Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
May 16, 2017
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 48831-1-II
Respondent,
v.
STEVEN WAYNE TOWER, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
MELNICK, J. — Steven Wayne Tower appeals his conviction for unlawful possession of a
controlled substance—methamphetamine. We conclude that the trial court did not err by denying
Tower’s motion to suppress because the initial stop of Tower and his search incident to arrest were
valid. We do not consider Tower’s pretextual stop argument because it is not preserved. We
affirm.
FACTS
On December 3, 2015, Lewis County Sheriff Deputy Richard VanWyck observed Tower
walking east along the side of a road, State Route 308, in the same direction as the traffic. The
road had two lanes and no sidewalks or shoulders.
VanWyck contacted Tower for violating “Pedestrians on roadways,” RCW 46.61.250.
VanWyck pulled his car over and activated his lights. VanWyck asked Tower for his driver’s
license, but Tower did not have one. Tower told VanWyck his name. VanWyck told Tower he
needed to walk on the other side of the roadway, facing traffic. Tower crossed the road and 48831-1-II
continued walking. Meanwhile, VanWyck returned to his car, ran a warrant check, and learned
that Tower had an active arrest warrant.
VanWyck then recontacted Tower and detained him while dispatch confirmed the warrant.
After dispatch confirmed the warrant, VanWyck arrested Tower and searched him incident to
arrest. VanWyck found a small baggie that had a powdery substance in the right front coin pocket
of Tower’s jeans. The substance field tested positive for methamphetamine.
The State charged Tower with unlawful possession of a controlled substance—
methamphetamine.
Tower moved to suppress the methamphetamine discovered by VanWyck because the
deputy seized the evidence pursuant to a warrantless search and seizure and without reasonable
suspicion.
After a suppression hearing, the trial court denied Tower’s motion to suppress and entered
findings of fact and conclusions of law. The trial court concluded that the stop of Tower was valid
because he committed a traffic infraction, and the identification, detention, and arrest by VanWyck
were justified. The trial court also concluded that VanWyck’s discovery of methamphetamine
resulted from a valid search incident to arrest.
After a trial, the jury found Tower guilty of unlawful possession of a controlled
substance— methamphetamine. Tower appeals.
ANALYSIS
I. MOTION TO SUPPRESS
Tower argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress because
VanWyck’s initial stop was pretextual under State v. Ladson, 138 Wn.2d 343, 349, 979 P.2d 833
(1999). Tower claims VanWyck violated his state and federal constitutional rights because the
2 48831-1-II
search and seizure were without lawful authority. Tower assigns error to finding of fact 1.5 and
all of the trial court’s conclusions of law. He argues that finding of fact 1.5 is not supported by
substantial evidence.
We conclude that the trial court did not err by denying Tower’s motion to suppress because
the initial stop was lawful and thus, the subsequent arrest and search incident to arrest were lawful.
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a trial court’s denial of a suppression motion in two parts. State v. Lohr, 164
Wn. App. 414, 418, 263 P.3d 1287 (2011). We first review whether the trial court’s findings of
fact are supported by substantial evidence and whether the findings support the court’s conclusions
of law. Lohr, 164 Wn. App. at 418. Substantial evidence is evidence sufficient to convince a
reasonable person of the truth of the trial court’s finding. Lohr, 164 Wn. App. at 418.
Unchallenged findings of fact are verities on appeal. Lohr, 164 Wn. App. at 418. We defer to the
fact finder on issues of conflicting testimony, witness credibility, and persuasiveness of the
evidence. Lohr, 164 Wn. App. at 418. We review the trial court’s conclusions of law de novo.
Lohr, 164 Wn. App. at 418.
B. SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTS CHALLENGED FINDING OF FACT
Tower challenges finding of fact 1.5 which stated, “Deputy VanWyck knew that it was
illegal for a person to be walking along the side of the road in the same direction as traffic.
According to Deputy VanWyck, a person is to walk along the side of the road facing traffic.”
Clerk’s Papers at 14.
At the suppression hearing VanWyck testified that he contacted Tower to identify him and
to advise him he needed to walk on the other side of the road, facing traffic. We conclude that
substantial evidence supports this finding of fact.
3 48831-1-II
C. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW SUPPORTED BY FINDINGS OF FACT
Next, we consider whether the challenged conclusions of law are supported by the findings
and whether the trial court erred by denying Tower’s motion to suppress.
1. Initial Stop
Tower argues that VanWyck’s initial stop was unlawful because he did not commit a traffic
infraction and the stop was pretextual for running a warrant check. We disagree.
First, we determine whether the trial court erred by concluding Tower committed a traffic
infraction. RCW 46.61.250(2) states:
Where sidewalks are not provided any pedestrian walking or otherwise moving along and upon a highway shall, when practicable, walk or move only on the left side of the roadway or its shoulder facing traffic which may approach from the opposite direction and upon meeting an oncoming vehicle shall move clear of the roadway.
