IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 77856-1 -I ) Respondent, ) DIVISION ONE
v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) SEBASTIAN MARCUS GUAJARDO, ) Appellant. ) FILED: September 23, 2019 ________________________________________________________________________________________ )
ANDRUS, J. — Sebastian Guajardo appeals his convictions and sentence for
second degree murder and unlawful possession of a firearm. First, he challenges
the trial court’s disqualification of two prospective jurors. Second, he contends that
his life sentence imposed under the Persistent Offender Accountability Act (POAA)
violates the state and federal constitutional prohibitions on cruel and unusual
punishment because he committed his first two strike offenses while a young man.
Finally, he challenges the $100 DNA collection fee.
We affirm Guajardo’s convictions and sentence but remand for a ministerial
order striking the $100 DNA collection fee under State v. Ramirez, 191 Wn.2d 732,
426 P.3d 714 (2018). No. 77856-1-1-1/2
FACTS
The State charged Guajardo with second degree murder and first degree
unlawful possession of a firearm. The State alleged that Guajardo shot and killed
Jesse Arabos Dacanay whom Guajardo suspected had stolen a friend’s car, It
also alleged that Guajardo had a 2000 conviction for assault in the first degree for
stabbing a girlfriend in the abdomen with a knife, and a 2001 conviction for assault
in the first degree with a firearm enhancement for shooting at three people, hitting
two of them in the process. The State indicated that these convictions were strike
offenses, and a conviction for murder would constitute a third strike, requiring that
Guajardo be sentenced to life without the possibility of parole.
During jury selection, the State notified the trial court that two prospective
jurors, Juror 33 and Juror 42, had indicated that they had prior felony convictions.
The State did not know the context of the convictions or if the jurors’ civil rights had
been restored. Guajardo’s counsel asked the trial court to confirm with each that
they had a felony conviction and that their rights had been restored. The trial court
agreed to this procedure.
When questioned, Juror 33 confirmed that he had previously pleaded guilty
to “third degree burglary at 17 years old, [had] several drug possessions, [had
participated in] drug court, [and had] multiple DUIs.” He indicated that “[a] couple
of the drug offenses and the burglary” were felony offenses. The trial court asked
Juror 33 if he had “gone back to court or had a court expunge or address those
[felonies] since conviction?” Juror 33 answered “no.” The trial court dismissed
Juror 33:
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I think per juror qualifications under state law here, you can’t be a convicted felon, unless you’ve actually gone through a court process of having those taken off your record. So as to your ability to serve on this jury, you would not be able to serve, so I’m going to excuse you from service on this case from service in general here today. —
Guajardo did not object to the dismissal of Juror 33.
The trial court also questioned Juror 42, who indicated that he had a
conviction for felony drug possession from 1998 or 1999. The trial court again
inquired if Juror 42 had “taken any steps to have that [felony] expunged or to have
[his] civil rights restored?” Like Juror 33, Juror 42 answered “no.” The trial court
similarly dismissed Juror 42:
I’m sorry, there’s confusion, but per Washington State law, there’s a list of what jury qualifications are, and one of the disqualifying factors is if one has been convicted of a felony and hasn’t had their civil rights restored.
So what that means is that you right now as you sit are not qualified to serve as a juror on our case.
And entirely your call, but you can take steps if you like at some point to have your civil rights restored.
Guajardo did not object to the dismissal of Juror 42.
The jury convicted Guajardo as charged and returned a special verdict,
finding that Guajardo was armed with a firearm at the time he committed the
murder.
