FILED FEBRUARY 14, 2019 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) ) No. 35571-3-III Respondent, ) ) v. ) ) SAWNAY TAW, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) Appellant. )
SIDDOWAY, J. — Under former RCW 13.04.030(1)(e)(v) (2009) of the Basic
Juvenile Court Act, the juvenile division of superior court was required to automatically
decline jurisdiction over a juvenile who was charged with a serious violent offense and
certain enumerated violent offenses. In 2016, 16 year old Sawnay Taw robbed and shot
C.P.M. during a drug transaction. The State charged him with first degree assault, first
degree robbery, and conspiracy to commit first degree robbery. The first two of these
charges subjected him to the automatic decline provisions of former RCW 13.04.030(1), No. 35571-3-III State v. Taw
and his case was transferred to adult court. Mr. Taw pleaded guilty in adult court to first
degree robbery and conspiracy to commit first degree robbery. Subsequently, however,
the legislature amended former RCW 13.04.030(1) and removed first degree robbery as
an offense subject to automatic declination. See LAWS OF 2018, ch. 162, § 1.
Mr. Taw contends the juvenile court’s automatic declination of jurisdiction under
former RCW 13.04.030(1) violated his due process rights. He also argues that the
amendment of RCW 13.04.030(1) applies retroactively, requiring reversal of his
convictions and remand to juvenile court. We affirm, holding that automatic declination
of juvenile court jurisdiction did not violate Mr. Taw’s due process rights, and that the
amended statute is not retroactive.
FACTS
On October 8, 2016, Mr. Taw and three friends arranged the purchase of
prescription cough syrup containing codeine from C.P.M, a known dealer. In actuality,
however, they intended to rob C.P.M. instead. Mr. Taw and his friends met C.P.M. in
north Spokane. After C.P.M. showed them four baby bottles filled with cough syrup, Mr.
Taw pulled out a handgun, shot him in the neck, and fled with the four bottles. C.P.M.
survived the shooting and identified his assailant. Mr. Taw was arrested and held in
juvenile detention pending his arraignment.
On October 10, 2016, the Spokane County prosecutor charged Mr. Taw by
information with one count of first degree assault. Because first degree assault is a
2 No. 35571-3-III State v. Taw
serious violent offense (RCW 9.94A.030(46)), his case was automatically transferred to
adult court under former RCW 13.04.030(1)(e)(v). Defense counsel moved for remand
to juvenile court for a decline hearing, arguing that the auto-decline statute violates the
Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution and due process safeguards. The
trial court denied the motion to remand.
In December 2016, the State filed amended charges of first degree assault, first
degree robbery, and conspiracy to commit first degree robbery. First degree robbery was
one of the enumerated serious offenses subject to automatic declination of juvenile court
jurisdiction. Former RCW 13.04.030(1)(e)(v)(C).
Mr. Taw pleaded guilty in July 2017 to first degree robbery and conspiracy to
commit first degree robbery. At sentencing, the trial court considered defense arguments
for an exceptional sentence downward due to Mr. Taw’s youth and immaturity. Evidence
showed that Mr. Taw came from a Burmese refugee family that had moved to the United
States in 2010, he attended English as a second language classes in high school, he was
younger than his chronological age in sophistication and maturity, he had peers whose
values were not in line with his family’s and who induced him to commit the crime, and
he had no prior criminal history. Based on this information, the court found substantial
and compelling reasons to justify an exceptional sentence downward. On August 16,
2017, Mr. Taw was sentenced to the high end of the standard range—54 months—with a
reduced firearm enhancement of 22 months, for a total of 76 months of confinement, with
3 No. 35571-3-III State v. Taw
no community custody. Additionally, the court provided that Mr. Taw would have the
opportunity to serve most of that confinement in juvenile detention:
The Court heard testimony regarding services available to a youth sentenced to serve time at a JRA[1] facility and, based on Mr. Taw’s good behavior and prior amenability to services while in Spokane County Juvenile Detention, the Court supports Mr. Taw remaining in a juvenile facility until 21 if he is deemed eligible and appropriate by JRA and the Department of Corrections.
Clerk’s Papers at 164.
DISCUSSION
Mr. Taw raises two issues on appeal. First, he reprises his pretrial argument that
he was deprived of his substantive and procedural due process rights when he was
automatically declined jurisdiction in juvenile court without a hearing. Second, he
contends the 2018 amendments to RCW 13.04.030, which deleted first degree robbery
from the enumerated crimes subject to automatic decline of juvenile court jurisdiction,
apply retroactively to his case.
Deprivation of Due Process Rights
Recently, the Washington Supreme Court settled Mr. Taw’s first issue in State v.
Watkins, 191 Wn.2d 530, 423 P.3d 830 (2018). The appellant in Watkins was a 16-year-
old charged with first degree burglary who was automatically transferred to adult court
under former RCW 13.04.030(1). Before trial, he objected to the automatic decline of
1 Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration.