Pedestrian offenses are designated as traffic offenses. RCW 46.61.230. In addition, “Whenever
any person is stopped for a traffic infraction, the officer may detain that person for a reasonable
period of time necessary to identify the person, check for outstanding warrants, . . . and complete
and issue a notice of traffic infraction.” RCW 46.61.021(2)
Tower cites to Stutz v. Moody, 3 Wn. App. 457, 459, 476 P.2d 548 (1970), to support his
argument that he did not commit a traffic offense by walking with the flow of traffic because he
was only required to do so when practicable. In Stutz, a boy was walking on the shoulder of a road
when Moody’s car struck him from behind. 3 Wn. App. at 458. The boy had been walking with
traffic and had his back to oncoming vehicles. Stutz, 3 Wn. App. at 458. In this civil case the
court concluded that the statute did not create a mandatory requirement that pedestrians always
walk on the shoulder facing oncoming traffic. Stutz, 3 Wn. App. at 459. The court reasoned that
the words “when practicable” referred to the existence of some “circumstances where it might be
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Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
May 16, 2017
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 48831-1-II
Respondent,
v.
STEVEN WAYNE TOWER, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
MELNICK, J. — Steven Wayne Tower appeals his conviction for unlawful possession of a
controlled substance—methamphetamine. We conclude that the trial court did not err by denying
Tower’s motion to suppress because the initial stop of Tower and his search incident to arrest were
valid. We do not consider Tower’s pretextual stop argument because it is not preserved. We
affirm.
FACTS
On December 3, 2015, Lewis County Sheriff Deputy Richard VanWyck observed Tower
walking east along the side of a road, State Route 308, in the same direction as the traffic. The
road had two lanes and no sidewalks or shoulders.
VanWyck contacted Tower for violating “Pedestrians on roadways,” RCW 46.61.250.
VanWyck pulled his car over and activated his lights. VanWyck asked Tower for his driver’s
license, but Tower did not have one. Tower told VanWyck his name. VanWyck told Tower he
needed to walk on the other side of the roadway, facing traffic. Tower crossed the road and 48831-1-II
continued walking. Meanwhile, VanWyck returned to his car, ran a warrant check, and learned
that Tower had an active arrest warrant.
VanWyck then recontacted Tower and detained him while dispatch confirmed the warrant.
After dispatch confirmed the warrant, VanWyck arrested Tower and searched him incident to
arrest. VanWyck found a small baggie that had a powdery substance in the right front coin pocket
of Tower’s jeans. The substance field tested positive for methamphetamine.
The State charged Tower with unlawful possession of a controlled substance—
methamphetamine.
Tower moved to suppress the methamphetamine discovered by VanWyck because the
deputy seized the evidence pursuant to a warrantless search and seizure and without reasonable
suspicion.
After a suppression hearing, the trial court denied Tower’s motion to suppress and entered
findings of fact and conclusions of law. The trial court concluded that the stop of Tower was valid
because he committed a traffic infraction, and the identification, detention, and arrest by VanWyck
were justified. The trial court also concluded that VanWyck’s discovery of methamphetamine
resulted from a valid search incident to arrest.
After a trial, the jury found Tower guilty of unlawful possession of a controlled
substance— methamphetamine. Tower appeals.
ANALYSIS
I. MOTION TO SUPPRESS
Tower argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress because
VanWyck’s initial stop was pretextual under State v. Ladson, 138 Wn.2d 343, 349, 979 P.2d 833
(1999). Tower claims VanWyck violated his state and federal constitutional rights because the
2 48831-1-II
search and seizure were without lawful authority. Tower assigns error to finding of fact 1.5 and
all of the trial court’s conclusions of law. He argues that finding of fact 1.5 is not supported by
substantial evidence.
We conclude that the trial court did not err by denying Tower’s motion to suppress because
the initial stop was lawful and thus, the subsequent arrest and search incident to arrest were lawful.
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a trial court’s denial of a suppression motion in two parts. State v. Lohr, 164
Wn. App. 414, 418, 263 P.3d 1287 (2011). We first review whether the trial court’s findings of
fact are supported by substantial evidence and whether the findings support the court’s conclusions
of law. Lohr, 164 Wn. App. at 418. Substantial evidence is evidence sufficient to convince a
reasonable person of the truth of the trial court’s finding. Lohr, 164 Wn. App. at 418.
Unchallenged findings of fact are verities on appeal. Lohr, 164 Wn. App. at 418. We defer to the
fact finder on issues of conflicting testimony, witness credibility, and persuasiveness of the
evidence. Lohr, 164 Wn. App. at 418. We review the trial court’s conclusions of law de novo.
Lohr, 164 Wn. App. at 418.
B. SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTS CHALLENGED FINDING OF FACT
Tower challenges finding of fact 1.5 which stated, “Deputy VanWyck knew that it was
illegal for a person to be walking along the side of the road in the same direction as traffic.
According to Deputy VanWyck, a person is to walk along the side of the road facing traffic.”
Clerk’s Papers at 14.
At the suppression hearing VanWyck testified that he contacted Tower to identify him and
to advise him he needed to walk on the other side of the road, facing traffic. We conclude that
substantial evidence supports this finding of fact.