At Guajardo’s sentencing hearing, the State argued that Guajardo was a
persistent offender under RCW 9.94A.030(38)1 and that the sentencing court was
RCW 9.94A.030 defines “persistent offender” as someone who has been convicted in Washington of any felony considered a “most serious offense” and has, before the commission of that offense, been convicted on at least two separate occasions of felonies considered to be “most serious offenses.” This is commonly known as “three strikes.” State v. Thorne, 129 Wn.2d 736, 746, 921 P.2d 514 (1996). -3- No. 77856-1-1-1/4
obligated to impose a sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of
parole. To prove Guajardo’s prior convictions, the State presented certified copies
of Guajardo’s 2000 and 2001 judgments and sentences, the underlying crimes of
both qualifying as “most serious offenses” under RCW 9.94A.030(33). The State
also presented copies of Guajardo’s booking photos from each arrest to verify that
each conviction was for the same individual. It then called Cynthia Zeller, a
fingerprint expert and trainer with the King County Automated Fingerprint
Identification System (AFIS), to testify that Guajardo’s fingerprint cards from his
2000 and 2001 convictions matched the fingerprints ZeIler took of Guajardo in
conjunction with the murder trial and that Guajardo’s AFIS identification numbers
on each card also matched. Guajardo’s counsel neither questioned Zeller nor
objected to her testimony. Based on this evidence, the trial court found that
Guajardo had two prior most serious offense convictions and that he was a
persistent offender for purposes of sentencing under RCW 9.94A.570.
Guajardo acknowledged that if the statutory criteria were met under the
“three strikes” statute, the only sentence available was life without the possibility
of parole and did not dispute the State’s contention that he met the criteria for
“three strikes.” Instead, Guajardo’s counsel asked the court to exercise its
discretion in imposing his sentence. Guajardo’s counsel submitted a summary of
Guajardo’s “social history,” which detailed his turbulent childhood with absentee
parents, physical possible sexual abuse by his brothers, and homelessness by age
15 or 16.
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In imposing Guajardo’s sentence, the court held that it did not have the
discretion to depart from the POAA, but that even if it did, the mandatory life
sentence under the POAA was appropriate in Guajardo’s case, given that the
murder was a “senseless killing.” It sentenced Guajardo to life in prison without
the possibility of parole.2 The sentencing court also imposed a $500 victim penalty
assessment and $100 DNA collection fee.
ANALYSIS
1. Jury Selection
Guajardo argues that the trial court violated his right to random jury
selection when it disqualified Jurors 33 and 42 under RCW 2.36.070(5). We
disagree.
Both the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and article 1,
section 22 of our state constitution guarantee a defendant the right to a fair trial by
an impartial jury. State v. Latham, 100 Wn.2d 59, 62-63, 667 P.2d 56 (1983).
Under our state statutes, members of a jury panel must be randomly selected.
Statev. Roberts, 142 Wn.2d 471,518, 14 P.3d 713(2000). A defendant, however,
has no right to be tried by a particular juror or jury. State v. Williamson, 100 Wn.
App. 248, 255, 996 P.2d 1097 (2000). A defendant must show prejudice to justify
reversal if the jury selection process substantially complied with the applicable
statute or rules. jç~ at 253. We will presume prejudice only if there has been a
material departure from those statutes or rules. We review a trial court’s
2 The sentencing court also imposed a concurrent 54-month sentence for the unlawful
possession of a firearm conviction, as well as a 120-month weapons enhancement added to the life sentence for the murder conviction. -5- No. 77856-1-1-1/6
decision to excuse members of the jury venire for abuse of discretion. Roberts,
142 Wn.2d at 519.
RCW 2.36.070 provides:
A person shall be competent to serve as a juror in the state of Washington unless that person:
(1) Is less than eighteen years of age; (2)Is not a citizen of the United States; (3) Is not a resident of the county in which he or she has been summoned to serve; (4)Is not able to communicate in the English language; or (5) Has been convicted of a felony and has not had his or her civil rights restored (emphasis added).
RCW 2.36.072(4) requires the trial court to excuse a potential juror if the juror
declares that he or she does not meet the qualifications. State v. Marsh, 106 Wn.
App. 801, 806-07, 24 P.3d 1127 (2001) (jurors properly excused based on their
declarations that they were unable to communicate in English).
