IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON r--1 ---.
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 74415-1-1
Respondent, DIVISION ONE -
V. ^/-1 '.`1'
SEAN THOMPSON O'DELL, UNPUBLISHED
Appellant. FILED: April 17, 2017
Cox, J. — Sean O'Dell appeals his sentence. He previously appealed an
earlier sentence in this same matter and the supreme court remanded for
resentencing. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in following the supreme
court's guidance in O'Dell's earlier appeal. We affirm.
Ten days after his 18th birthday, Sean O'Dell raped a child in the second
degree. Following trial, he requested that the court impose an exceptional
sentence, below the standard range, because of the mitigating effect of his
youth.1 The trial court concluded it could not consider his youth in mitigation,
based on the supreme court's opinion in State v. Ha'mim.2
O'Dell appealed and the supreme court granted review.3 That court
clarified Ha'rnim and held that youth could be considered to the extent it
State v. O'Dell, 183 Wn.2d 680, 685, 358 P.3d 359 (2015).
2 Id.; State v. Ha'mim, 132 Wn.2d 834, 940 P.2d 633(1997).
3 Id. at 686. No. 74415-1-1/2
mitigated the defendant's culpability.4 The court remanded for resentencing.5
Returning to the trial court, O'Dell asked again for a mitigated exceptional
sentence. The trial court analyzed and applied the supreme court's guidance in
this matter. But it denied his request and sentenced him within the standard
range.
O'Dell appeals.
MITIGATED EXCEPTIONAL SENTENCE
O'Dell argues that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to
adequately consider the mitigating effect of youthfulness in sentencing. We
disagree.
RCW 9.94A.535(1) grants a trial court discretion to impose an exceptional
sentence below the standard range if it finds, by a preponderance of the
evidence, mitigating circumstances to do so. The factors it may consider include,
at RCW 9.94A.535(1)(e), "[t]he defendant's capacity to appreciate the
wrongfulness of his or her conduct, or to conform his or her conduct to the
requirements of the law."
The supreme court decided, in O'Dell's earlier appeal, that these factors
permit the trial court to consider the defendant's youthfulness. That decision
guides our review.
4 Id. at 689.
5 Id. at 699.
2 No. 74415-1-1/3
At initial sentencing, O'Dell had asked the trial court to impose a mitigated
exceptional standard based on the RCW 9.94A.535(1)(e)factors.6 Several
members of his family and community testified to his youthfulness and its effect
on his character.7 But the trial court concluded that it could not consider age as a
mitigating factor, based on the supreme court's decision in Ha'mim.8 This court
agreed and affirmed.8
The supreme court reversed, concluding that the trial court had
misinterpreted Ha'mim.16 That decision had barred courts from "impos[ing] an
exceptional sentence automatically on the basis of youth, absent any evidence
that youth in fact diminished a defendant's culpability?" But when the
defendant's youth did in fact mitigate his culpability, it became relevant to the trial
court's consideration of RCW 9.94A.535(1)(e).12
The supreme court analyzed that relevance based on social science
studies relied upon by the United States Supreme Court in recent juvenile
sentencing cases.13 These studies "reveal[ed]fundamental differences between
6 Id. at 685.
7 Id. at 697-98.
8 Id. at 685. 9 Id. at 686-87.
10 Id. at 689.
11 Id. 12 Id. 13 Id. at 695.
3 No. 74415-1-1/4
adolescent and mature brains in the areas of risk and consequence assessment,
impulse control, tendency toward antisocial behaviors, and susceptibility to peer
pressure."14 And these differences could persist past the defendant's 18th
birthday.15
But the court clarified that such factors did not mandate mitigation per
se.16 Rather, the trial court had to consider the defendant's youth in exercising
its sentencing discretion.17 And the defendant had to offer facts showing that
youth impaired his own capability, "since youth does not per se automatically
reduce an adult offender's culpability."18
Thus, we review for abuse of discretion the trial court's consideration of
youth in determining whether to grant a mitigated exceptional sentence.19
Here, the trial court followed the supreme court's instruction in considering
the effect of O'Dell's youth. It first identified the framework within which it would
consider the specific facets of youth noted by the supreme court: risk and
consequence assessment, impulse control, tendency toward antisocial
behaviors, and susceptibility to peer pressure. And it explained that it considered
14 Id. at 692(footnotes omitted). 15 Id. at 695.
16 Id.
17 Id. at 696. 15 Id. at 689. 19 Id. at 699.
4 No. 74415-1-1/5
these factors as they went to O'Dell's capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of
his conduct or to conform his conduct in accordance with that appreciation.
Regarding risk and consequence assessment, the court found that O'Dell
had demonstrated this capability when he hesitated to commit the rape based on
concerns of its illegality. It determined his youthfulness did not deprive him of
impulse control, based on letters and testimony that he was "quite a thinker" and
"thought very carefully" about decisions and solutions. The court also found that
O'Dell had no tendency toward antisocial behaviors, based on the same and
similar letters that showed him to be a good and involved member of his family
and community. And it found nothing in the record to suggest either a
susceptibility to peer pressure or the presence of peer pressure in this matter.
