IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 72024-4-1 Respondent, DIVISION ONE v. UNPUBLISHED OPINION SANDRA JESSIE HIMMELMAN,
Appellant. FILED: September 28, 2015
Appelwick, J. — Himmelman appeals her conviction for trafficking in stolen
property. She asserts that the trial court erred in admitting a statement she made during
a custodial interrogation prior to receiving Miranda1 warnings. She contends that she
would not have been convicted had the statement been excluded. We affirm.
FACTS
In 2012, Sandra Himmelman was remodeling her home. She hired Derryn
VanSickle as a contractor on the project. VanSickle used his own tools. With
Himmelman's permission, he stored these tools in a storage shed on her property.
Himmelman did not store any tools in the shed. In the evenings, VanSickle secured the
shed with a padlock he purchased.
On August 23, 2012, VanSickle arrived at Himmelman's home and discovered that
the storage shed had been vandalized. Its door was ripped offthe hinges, and his tools
were gone. VanSickle confronted Himmelman about the missing tools, and she gave him
three pawn slips that identified the tools that had been in the shed. She told VanSickle
that she had pawned his tools to pay bail for a friend.
1 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 479, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966). No. 72024-4-1/2
VanSickle called the police to report the theft. Officer Todd Bridgman was
dispatched to Himmelman's house to investigate. Officer Bridgman first spoke to
VanSickle, who gave him the pawn slips he had received from Himmelman. Officer
Bridgman then examined the storage shed and determined that it had been forced open.
At that point, Officer Bridgman knocked on Himmelman's door. Himmelman let
him inside her home. The officer informed Himmelman that he was investigating a theft,
and he asked her questions. During this conversation, Officer Bridgman stood about an
arm's length away from Himmelman. He was accompanied by another officer.
Himmelman answered Officer Bridgman's questions. She told him that the tools belonged
to her boyfriend, Ryan Ronstadt, which was why she pawned them.
After questioning Himmelman, Officer Bridgman placed her under arrest and read
her the Miranda warnings. He took her to the police station, where she gave another
statement. Himmelman told the officer that the tools belonged to her friend Derrick, and
she had pawned them for him.
Officer Bridgman continued his investigation by contacting the pawnshops. He
informed two of the pawnshops that the tools had been stolen. Eventually, the Mill Creek
Police Department recovered all of the tools from the pawnshops and returned them to
Vansickle.
Himmelman was charged with two counts of trafficking in stolen property in the
second degree. She moved to suppress the initial statement she made to Officer
Bridgman in her home, claiming that the tools belonged to Ronstadt. The trial court
conducted a CrR 3.5 hearing before trial to determine the admissibility of this statement.
Officer Bridgman testified about the circumstances surrounding his initial questioning of No. 72024-4-1/3
Himmelman. The trial court concluded that Himmelman's statement was admissible,
because she was not in custody until the police arrested her. The court entered written
findings of fact and conclusions of law for the CrR 3.5 hearing.2
At trial, the State presented the three pawn slips for VanSickle's tools. It also called
several witnesses, including VanSickle and Officer Bridgman. Officer Bridgman testified
to Himmelman's initial statements as well as the statement she gave at the police station.
Two pawn shop employees also testified that Himmelman pawned the tools identified on
two of the pawn slips.
2 The trial court made three conclusions of law pertaining to Himmelman's initial statements. It concluded:
4. Court's Conclusions as to Confessions Voluntary and Admissible or Involuntary and Inadmissible With Reasons in Either Case
a. The defendant was neither in custody nor were her movements restricted to the degree associated with formal arrest until the police actually arrested her. There were no facts to show that the defendant was in custody. There were no facts to show that a reasonable person in a same or similar situation to the defendant would feel that they were in custody.
d. No threats or promises were made to the defendant at any time.
e. The initial statements of the defendant and the statements after she was advised of her [Miranda! rights were freely, intelligently, and voluntarily made. As a result the statements are admissible pursuant to CrR 3.5.
Himmelman assigns error to conclusions of law 4(a) and 4(e) so far as they are considered findings of fact. But, Himmelman has not supported this argument by reference to the record or citation to authority. We decline to consider this argument. RAP 10.3(a)(6); Cowiche Canyon Conservancy v. Boslev. 118 Wn.2d 801, 809, 828 P.2d 549 (1992) (declining to consider arguments unsupported by reference to the record or citation to authority). No. 72024-4-1/4
The jury found Himmelman guilty of two counts of trafficking in stolen property in
the second degree. Himmelman appeals.