After reviewing their juror questionnaires and questioning Jurors 33 and 42,
the trial court found—based on the information each provided to the court—that
they were disqualified from jury service because they had been convicted of at
least one felony and had not had their civil rights restored. Guajardo did not object
to either the trial court’s questioning of these two jurors or to its conclusion that
they were disqualified from serving under RCW 2.36.070(5). Generally, objections
relating to a juror’s qualifications must be made in a timely manner to give the trial
court the opportunity to correct the error. See City of Seattle v. Erickson, 188
Wn.2d 721, 728, 398 P.3d 1124 (2017) (in the context of a Batson3 challenge,
~ Batson v. Kentucky, 476 u.s. 79, 106 5. Ct. 1712. 90 L. Ed. 2d 69 (1986).
-6- No. 77856-1-1-117
objection should be raised no later than before any testimony is heard or evidence
admitted).
Even if we assume Guajardo preserved this issue for appeal, he has not
demonstrated that the trial court materially departed from the jury selection statutes
or applicable court rules. And he has failed to demonstrate that the jurors
empaneled as a result of the disqualification of Jurors 33 and 42 were not impartial.
Guajardo relies on State v. Tincidale, 117 Wn.2d 595, 600, 817 P.2d 850
(1991), and Brady v. Fibreboard Corp., 71 Wn. App. 280, 284, 857 P.2d 1094
(1993), to argue that the trial court’s disqualification of the prospective jurors was
a “material departure” from a jury selection statute. Guajardo’s reliance on these
cases is misplaced. In Tinqdale, the Supreme Court concluded that the trial court
materially departed from former RCW 2.36.090, which required the clerk to be
blindfolded and to draw names of prospective jurors from a box in the presence of
a judge or commissioner, and from CrR 6.4(c)(1), when it relied on the clerk to
determine whether three prospective jurors should be removed from the venire
based on their possible acquaintance with the petitioner. 117 Wn.2d at 597-601.
In Brady, two judges, neither of whom were the trial judge, excused 14 prospective
jurors for bias based on answers provided in mailed-in questionnaires without
requiring the jurors to appear to be questioned by the parties or the judge who
actually presided over the trial. 71 Wn. App at 282-84. Division Two of this court
held that this process violated the statutory requirement that there be proof of
actual bias and a determination of such bias by the trial judge. j~ at 284. In both
-7- No. 77856-1-1-1/8
instances, the parties were denied the right to be heard on the question of actual
bias.
These cases are distinguishable because the trial court here did not rely on
others to determine that the jurors were disqualified and did not excuse either juror
until after they were individually questioned about their convictions in open court
in the presence of the parties, both of whom had the opportunity to be heard on
the manner in which the trial court questioned the jurors and the ultimate
qualifications of each juror to serve.
State v. Phillips is more analogous. In Phillips, our Supreme Court upheld
the trial court’s disqualification of a juror who stated he was unsure if he was a
United States citizen. 65 Wash. 324, 326, 118 P.43 (1911). Phillips challenged
the juror’s disqualification, but the Court held that “[t]he citizenship of the juror was
sufficiently doubtful to justify the trial judge in sustaining the challenge.” ki. Here,
the trial court similarly had reason to doubt that Jurors 33 and 42 had had their civil
rights restored. Both indicated on the record that their respective felonies had not
been expunged and to their knowledge, their civil rights had not been restored.
Based on this record, it is unclear what else the trial court could have done to
eliminate the doubt as to their qualifications.
Guajardo argues that the trial court erroneously stated that offenders who
had not asked to have their civil rights restored were not qualified to sit as jurors.
This statement, he contends, is an incorrect statement of the law and constitutes
a “material departure” from “our state’s law governing jury selection.” He does not,
however, identify any jury selection statute from which the trial court departed.