3 48831-1-II
C. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW SUPPORTED BY FINDINGS OF FACT
Next, we consider whether the challenged conclusions of law are supported by the findings
and whether the trial court erred by denying Tower’s motion to suppress.
1. Initial Stop
Tower argues that VanWyck’s initial stop was unlawful because he did not commit a traffic
infraction and the stop was pretextual for running a warrant check. We disagree.
First, we determine whether the trial court erred by concluding Tower committed a traffic
infraction. RCW 46.61.250(2) states:
Where sidewalks are not provided any pedestrian walking or otherwise moving along and upon a highway shall, when practicable, walk or move only on the left side of the roadway or its shoulder facing traffic which may approach from the opposite direction and upon meeting an oncoming vehicle shall move clear of the roadway.
Pedestrian offenses are designated as traffic offenses. RCW 46.61.230. In addition, “Whenever
any person is stopped for a traffic infraction, the officer may detain that person for a reasonable
period of time necessary to identify the person, check for outstanding warrants, . . . and complete
and issue a notice of traffic infraction.” RCW 46.61.021(2)
Tower cites to Stutz v. Moody, 3 Wn. App. 457, 459, 476 P.2d 548 (1970), to support his
argument that he did not commit a traffic offense by walking with the flow of traffic because he
was only required to do so when practicable. In Stutz, a boy was walking on the shoulder of a road
when Moody’s car struck him from behind. 3 Wn. App. at 458. The boy had been walking with
traffic and had his back to oncoming vehicles. Stutz, 3 Wn. App. at 458. In this civil case the
court concluded that the statute did not create a mandatory requirement that pedestrians always
walk on the shoulder facing oncoming traffic. Stutz, 3 Wn. App. at 459. The court reasoned that
the words “when practicable” referred to the existence of some “circumstances where it might be
4 48831-1-II
more dangerous to walk on the left side of the highway facing oncoming traffic.” Stutz, 3 Wn.
App. at 459. However, whether it was practicable for someone to walk on the side of the road
facing traffic is a question of fact for the trier of fact. Stutz, 3 Wn. App. at 459.
Here, no evidence existed that it would be impracticable for Tower to have walked facing
the oncoming traffic. In fact, after VanWyck told Tower to walk on the other side of the road,
Tower proceeded to do so. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err by concluding
Tower committed an infraction. More precisely, we conclude that VanWyck had probable cause
to believe that Tower committed a traffic infraction,
Second, conclusion of law 2.1 stated VanWyck conducted a valid stop of Tower. Tower
did not argue that the stop was pretextual before the trial court. A party generally waives the right
to appeal an error absent an objection before the trial court. RAP 2.5(a). A purpose of the rule is
to allow the trial court to correct any error called to its attention, thus avoiding needless appeals
and retrials. State v. O’Hara, 167 Wn.2d 91, 98, 217 P.3d 756 (2009). In addition, the State may
have presented other evidence to counter an argument that the stop was pretexual and thus
unlawful. Accordingly, we do not consider whether the stop was pretextual because Tower did
not preserve the issue for appeal.
We conclude that the trial court’s conclusion that the initial stop was lawful was supported
by its findings of fact. Consequently, the trial court did not err in denying Tower’s motion to
suppress.
5 48831-1-II
2. Search Incident to Arrest
Tower argues that because the initial stop by VanWyck was unlawful, the search incident
to arrest was also unlawful. We disagree.
As previously discussed, VanWyck lawfully stopped Tower. Therefore, we examine
whether the subsequent warrantless search was lawful. The trial court concluded that VanWyck’s
discovery of methamphetamine followed a lawful search incident to an arrest. A warrantless
search is per se unreasonable, unless it fits within one of the “‘jealously and carefully drawn
exceptions.’” State v. Hendrickson, 129 Wn.2d 61, 70, 917 P.2d 563 (1996) (internal quotation
marks omitted) (quoting State v. Houser, 95 Wn.2d 143, 149, 622 P.2d 1218 (1980)). “These
exceptions include exigent circumstances, consent, searches incident to a valid arrest, inventory
searches, the plain view doctrine, and Terry[1] investigative stops.” York v. Wahkiakum Sch. Dist.
No. 200, 163 Wn.2d 297, 310, 178 P.3d 995 (2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). The State
bears the burden of showing that the search and seizure was supported by a warrant or an exception
to the warrant requirement. Hendrickson, 129 Wn.2d at 71. The fruits of an unconstitutional
search and seizure must be suppressed. Ladson, 138 Wn.2d at 359.
Here, VanWyck discovered an arrest warrant for Tower. VanWyck arrested Tower
pursuant to that warrant. Then, incident to the arrest, VanWyck searched Tower. Searches
incident to an arrest are a recognized exception to the warrant requirement. Therefore, the trial
court’s conclusions of law are supported by and flow from the findings of fact. The court did not
err in denying the suppression motion.
1 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968).
6 48831-1-II
We affirm.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
Melnick, J.
We concur:
Johanson, P.J.
Sutton, J.