DISCUSSION
To convict Himmelman of trafficking in stolen property in the second degree, the
State had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that she recklessly trafficked in stolen
property in the state of Washington. RCW 9A.82.055. Himmelman argues that the State
proved the "recklessly" element of the offense by juxtaposing her initial statement to
Officer Bridgman that the tools belonged to Ronstadt with her later statement that the
tools belonged to Derrick. But, she claims that she was subject to a custodial interrogation
when she stated that the tools belonged to Ronstadt, and therefore she was entitled to
Miranda warnings. Because she did not receive the Miranda warnings, she contends that
the trial court erred in admitting this statement. Himmelman further asserts that the
admission of this statement at trial was not harmless error, as the State used it to establish
that she acted recklessly.
When a state agent subjects a suspect to custodial interrogation, Miranda
warnings must be given. 384 U.S. at 467-68; State v. Heritage, 152 Wn.2d 210, 214, 95
P.3d 345 (2004). If police conduct a custodial interrogation without Miranda warnings,
statements made by the suspect during the interrogation must be suppressed. Miranda,
384 U.S. at 479. Whether a person is in "custody" is an objective inquiry: considering all
the circumstances, would a reasonable person feel that her freedom was curtailed to a
degree associated with formal arrest? Heritage. 152 Wn.2d at 218. The defendant must
show some objective facts indicating her freedom of movement was restricted or
curtailed. State v. Lorenz, 152 Wn.2d 22, 36-37, 93 P.3d 133 (2004). We review a trial No. 72024-4-1/5
court's custodial determination de novo. Id. at 36. Statements admitted in violation of
Miranda are subject to harmless error analysis.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 72024-4-1 Respondent, DIVISION ONE v. UNPUBLISHED OPINION SANDRA JESSIE HIMMELMAN,
Appellant. FILED: September 28, 2015
Appelwick, J. — Himmelman appeals her conviction for trafficking in stolen
property. She asserts that the trial court erred in admitting a statement she made during
a custodial interrogation prior to receiving Miranda1 warnings. She contends that she
would not have been convicted had the statement been excluded. We affirm.
FACTS
In 2012, Sandra Himmelman was remodeling her home. She hired Derryn
VanSickle as a contractor on the project. VanSickle used his own tools. With
Himmelman's permission, he stored these tools in a storage shed on her property.
Himmelman did not store any tools in the shed. In the evenings, VanSickle secured the
shed with a padlock he purchased.
On August 23, 2012, VanSickle arrived at Himmelman's home and discovered that
the storage shed had been vandalized. Its door was ripped offthe hinges, and his tools
were gone. VanSickle confronted Himmelman about the missing tools, and she gave him
three pawn slips that identified the tools that had been in the shed. She told VanSickle
that she had pawned his tools to pay bail for a friend.
1 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 479, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966). No. 72024-4-1/2
VanSickle called the police to report the theft. Officer Todd Bridgman was
dispatched to Himmelman's house to investigate. Officer Bridgman first spoke to
VanSickle, who gave him the pawn slips he had received from Himmelman. Officer
Bridgman then examined the storage shed and determined that it had been forced open.
At that point, Officer Bridgman knocked on Himmelman's door. Himmelman let
him inside her home. The officer informed Himmelman that he was investigating a theft,
and he asked her questions. During this conversation, Officer Bridgman stood about an
arm's length away from Himmelman. He was accompanied by another officer.
Himmelman answered Officer Bridgman's questions. She told him that the tools belonged
to her boyfriend, Ryan Ronstadt, which was why she pawned them.
After questioning Himmelman, Officer Bridgman placed her under arrest and read
her the Miranda warnings. He took her to the police station, where she gave another
statement. Himmelman told the officer that the tools belonged to her friend Derrick, and
she had pawned them for him.
Officer Bridgman continued his investigation by contacting the pawnshops. He
informed two of the pawnshops that the tools had been stolen. Eventually, the Mill Creek
Police Department recovered all of the tools from the pawnshops and returned them to
Vansickle.
Himmelman was charged with two counts of trafficking in stolen property in the
second degree. She moved to suppress the initial statement she made to Officer
Bridgman in her home, claiming that the tools belonged to Ronstadt. The trial court
conducted a CrR 3.5 hearing before trial to determine the admissibility of this statement.
Officer Bridgman testified about the circumstances surrounding his initial questioning of No. 72024-4-1/3
Himmelman. The trial court concluded that Himmelman's statement was admissible,
because she was not in custody until the police arrested her. The court entered written
findings of fact and conclusions of law for the CrR 3.5 hearing.2
At trial, the State presented the three pawn slips for VanSickle's tools. It also called
several witnesses, including VanSickle and Officer Bridgman. Officer Bridgman testified
to Himmelman's initial statements as well as the statement she gave at the police station.
Two pawn shop employees also testified that Himmelman pawned the tools identified on
two of the pawn slips.
2 The trial court made three conclusions of law pertaining to Himmelman's initial statements. It concluded:
4. Court's Conclusions as to Confessions Voluntary and Admissible or Involuntary and Inadmissible With Reasons in Either Case
a. The defendant was neither in custody nor were her movements restricted to the degree associated with formal arrest until the police actually arrested her. There were no facts to show that the defendant was in custody. There were no facts to show that a reasonable person in a same or similar situation to the defendant would feel that they were in custody.
d. No threats or promises were made to the defendant at any time.
e. The initial statements of the defendant and the statements after she was advised of her [Miranda! rights were freely, intelligently, and voluntarily made. As a result the statements are admissible pursuant to CrR 3.5.
Himmelman assigns error to conclusions of law 4(a) and 4(e) so far as they are considered findings of fact. But, Himmelman has not supported this argument by reference to the record or citation to authority. We decline to consider this argument. RAP 10.3(a)(6); Cowiche Canyon Conservancy v. Boslev. 118 Wn.2d 801, 809, 828 P.2d 549 (1992) (declining to consider arguments unsupported by reference to the record or citation to authority). No. 72024-4-1/4
The jury found Himmelman guilty of two counts of trafficking in stolen property in
the second degree. Himmelman appeals.
DISCUSSION
To convict Himmelman of trafficking in stolen property in the second degree, the
State had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that she recklessly trafficked in stolen
property in the state of Washington. RCW 9A.82.055. Himmelman argues that the State
proved the "recklessly" element of the offense by juxtaposing her initial statement to
Officer Bridgman that the tools belonged to Ronstadt with her later statement that the
tools belonged to Derrick. But, she claims that she was subject to a custodial interrogation
when she stated that the tools belonged to Ronstadt, and therefore she was entitled to
Miranda warnings. Because she did not receive the Miranda warnings, she contends that
the trial court erred in admitting this statement. Himmelman further asserts that the
admission of this statement at trial was not harmless error, as the State used it to establish
that she acted recklessly.
When a state agent subjects a suspect to custodial interrogation, Miranda
warnings must be given. 384 U.S. at 467-68; State v. Heritage, 152 Wn.2d 210, 214, 95
P.3d 345 (2004). If police conduct a custodial interrogation without Miranda warnings,
statements made by the suspect during the interrogation must be suppressed. Miranda,
384 U.S. at 479. Whether a person is in "custody" is an objective inquiry: considering all
the circumstances, would a reasonable person feel that her freedom was curtailed to a
degree associated with formal arrest? Heritage. 152 Wn.2d at 218. The defendant must
show some objective facts indicating her freedom of movement was restricted or
curtailed. State v. Lorenz, 152 Wn.2d 22, 36-37, 93 P.3d 133 (2004). We review a trial No. 72024-4-1/5
court's custodial determination de novo. Id. at 36. Statements admitted in violation of
Miranda are subject to harmless error analysis. State v. Reuben, 62 Wn. App. 620, 626,
814P.2d 1177(1991).
Himmelman argues the circumstances surrounding her initial statements to Officer
Bridgman illustrate that she was in custody. She claims that Orozco v. Texas, 394 U.S.
324, 89 S. Ct. 1095, 22 L. Ed. 2d 311 (1969) and State v. Dennis, 16 Wn. App. 417, 558
P.2d 297 (1976) are controlling. In both cases, the suspects were found to be subject to
custodial interrogation even though they were in their homes during the time of
questioning. Orozco, 394 U.S. at 326-27; Dennis, 16 Wn. App. at 421-22. But, those
cases presented objective facts indicating that the suspects' freedom of movement was
restricted.
In Orozco, four police officers were let into the suspect's home by another person
in the early hours of the morning. 394 U.S. at 325. Officers entered the suspect's
bedroom and began questioning him. jd. One officer testified that at the time the suspect
was questioned, he was under arrest and not free to leave. Id. at 327. In Dennis, one of
the two suspects let the officer into their shared apartment. 16 Wn. App. at 419. However,
the officer refused to allow the suspects to move freely within their home and implied that
the suspects could either reveal the contraband or he would find it pursuant to a search
warrant. Id. at 422. In both of these cases, the officers created an environment in which
a reasonable person would have felt that his or her freedom was curtailed to a degree
associated with formal arrest. Orozco. 394 U.S. at 327; Dennis, 16 Wn. App. at 422.
But, Officer Bridgman did not create such an environment. The undisputed facts
here indicate that a reasonable person in Himmelman's position would not have felt that No. 72024-4-1/6
his or her freedom was curtailed to a degree associated with formal arrest. Officer
Bridgman entered Himmelman's home peacefully. He knocked on her door and waited
for her to let him inside. He explained about the investigation and asked her questions.
Officer Bridgman never demanded that Himmelman respond to these questions. He
never stopped her from moving to another part of her home. He did not handcuff her or
otherwise restrict her freedom. He did not use force or threaten Himmelman. He did not
tell her she was under arrest, nor did he testify that he considered Himmelman to be under
arrest at that point. Rather, Officer Bridgman placed Himmelman under arrest only after
she made incriminating statements. That Officer Bridgman was accompanied by another
officer, they were both uniformed, and they considered her a suspect do not alone result
in Himmelman being in custody. See Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 495, 97 S. Ct.
711, 50 L. Ed. 2d 714 (1977) (noting that while there will always be coercive aspects when
police officers interview a suspect, that alone does not trigger Miranda). A reasonable
person in this situation would believe that she was free to ask the officer to leave or refuse
to answer his questions. Therefore, we hold that Himmelman was not in custody for
purposes of Miranda, and the trial court did not err by admitting her statements.
Moreover, even if Himmelman's statements were admitted in error, we conclude
that the error was harmless. A constitutional error is harmless if we are convinced beyond
a reasonable doubt that any reasonable jury would have reached the same result absent
the error. State v. Gulov, 104 Wn.2d 412, 425, 705 P.2d 1182 (1985). We look at only
the untainted evidence to determine if the evidence is so overwhelming that it necessarily
leads to a finding of guilt. Id. at 426. No. 72024-4-1/7
Himmelman contends that the State used her statement to Officer Bridgman that
the tools belonged to Ronstadt to establish recklessness, an element of the charged
offense. To convict Himmelman of trafficking in stolen property in the second degree, the
State had to prove that she recklessly trafficked in stolen property. RCW 9A.82.055. A
person acts recklessly "when he or she knows of and disregards a substantial risk that a
wrongful act may occur and his or her disregard of such substantial risk is a gross
deviation from conduct that a reasonable person would exercise in the same situation."
RCW 9A.08.010. Himmelman asserts that the State established recklessness by
juxtaposing her first statement to Officer Bridgman, where she said the tools were
Ronstadt's, with her statement at the police station, where she said they belonged to
Derrick.
But, even without Himmelman's statement claiming the tools belonged to
Ronstadt, the evidence establishes that she acted recklessly. VanSickle testified that he
arrived at Himmelman's home to find his padlock on the shed destroyed and his tools
missing. He further testified that he received pawn slips identifying his stolen tools from
Himmelman herself, who told him she needed the money to pay bail for her friend. The
pawn slips were also admitted intoevidence—pawn slips from three different pawn shops.
Employees from two of these pawn shops testified that Himmelman pawned the tools.
Additionally, the jury heard Officer Bridgman's testimony regarding Himmelman's
statements at the police station. Officer Bridgman testified that Himmelman told him that
the tools belonged to someone named Derrick. She had agreed to pawn the tools for
Derrick, because he was unable to do so himself. Himmelman said that she had known No. 72024-4-1/8
Derrick for around a year, but did not know his last name or phone number, because it is
safer for her not to know much information about her friends.
Himmelman argues without citation to authority that the two unchallenged
statements are not enough, and the third challenged statement was necessary for the
State to prove she acted recklessly. We disagree. Even excluding the statement she
claims i tainted, any reasonable jury could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that
Himmelman was guilty of recklessly trafficking in stolen property. Therefore, even ifthe
statement was erroneously admitted, the error is harmless.
We affirm.
WE CONCUR:
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