with a class C felony and
by instructing the jury likewise in the to-convict jury instructions. He argues this evidence was
irrelevant and prejudicial and should have been excluded under ER 401 and ER 403. Delo has not
preserved this issue for review.
A. Legal Principles
We review evidentiary rulings and the decision to exclude evidence for abuse of discretion.
State v. Garcia, 179 Wn.2d 828, 846, 318 P.3d 266 (2014). We also generally review instructional
errors for abuse of discretion. State v. Wilson, 10 Wn. App. 2d 719, 727, 450 P.3d 187 (2019). A
trial court abuses its discretion if its decision is manifestly unreasonable or based upon untenable
grounds or reasons. Id.
Under RAP 2.5(a)(3), a party may not raise an error for the first time on appeal unless it is
a “manifest error affecting a constitutional right.” “[T]o qualify as a claim of manifest error
affecting a constitutional right, the defendant must identify the constitutional error and show that
it actually affected his or her rights at trial.” State v. Lamar, 180 Wn.2d 576, 583, 327 P.3d 46
(2014). ER 401 and 403 are not constitutional rules, thus, defense counsel’s “failure to [object
below] precludes appellate review.” State v. Ramirez, 5 Wn. App. 2d 118, 130, 425 P.3d 534
4 53839-3-II
(2018), review denied, 192 Wn.2d 1026 (2019). “We adopt a strict approach because trial
counsel’s failure to object to the error robs the court of the opportunity to correct the error and
avoid a retrial.” State v. Powell, 166 Wn.2d 73, 82, 206 P.3d 321 (2009).
Likewise, under the invited error doctrine, we will not review an alleged error that the party
has set up at trial. State v. Momah, 167 Wn.2d 140, 153, 217 P.3d 321 (2009). Specifically, a
party may not request an instruction and then later complain on appeal that the instruction was
given. State v. Winings, 126 Wn. App. 75, 89, 107 P.3d 141 (2005).
B. Issue Not Preserved
Here, Delo argues for the first time that under ER 401 and ER 403, the trial court abused
its discretion by admitting evidence that Delo was charged with first degree criminal
impersonation, a class C felony. But nowhere in our record does it show an objection below based
on ER 401 or ER 403 to this evidence. To the contrary, Delo wanted the jury to determine whether
Delo was “held for, convicted of a class C felony.” RP (Aug. 6, 2019) at 29. A party cannot set
up an error below and then object on appeal. Momah, 167 Wn.2d at 153. The invited error doctrine
prohibits such action as does RAP 2.5(a).
Delo also challenges the to-convict jury instructions regarding bail jumping because the
instructions state that to convict Delo of bail jumping the jury must find he “was charged with a
class C felony.” CP at 103-05. But Delo proposed a jury instruction with similar wording and did
not object on the record to the trial court’s jury instructions. For the same reasons discussed above,
we will not review an alleged error that the party has set up at trial. Momah, 167 Wn.2d at 153.
Because Delo did not object to the challenged evidence or jury instructions below, he may
not raise his objections now for the first time on appeal.
5 53839-3-II
III. SAG ISSUES
In his SAG, Delo contends he was denied a fair trial based on prosecutorial misconduct.
Delo appears to argue that the prosecutor wrongly referred to the first degree criminal
impersonation charge during trial; wrongly charged him with bail jumping because it was “fruit
from the poisonous tree”; used PowerPoint slides during his closing arguments without first
notifying Delo; coerced defense counsel to not allow Delo to testify during trial; and engaged in
vindictive and malicious prosecution and prosecutorial bluffing. SAG at 1.
Regarding the allegation that the prosecutor wrongly referenced the first degree criminal
impersonation charge, that issue has been adequately raised by counsel and will not be reviewed
further. See RAP 10.10(a); State v. Thompson, 169 Wn. App. 436, 492-93, 290 P.3d 996 (2012)
(allegations of error that have been adequately addressed by counsel are not proper matters for a
SAG).
Regarding Delo’s other prosecutorial misconduct contentions involving the prosecutor’s
charging decisions, communication with Delo and defense counsel, and motivations, these
contentions rely on matters not in our record. We cannot consider matters outside our record.
State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 335, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995). “If a defendant wishes to raise
issues on appeal that require evidence or facts not in the existing trial record, the appropriate means
of doing so is through a personal restraint petition.” Id.
Next, Delo alleges ineffective assistance of counsel, speedy trial violation, and multiple
constitutional violations. But Delo fails to apprise us of the nature of these alleged errors. RAP
10.10(c) states, “the appellate court will not consider a defendant’s statement of additional grounds
for review if it does not inform the court of the nature and occurrence of alleged errors.” Delo’s
bare assertions are insufficient. Therefore, we decline to review these issues.
6 53839-3-II
We affirm.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
Veljacic, J.
We concur:
Worswick, J.
Lee, C.J.