4 No. 35571-3-III State v. Taw
juvenile court jurisdiction as a violation of his federal due process rights and as cruel and
unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Watkins noted that there is no constitutional right to be tried in juvenile court or to a
hearing before declination of juvenile court jurisdiction. Id. at 536 (citing State v. Boot,
130 Wn.2d 553, 569-72, 925 P.2d 964 (1996)). The court recognized that recent state
and federal cases emphasize “that juveniles are developmentally different from adults and
that these differences are relevant to juvenile defendants’ constitutional rights.” Id. at
544.
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FILED FEBRUARY 14, 2019 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) ) No. 35571-3-III Respondent, ) ) v. ) ) SAWNAY TAW, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) Appellant. )
SIDDOWAY, J. — Under former RCW 13.04.030(1)(e)(v) (2009) of the Basic
Juvenile Court Act, the juvenile division of superior court was required to automatically
decline jurisdiction over a juvenile who was charged with a serious violent offense and
certain enumerated violent offenses. In 2016, 16 year old Sawnay Taw robbed and shot
C.P.M. during a drug transaction. The State charged him with first degree assault, first
degree robbery, and conspiracy to commit first degree robbery. The first two of these
charges subjected him to the automatic decline provisions of former RCW 13.04.030(1), No. 35571-3-III State v. Taw
and his case was transferred to adult court. Mr. Taw pleaded guilty in adult court to first
degree robbery and conspiracy to commit first degree robbery. Subsequently, however,
the legislature amended former RCW 13.04.030(1) and removed first degree robbery as
an offense subject to automatic declination. See LAWS OF 2018, ch. 162, § 1.
Mr. Taw contends the juvenile court’s automatic declination of jurisdiction under
former RCW 13.04.030(1) violated his due process rights. He also argues that the
amendment of RCW 13.04.030(1) applies retroactively, requiring reversal of his
convictions and remand to juvenile court. We affirm, holding that automatic declination
of juvenile court jurisdiction did not violate Mr. Taw’s due process rights, and that the
amended statute is not retroactive.
FACTS
On October 8, 2016, Mr. Taw and three friends arranged the purchase of
prescription cough syrup containing codeine from C.P.M, a known dealer. In actuality,
however, they intended to rob C.P.M. instead. Mr. Taw and his friends met C.P.M. in
north Spokane. After C.P.M. showed them four baby bottles filled with cough syrup, Mr.
Taw pulled out a handgun, shot him in the neck, and fled with the four bottles. C.P.M.
survived the shooting and identified his assailant. Mr. Taw was arrested and held in
juvenile detention pending his arraignment.
On October 10, 2016, the Spokane County prosecutor charged Mr. Taw by
information with one count of first degree assault. Because first degree assault is a
2 No. 35571-3-III State v. Taw
serious violent offense (RCW 9.94A.030(46)), his case was automatically transferred to
adult court under former RCW 13.04.030(1)(e)(v). Defense counsel moved for remand
to juvenile court for a decline hearing, arguing that the auto-decline statute violates the
Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution and due process safeguards. The
trial court denied the motion to remand.
In December 2016, the State filed amended charges of first degree assault, first
degree robbery, and conspiracy to commit first degree robbery. First degree robbery was
one of the enumerated serious offenses subject to automatic declination of juvenile court
jurisdiction. Former RCW 13.04.030(1)(e)(v)(C).
Mr. Taw pleaded guilty in July 2017 to first degree robbery and conspiracy to
commit first degree robbery. At sentencing, the trial court considered defense arguments
for an exceptional sentence downward due to Mr. Taw’s youth and immaturity. Evidence
showed that Mr. Taw came from a Burmese refugee family that had moved to the United
States in 2010, he attended English as a second language classes in high school, he was
younger than his chronological age in sophistication and maturity, he had peers whose
values were not in line with his family’s and who induced him to commit the crime, and
he had no prior criminal history. Based on this information, the court found substantial
and compelling reasons to justify an exceptional sentence downward. On August 16,
2017, Mr. Taw was sentenced to the high end of the standard range—54 months—with a
reduced firearm enhancement of 22 months, for a total of 76 months of confinement, with
3 No. 35571-3-III State v. Taw
no community custody. Additionally, the court provided that Mr. Taw would have the
opportunity to serve most of that confinement in juvenile detention:
The Court heard testimony regarding services available to a youth sentenced to serve time at a JRA[1] facility and, based on Mr. Taw’s good behavior and prior amenability to services while in Spokane County Juvenile Detention, the Court supports Mr. Taw remaining in a juvenile facility until 21 if he is deemed eligible and appropriate by JRA and the Department of Corrections.
Clerk’s Papers at 164.
DISCUSSION
Mr. Taw raises two issues on appeal. First, he reprises his pretrial argument that
he was deprived of his substantive and procedural due process rights when he was
automatically declined jurisdiction in juvenile court without a hearing. Second, he
contends the 2018 amendments to RCW 13.04.030, which deleted first degree robbery
from the enumerated crimes subject to automatic decline of juvenile court jurisdiction,
apply retroactively to his case.