-8- No. 77856-1-1-1/9
Under RCW 9.94A.637(5), a person convicted of a felony is deemed to have
their civil rights restored when they receive a certificate of discharge from the
Department of Corrections (DCC) under RCW 9.94A.637(1)(a) or a certificate of
discharge from the sentencing court under RCW 9.94A.637(1)(b) or (c). If an
offender completes all requirements of a sentence while in custody or under DCC
supervision, the Department must issue a certificate of discharge, and the offender
need not take any action. If, however, the offender fails to complete the sentence
requirements or is not under DCC supervision at the time of completion, the
offender is responsible for providing the sentencing court with verification that they
have completed the sentence requirements. RCW 9.94A.637(1)(c). There are
circumstances in which an offender does bear responsibility for seeking a
restoration of his civil rights, but Guajardo correctly notes that it is not required in
all circumstances.
But to the extent the trial court incorrectly implied that an offender’s civil
rights cannot be restored absent action on their part, RCW 9.94A.637 is
nevertheless clear that an offender should receive notice that his rights have been
restored, either from the DCC or from the sentencing court. If a prospective juror
states that he is not aware of having his civil rights restored, as was the case with
Jurors 33 and 42, then it was reasonable for the trial court to conclude that
restoration had not in fact occurred. In this case, like in Phillips, the trial court
properly relied on the prospective jurors’ answers to its inquiries about their prior
felonies and had sufficient doubt as to their qualifications to justify disqualification.
-9- No. 77856-1-1-1/10
Moreover, a defendant ‘has no right to be tried by a particular juror or by a
particular jury.” Williamson, 100 Wn. App. at 253-54 (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting State v. Gentry, 125 Wn.2d 570, 615, 888 P.2d 1105 (1995)).
Guajardo has failed to establish that the jury that was ultimately empaneled was
not randomly selected, fair, or impartial. We presume the jurors chosen to replace
the ones rejected were impartial jurors. Phillips, 65 Wash. at 327. There is nothing
in the record to suggest otherwise. Because Guajardo was not entitled to be tried
by Juror 33 or Juror 42 and because he was ultimately tried by a jury deemed to
be impartial, he cannot establish a violation of his constitutional right to an impartial
jury.
Finally, Guajardo asserts that the trial court’s disqualification of Jurors 33
and 42 violated the jurors’ equal protection rights.4 We reject this argument as
well.
The constitutional right to equal protection of the law requires that similarly
situated persons receive like treatment under the law. State v. Shawn P., 122
Wn.2d 553, 559-60, 859 P.2d 1220 (1993). But states may constitutionally
prescribe qualifications for theirjurors and a court may permissibly discharge jurors
who do not meet these statutory qualifications. Marsh, 106 Wn. App. at 807-08.
Guajardo does not challenge the validity of the felony disqualification provision in
RCW 2.36.070; instead, he contends that the trial court’s interpretation of that
‘~ Guajardo asserts that he has third party standing to raise the constitutional rights of prospective jurors under State v. Burch, 65 Wn. App. 828, 837, 830 P.2d 357 (1992). The State does not respond to Guajardo’s standing argument so we decline to reach this issue. We note, however, that it is arguable whether Guajardo can meet the three part test for third-party standing ofPowersv. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400, 415, 111 S. Ct. 1364, 1373, 113 L. Ed. 2d 411 (1991), when the challenge does not relate to the State’s alleged discriminatory use of peremptory challenges. - 10- No. 77856-1-I-I/li
provision resulted in prospective jurors being disqualified from jury service solely
because they had not proactively sought reinstatement of their civil rights. A denial
of equal protection may occur when a valid law is administered in a manner that
unjustly discriminates between similarly situated persons. Stone v. Chelan County
Sheriff’s De~’t, 110 Wn.2d 806, 811, 756 P.2d 736 (1988). But the unequal
enforcement of a statute will violate equal protection rights only if deliberately or
purposefully based on an unjustifiable standard such as race, religion or other
arbitrary grounds. j~ The disparate treatment must be the result of intentional or
purposeful discrimination. State v. Osman, 157 Wn.2d 474, 484, 139 P.3d 334
(2006). Guajardo concedes that the rational basis test applies to the trial court’s
decision to exclude Jurors 33 and 42 because the jurors are not members of a
suspect class and the exclusion did not threaten a fundamental right. We review
allegations of constitutional violations de novo. State v. Siers, 174 Wn.2d 269,
273-74, 274 P.3d 358 (2012).