Applying these findings, the court determined that O'Dell was not
immature and, thus, his youth did not justify a mitigated exceptional sentence.
Accordingly, the trial court properly considered the effect of O'Dell's age and
soundly exercised its discretion in denying an exceptional mitigated sentence.
O'Dell makes several further arguments against the specific nature of the
trial court's consideration. First, he argues that the trial court abused its
discretion in comparing the effect of youth on O'Dell with similar effects amongst
peers in his age group. He contends that the court should have compared that
effect on O'Dell with the character of adult offenders. This argument is
unpersuasive.
As discussed above, the supreme court identified certain facets of youth
that differentiate young from adult offenders.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON r--1 ---.
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 74415-1-1
Respondent, DIVISION ONE -
V. ^/-1 '.`1'
SEAN THOMPSON O'DELL, UNPUBLISHED
Appellant. FILED: April 17, 2017
Cox, J. — Sean O'Dell appeals his sentence. He previously appealed an
earlier sentence in this same matter and the supreme court remanded for
resentencing. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in following the supreme
court's guidance in O'Dell's earlier appeal. We affirm.
Ten days after his 18th birthday, Sean O'Dell raped a child in the second
degree. Following trial, he requested that the court impose an exceptional
sentence, below the standard range, because of the mitigating effect of his
youth.1 The trial court concluded it could not consider his youth in mitigation,
based on the supreme court's opinion in State v. Ha'mim.2
O'Dell appealed and the supreme court granted review.3 That court
clarified Ha'rnim and held that youth could be considered to the extent it
State v. O'Dell, 183 Wn.2d 680, 685, 358 P.3d 359 (2015).
2 Id.; State v. Ha'mim, 132 Wn.2d 834, 940 P.2d 633(1997).
3 Id. at 686. No. 74415-1-1/2
mitigated the defendant's culpability.4 The court remanded for resentencing.5
Returning to the trial court, O'Dell asked again for a mitigated exceptional
sentence. The trial court analyzed and applied the supreme court's guidance in
this matter. But it denied his request and sentenced him within the standard
range.
O'Dell appeals.
MITIGATED EXCEPTIONAL SENTENCE
O'Dell argues that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to
adequately consider the mitigating effect of youthfulness in sentencing. We
disagree.
RCW 9.94A.535(1) grants a trial court discretion to impose an exceptional
sentence below the standard range if it finds, by a preponderance of the
evidence, mitigating circumstances to do so. The factors it may consider include,
at RCW 9.94A.535(1)(e), "[t]he defendant's capacity to appreciate the
wrongfulness of his or her conduct, or to conform his or her conduct to the
requirements of the law."
The supreme court decided, in O'Dell's earlier appeal, that these factors
permit the trial court to consider the defendant's youthfulness. That decision
guides our review.
4 Id. at 689.
5 Id. at 699.
2 No. 74415-1-1/3
At initial sentencing, O'Dell had asked the trial court to impose a mitigated
exceptional standard based on the RCW 9.94A.535(1)(e)factors.6 Several
members of his family and community testified to his youthfulness and its effect
on his character.7 But the trial court concluded that it could not consider age as a
mitigating factor, based on the supreme court's decision in Ha'mim.8 This court
agreed and affirmed.8
The supreme court reversed, concluding that the trial court had
misinterpreted Ha'mim.16 That decision had barred courts from "impos[ing] an
exceptional sentence automatically on the basis of youth, absent any evidence
that youth in fact diminished a defendant's culpability?" But when the
defendant's youth did in fact mitigate his culpability, it became relevant to the trial
court's consideration of RCW 9.94A.535(1)(e).12
The supreme court analyzed that relevance based on social science
studies relied upon by the United States Supreme Court in recent juvenile
sentencing cases.13 These studies "reveal[ed]fundamental differences between
6 Id. at 685.
7 Id. at 697-98.
8 Id. at 685. 9 Id. at 686-87.
10 Id. at 689.
11 Id. 12 Id. 13 Id. at 695.
3 No. 74415-1-1/4
adolescent and mature brains in the areas of risk and consequence assessment,
impulse control, tendency toward antisocial behaviors, and susceptibility to peer
pressure."14 And these differences could persist past the defendant's 18th
birthday.15
But the court clarified that such factors did not mandate mitigation per
se.16 Rather, the trial court had to consider the defendant's youth in exercising
its sentencing discretion.17 And the defendant had to offer facts showing that
youth impaired his own capability, "since youth does not per se automatically
reduce an adult offender's culpability."18
Thus, we review for abuse of discretion the trial court's consideration of
youth in determining whether to grant a mitigated exceptional sentence.19
Here, the trial court followed the supreme court's instruction in considering
the effect of O'Dell's youth. It first identified the framework within which it would
consider the specific facets of youth noted by the supreme court: risk and
consequence assessment, impulse control, tendency toward antisocial
behaviors, and susceptibility to peer pressure. And it explained that it considered
14 Id. at 692(footnotes omitted). 15 Id. at 695.
16 Id.
17 Id. at 696. 15 Id. at 689. 19 Id. at 699.
4 No. 74415-1-1/5
these factors as they went to O'Dell's capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of
his conduct or to conform his conduct in accordance with that appreciation.