Deprivation of Due Process Rights
Recently, the Washington Supreme Court settled Mr. Taw’s first issue in State v.
Watkins, 191 Wn.2d 530, 423 P.3d 830 (2018). The appellant in Watkins was a 16-year-
old charged with first degree burglary who was automatically transferred to adult court
under former RCW 13.04.030(1). Before trial, he objected to the automatic decline of
1 Juvenile Rehabilitation Administration.
4 No. 35571-3-III State v. Taw
juvenile court jurisdiction as a violation of his federal due process rights and as cruel and
unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Watkins noted that there is no constitutional right to be tried in juvenile court or to a
hearing before declination of juvenile court jurisdiction. Id. at 536 (citing State v. Boot,
130 Wn.2d 553, 569-72, 925 P.2d 964 (1996)). The court recognized that recent state
and federal cases emphasize “that juveniles are developmentally different from adults and
that these differences are relevant to juvenile defendants’ constitutional rights.” Id. at
544. But trial courts have discretion to consider the mitigating circumstances of youth to
impose any sentence below the applicable range: “Put simply, automatic decline does not
violate a juvenile defendant’s substantive due process right to be punished in accordance
with his or her culpability because adult courts can take into account the ‘mitigating
qualities of youth at sentencing.’” Id. at 544-46 (quoting State v. Houston-Sconiers, 188
Wn.2d 1, 21, 391 P.3d 409 (2017)). The court also held that automatic decline comports
with procedural due process. Id. at 542.
Watkins controls here. Thus, Mr. Taw’s due process claims are without merit.2
Furthermore, the trial court considered the mitigating circumstances of Mr. Taw’s youth
at sentencing and authorized detention in the juvenile facility—precisely the process
contemplated in Watkins.
2 As in Watkins, Mr. Taw does not specifically invoke state due process protections. See Watkins, 191 Wn.2d at 535 n.2.
5 No. 35571-3-III State v. Taw
Retroactivity of the 2018 amendments to RCW 13.04.030
After Mr. Taw’s convictions and sentencing, the Washington Legislature amended
former RCW 13.04.030(1)(e)(v) to remove first degree robbery and several other crimes
from the list of offenses that automatically subject a juvenile to adult court jurisdiction.
LAWS OF 2018, ch. 162, § 1. Mr. Taw contends the 2018 amendments are remedial in
nature and thus should apply retroactively to his case. As a result, he argues, his
judgment and sentence should be reversed and remanded for a decline of jurisdiction
hearing. See In re Pers. Restraint of Dalluge, 152 Wn.2d 772, 783, 100 P.3d 279 (2004)
(Once the juvenile is charged with an offense that does not qualify for automatic adult
court jurisdiction, the adult court loses jurisdiction over the proceedings and the matter
must be remanded to the juvenile court for a decline hearing.).
Generally an amendment to a statute is presumed to apply prospectively unless the
legislature specifically provides for retroactive application or the amendment is curative
or remedial. In re Pers. Restraint of Flint, 174 Wn.2d 539, 546, 277 P.3d 657 (2012).
“A remedial change relates to practices, procedures, or remedies without affecting
substantive or vested rights.” Id. A “right” is a legal consequence, while a “remedy” is a
legal procedure to enforce a right. State v. McClendon, 131 Wn.2d 853, 861, 935 P.2d
1334 (1997).
Nothing in the legislative purpose section of Laws of 2018, chapter 162, indicates
that the amendments are to apply retroactively. The presumption that the amendments
6 No. 35571-3-III State v. Taw
apply prospectively is strengthened by the section’s use of present and future tenses: “AN
ACT Relating to revising conditions under which a person is subject to exclusive adult
jurisdiction and extending juvenile court jurisdiction over serious cases to age twenty-
five.” LAWS OF 2018, ch. 162; McClendon, 131 Wn.2d at 861. The amendment does not
clarify prior ambiguous language and does not relate to a practice, procedure, or remedy.
It merely narrows the scope of juvenile offenders who will be charged automatically in
adult court. Watkins, 191 Wn.2d at 533 n.1. Consequently, the amendments to RCW
13.04.030(1) do not apply retroactively to Mr. Taw’s case. See Watkins, 191 Wn.2d at
533 n.1 (stating in dicta that the amendments to RCW 13.04.030(1) do not apply
retroactively).
CONCLUSION
Following precedent established in Watkins, we hold that Mr. Taw was not
deprived of his substantive or procedural due process rights when he was automatically
declined jurisdiction in juvenile court without a hearing. We also hold that the 2018
amendments to RCW 13.04.030(1) do not apply retroactively. Accordingly, we affirm
Mr. Taw’s convictions in adult court of first degree robbery and conspiracy to commit
first degree robbery.
7 No. 35571-3-III State v. Taw
Affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
_____________________________ Siddoway, J.
WE CONCUR:
_____________________________ _____________________________ Lawrence-Berrey, C.J. Pennell, J.