Guajardo argues that the two disqualified jurors belong to a class of
prospective jurors with felony convictions. He contends that there was no rational
basis for the trial court to have treated jurors who have not proactively sought
restoration of their civil rights differently than felons who have done so. Guajardo’s
argument is flawed, however, because it is based on a false premise—that the trial
court rejected these jurors for the sole reason that they had not initiated the
restoration process. The record does not support this characterization of the trial
court’s decision. The trial court informed each juror that they were disqualified
because they had been convicted of a felony and either had not “actually gone
-11 - No. 77856-1-1-1/12
through a court process of having [the conviction] taken off [their] record,” or had
not ‘had [their] civil rights restored.” The trial court was clearly focused on whether
the process had resulted in restoration, not whether the process was initiated by
the prospective juror. There is no evidence in this record that the trial court
deliberately excluded a particular class of prospective jurors just because they had
failed to request the restoration of their rights. Because there is no evidence to
support an assertion of dissimilar treatment of similarly situated jurors, we reject
Guajardo’s equal protection challenge.
2. Challenge to Life Sentence
Guajardo next challenges his life sentence under the POAA, claiming that
his sentence violates the prohibitions on cruel and unusual punishment under the
state and federal constitutions because the first two of his three strikes occurred
when he still had characteristics of youth under State v. O’Dell, 183 Wn.2d 680,
358 P.3d 359 (2015), despite being a legal adult at the time.
Former RCW 9.94A.030 defined a persistent offender as an offender who:
(a)(i) Has been convicted in this state of any felony considered a most serious offense; and (ii) Has, before the commission of the offense . been convicted as an offender on at least two separate . .
occasions, whether in this state or elsewhere, of felonies that under the laws of this state would be considered most serious offenses and would be included in the offender score under RCW 9.9A.525; provided that of the two or more previous convictions, at least one conviction must have occurred before the commission of any of the other most serious offenses for which the offender was previously convicted.
RCW 9.94A.030(38)(a)(i)-(ii). Under former RCW 9.94A.030, any class A felony
was considered a “most serious offense.” RCW 9.94A.030 (2016). Second degree
murder is a class A felony. RCW 9A.32.050. Under RCW 9.94A.570:
- 12- No. 77856-1-1-1/13
Notwithstanding the statutory maximum sentence or any other provision of this chapter, a persistent offender shall be sentenced to a term of total confinement for life without the possibility of release or, when authorized by RCW 10.95.030 for the crime of aggravated murder in the first degree, sentenced to death.
(Emphasis added). Guajardo asserts that the sentencing court had the discretion
to impose a non-POAA sentence and impose a standard range sentence under
the Sentencing Reform Act (SRA) and that it should have done so based on
Guajardo’s young age at the time of his first two strike offenses. But this argument
fails in the face of the clear text of the statute, which says that a persistent offender
“shall be sentenced to a term of total confinement for life.” RCW 9.94A.570
(emphasis added).
Our Supreme Court recently rejected Guajardo’s argument in State v.
Moretti, No. 95263-9 (Wash. Aug. 15, 2019).~ In Moretti, trial courts sentenced
three defendants, Moretti, Nguyen, and Orr, to life without the possibility of parole
under the POAA after the State established that each had committed their first two
offenses while in their early 20s and committed the third offense in their 30s
(Moretti) or 40s (Nguyen and Orr). jç~ slip op. at 2-7. Each division of the court
of appeals affirmed POAA sentences.6
The defendants argued, as Guajardo does here, that article I, section 14 of
the Washington Constitution bars sentences of life in prison without the possibility
of parole for fully developed adult offenders who committed one or more of their
~ http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/952639. pdf. 6 ~ State v. Moretti, No. 47868-4-Il (Wash. Ct. App. Oct. 21, 2017) (unpublished),
https://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/D2%2047868-4-l l%20U npublished%200pinion pdf; State .
v. N~uyen, No. 74962-5-I (Wash. Ct. App. Jan. 16, 2018) (unpublished), https:Ilwww.courts.wa.govlopinions/pdf1749625.pdf; State v. Orr, No. 34729-0-Ill (Wash. Ct. App. April 26, 2018) (unpublished), http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/347290_unp.pdf.
-13- No. 77856-1 -1-1/14
prior strike offenses as young adults over age 18. The Court rejected this
argument. First, it found no national consensus against applying recidivist statutes
to adults who committed prior strike offenses as young adults. ~, slip op. at 11.
Second, it found no showing of any reduced culpability. j~, slip op. at 14. The
Court reasoned that the defendants “have not produced any evidence that their
youth contributed to the commission of the instant offenses, or even that youth
contributed to their prior offenses.” j4~ slip op. at 15. Instead, it concluded that
“[t]hese petitioners are fully developed adults who were repeatedly given
opportunities to prove they could change.” slip op. at 16. The Court disagreed
with the assumption that the POAA sentences punished the defendants for crimes
they committed as young adults. jç~ slip op. at 17. “These POAA sentences are
not punishment for the crimes the petitioners committed as young adults because
recidivist statutes do not impose ‘cumulative punishment for prior crimes. The
repetition of criminal conduct aggravates the guilt of the last conviction and justifies
a heavier penalty for the crime.” [.ç~ slip op. at 17 (quoting State v. Lee, 87 Wn.2d
932, 937, 558 P.2d 236 (1976)).
Finally, it determined that the goal of punishing recidivists justified the life
sentence. “Because Moretti, Nguyen, and Orr each committed their third most
serious offense as adults in their 30s and 40s, they have shown that they are part
of this rare group of offenders who are ‘simply unable to bring [their] conduct within
the social norms prescribed by the criminal law.” j~ slip op. at 22 (quoting
Rummel v. Estelle, 445 U.S. 263, 284, 100 S. Ct. 1133,63 L. Ed. 2d 382 (1980)).
- 14- No. 77856-1-1-1/15
Guajardo was 19 when he committed his first strike offense, second degree
assault, and 20 when he committed the second strike offense, first degree assault.7
But he was 35 when convicted of murder in 2016. Although Guajardo presented
an unsworn report from a private investigator describing a turbulent childhood, it
does not explain how, 15 years after committing his second violent felony, his
youth impacted his decision to commit murder at age 35. Moreover, at the time of
the third felony, Guajardo had just served 15 years in prison for his 2001 assault
conviction and was still on community custody for that offense. Ex. 5. As the
Moretti court noted, the POAA “gives offenders a chance to show that they can be
reformed.” Moretti, slip op. at 17. Guajardo presented no such evidence here.
Based on Moretti, we reject Guajardo’s argument that his life sente.nce violates the
prohibitions on cruel and unusual punishment.
Even if the trial court had the discretion to depart from the POAA and impose
a sentence within the SRA standard sentencing range, the trial court stated that
Guajardo’s life sentence without parole “seems appropriate here,” reiterating that
“the sentence in this particular case is appropriate, in light of the history.” Thus,
even if the trial court had the discretion to impose an SRA sentence, we are
unconvinced the trial court would have done so.
3. $100 DNA Collection Fee
Finally, Guajardo challenges the imposition of the $100 DNA fee. The State
agrees that Guajardo’s $100 DNA fee should be stricken under Ramirez.
~ According to the judgment and sentence, Guajardo was born on February 10, 1981.
- 15- No. 77856-1 -1-1/16
Therefore, we affirm Guajardo’s convictions and sentence but remand for a
ministerial order striking the $100 DNA fee.
I WE CONCUR:
-16-