Regarding risk and consequence assessment, the court found that O'Dell
had demonstrated this capability when he hesitated to commit the rape based on
concerns of its illegality. It determined his youthfulness did not deprive him of
impulse control, based on letters and testimony that he was "quite a thinker" and
"thought very carefully" about decisions and solutions. The court also found that
O'Dell had no tendency toward antisocial behaviors, based on the same and
similar letters that showed him to be a good and involved member of his family
and community. And it found nothing in the record to suggest either a
susceptibility to peer pressure or the presence of peer pressure in this matter.
Applying these findings, the court determined that O'Dell was not
immature and, thus, his youth did not justify a mitigated exceptional sentence.
Accordingly, the trial court properly considered the effect of O'Dell's age and
soundly exercised its discretion in denying an exceptional mitigated sentence.
O'Dell makes several further arguments against the specific nature of the
trial court's consideration. First, he argues that the trial court abused its
discretion in comparing the effect of youth on O'Dell with similar effects amongst
peers in his age group. He contends that the court should have compared that
effect on O'Dell with the character of adult offenders. This argument is
unpersuasive.
As discussed above, the supreme court identified certain facets of youth
that differentiate young from adult offenders. It held that the trial court could
5 No. 74415-1-1/6
• consider these factors to the extent they mitigated the defendant's culpability.
But it also held that age could not dictate a mitigated exceptional sentence per
se. Thus, the court's focus, and that of the cases upon which it relied, remained
on individualizing the defendant's sentence.
Here, the trial court did find that O'Dell was not "immature for his age."2°
But its consideration went much further. It analyzed in depth the various facets
of youth identified by the supreme court. And it considered their effects on
O'Dell's individual decision making in the crime at issue. Its focus remained on
O'Dell, not broad categories of comparison. This is in accord with the supreme
court's instruction. Thus, there was no abuse of discretion here.
Second, O'Dell argues that the trial court improperly and only focused on
O'Dell's capacity to appreciate wrongfulness to the exclusion of youth's other
effects. This argument is also unpersuasive.
Here, as discussed above, the trial court considered numerous facets of
youth as they manifest in O'Dell's character. Thus, the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in this regard.
Third, O'Dell argues that the trial court abused its discretion by not
considering that youth fades and, thus, immature juveniles are uniquely
susceptible to rehabilitation. This argument is unpersuasive.
The supreme court did not discuss the importance of a youth's
rehabilitative potential in considering age under these circumstances. But the
United States Supreme Court cases upon which it relied did so. Those cases
20 Report of Proceedings (Nov. 25, 2015) at 42(emphasis added).
6 No. 74415-1-1/7
took place in dispositively different contexts. Roper v. Simmons21 concerned
imposition of the death penalty on juveniles. Graham v. Florida22 and Miller v.
Alabama23 concerned imposition of life without parole on juveniles. The
permanence of these sentences places special emphasis on the offender's
susceptibility to reform and rehabilitation.
Here, the trial court sentenced O'Dell to 95 months in prison. Unlike the
sentences in Roper, Graham, and Miller, such a term of imprisonment allows for
future release and, thus, does not deny O'Dell the opportunity to rehabilitate.
The trial court referred to that fact in advising O'Dell: "Your life is not over."
Lastly, O'Dell argues that the trial court abused its discretion by relying on
the supreme court dissent in his earlier appeal. Not so.
"[T]he meaning of a majority opinion is not found in a dissenting opinion."24
"[A] dissenting opinion is not law."25
Here, at sentencing, the trial court read from the dissent, not for its legal
analysis, but for its account of undisputed facts in the first sentencing proceeding.
And the majority opinion had suggested that both it and the dissenting justices
disagreed not on the substance of the factual evidence but on its interpretation.26
21 543 U.S. 551, 125 S. Ct. 1183, 161 L. Ed. 2d 1(2005).
22 560 U.S. 48, 130 S. Ct. 2011, 176 L. Ed. 2d 825 (2010).
23 567 U.S. 460, 132 S. Ct. 2455, 183 L. Ed. 2d 407(2012).
24 Cole v. Harveyland, LLC, 163 Wn. App. 199, 207, 258 P.3d 70(2011).
Gen. Constr. Co. v. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 2 of Grant County, 195 Wn. App 25 698, 708, 380 P.3d 636(2016).
26 O'Dell, 183 Wn.2d at 693 n.10.
7 No. 74415-1-1/8
O'Dell does not explain why the trial court could not consider such facts,
incidentally noted in the dissent, when it was not applying any legal analysis
proposed by the dissent. And, more importantly, he does not explain why this
discussion prejudiced the sentencing, given the trial court's extensive further
consideration. Thus, there was no abuse of discretion here.
SENTENCING JUDGE
O'Dell argues that if we remand this case for resentencing, we should
order that further proceedings be conducted by a different judge. We need not
address this request because it is moot.
We affirm the judgment and sentence.
6t7X , J p
WE CONCUR: