Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
February 7, 2017
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 48457-9-II
Respondent,
v.
ROBERT PATRICK JOSEPH HOGAN, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
LEE, J. – Robert Patrick Joseph Hogan appeals his attempting to elude a pursuing police
vehicle conviction. He contends that the trial court erred in denying his request for a lesser
included offense instruction on failure to obey a police officer. We affirm.
FACTS
On August 21, 2015, around 9:00 p.m., Lewis County Sheriff’s Deputy Scott Ferguson
observed a red and white motorcycle enter State Route (SR) 603 without coming to a complete
stop. The motorcycle was approximately 100 yards from Deputy Ferguson. He observed the
driver wore a black helmet. No. 48457-9-II
After the motorcycle entered the roadway without stopping, Deputy Ferguson activated his
emergency lights and attempted to initiate a traffic stop. The deputy observed the motorcycle
rapidly shifting through its gears. Deputy Ferguson attempted to keep up with the motorcycle, but
even while travelling at 90 m.p.h., the deputy could not catch the motorcycle. The speed limit on
SR 603 is 50 m.p.h.
The motorcycle turned onto Shorey Road. Shorey Road is “moderately rural” with “a lot
of houses, a lot of driveways with multiple residences.” 1 Report of Proceedings (RP) at 37. “It’s
fairly narrow. It’s downhill grade . . . with limited visibility in some places.” 1 RP at 39. The
speed limit on Shorey Road is 35 m.p.h. Deputy Ferguson chased the motorcycle on Shorey Road,
with his vehicle’s emergency lights and siren on. Deputy Ferguson could again hear the
motorcycle rapidly shift gears, over the sound of the siren. Deputy Ferguson’s vehicle was
travelling at 100 m.p.h., and he was losing ground on the motorcycle. For safety reasons, Deputy
Ferguson ended his pursuit of the motorcycle after approximately 7 to 10 minutes.
Deputy Jason Mauermann responded as back up in a fully marked Lewis County Sheriff’s
vehicle. Deputy Mauermann spotted a person sitting on a red and white motorcycle at an
intersection facing him with its lights off. The area was primarily residential with a speed limit of
25 m.p.h.
As Deputy Mauermann got closer to the motorcycle, the driver of the motorcycle took off
at a high rate of speed and passed Deputy Mauermann. By the time Deputy Mauermann turned
his vehicle around, the motorcycle had already distanced itself due to its high rate of speed. Deputy
Mauermann observed the motorcycle’s brake lights come on up ahead of him, saw the driver of
the motorcycle turn without signaling, and then lost sight of the motorcycle. Deputy Mauermann
2 No. 48457-9-II
began to check the area’s side roads and soon discovered a red and white motorcycle on its side
with the driver lying beside it. The driver of the motorcycle was Hogan.
The State charged Hogan with attempting to elude a pursuing police vehicle. Hogan
requested a lesser included jury instruction for failure to obey an officer. The trial court denied
the proposed instruction, finding, “legally it applies but factually under the facts of this case, I
agree with the State, it is not close.” 1 RP at 122. The jury found Hogan guilty as charged. Hogan
appeals.
ANALYSIS
Hogan argues that the trial court erred in failing to give a failure to obey a police officer
instruction. We hold that the trial court correctly determined that the evidentiary requisites for a
lesser included offense were not satisfied.
A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES
“A defendant is entitled to an instruction on a lesser included offense if two conditions are
met. First, each of the elements of the lesser offense must be a necessary element of the offense
charged. Second, the evidence in the case must support an inference that the lesser crime was
committed.” State v. Workman, 90 Wn.2d 443, 447-48, 584 P.2d 382 (1978). The first element
of the test is the legal prong, which we review de novo. State v. Boswell, 185 Wn. App. 321, 333,
340 P.3d 971 (2014), review denied, 183 Wn.2d 1005 (2015). The second element of the test is
the factual prong, which we review for an abuse of discretion. Id. “‘Discretion is abused if it is
exercised without tenable grounds or reasons.’” State v. Snedden, 166 Wn. App. 541, 543, 271
P.3d 298 (2012) (quoting State ex rel. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn.2d 12, 26, 482 P.2d 775 (1971)).
3 No. 48457-9-II
The parties do not dispute that the legal prong of the Workman test is satisfied. The
question remaining is whether there was a factual basis for believing that only failure to obey a
police officer was committed. The factual prong is satisfied when there is affirmative evidence
showing that only the lesser crime actually was committed. State v. Porter, 150 Wn.2d 732, 737,
82 P.3d 234 (2004). The chance that the jury might simply disbelieve the State’s evidence is not
enough. State v. Fernandez-Medina, 141 Wn.2d 448, 456, 6 P.3d 1150 (2000).
A person commits the offense of attempting to elude a police vehicle if he or she, “willfully
fails or refuses to immediately bring his or her vehicle to a stop and who drives his or her vehicle
in a reckless manner while attempting to elude a pursuing police vehicle.” RCW 46.61.024(1).
To drive a vehicle “in a reckless manner” for purposes of the attempting to elude statute means
driving in a rash or heedless manner, indifferent to the consequences. State v. Ridgley, 141 Wn.
App. 771, 781, 174 P.3d 105 (2007). A person commits the offense of failure to obey a police
officer if he or she “wilfully fails to stop when requested or signaled to do so by a person reasonably
identifiable as a law enforcement officer.” RCW 46.61.022. The distinguishing element between
the two offenses is driving a vehicle in a reckless manner. A defendant charged with attempting
to elude a pursuing police vehicle is entitled to an instruction on failure to obey a police officer
only if there is affirmative evidence to show that only a failure to obey a police officer was
committed.
B. NO ABUSE OF DISCRETION
Hogan concedes there was sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that he drove in
a reckless manner. However, he argues that the evidence supports an inference that only the lesser
4 No. 48457-9-II
charge of failure to obey a police officer was committed and that the jury should have been the
one to decide which of the two offenses he committed.
Here, the evidence shows Hogan was speeding through residential areas and reaching
speeds over 100 m.p.h. in a 35 m.p.h. zone on a roadway that was narrow, downhill, and with
limited visibility in areas.
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Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
February 7, 2017
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 48457-9-II
Respondent,
v.
ROBERT PATRICK JOSEPH HOGAN, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
LEE, J. – Robert Patrick Joseph Hogan appeals his attempting to elude a pursuing police
vehicle conviction. He contends that the trial court erred in denying his request for a lesser
included offense instruction on failure to obey a police officer. We affirm.
FACTS
On August 21, 2015, around 9:00 p.m., Lewis County Sheriff’s Deputy Scott Ferguson
observed a red and white motorcycle enter State Route (SR) 603 without coming to a complete
stop. The motorcycle was approximately 100 yards from Deputy Ferguson. He observed the
driver wore a black helmet. No. 48457-9-II
After the motorcycle entered the roadway without stopping, Deputy Ferguson activated his
emergency lights and attempted to initiate a traffic stop. The deputy observed the motorcycle
rapidly shifting through its gears. Deputy Ferguson attempted to keep up with the motorcycle, but
even while travelling at 90 m.p.h., the deputy could not catch the motorcycle. The speed limit on
SR 603 is 50 m.p.h.
The motorcycle turned onto Shorey Road. Shorey Road is “moderately rural” with “a lot
of houses, a lot of driveways with multiple residences.” 1 Report of Proceedings (RP) at 37. “It’s
fairly narrow. It’s downhill grade . . . with limited visibility in some places.” 1 RP at 39. The
speed limit on Shorey Road is 35 m.p.h. Deputy Ferguson chased the motorcycle on Shorey Road,
with his vehicle’s emergency lights and siren on. Deputy Ferguson could again hear the
motorcycle rapidly shift gears, over the sound of the siren. Deputy Ferguson’s vehicle was
travelling at 100 m.p.h., and he was losing ground on the motorcycle. For safety reasons, Deputy
Ferguson ended his pursuit of the motorcycle after approximately 7 to 10 minutes.
Deputy Jason Mauermann responded as back up in a fully marked Lewis County Sheriff’s
vehicle. Deputy Mauermann spotted a person sitting on a red and white motorcycle at an
intersection facing him with its lights off. The area was primarily residential with a speed limit of
25 m.p.h.
As Deputy Mauermann got closer to the motorcycle, the driver of the motorcycle took off
at a high rate of speed and passed Deputy Mauermann. By the time Deputy Mauermann turned
his vehicle around, the motorcycle had already distanced itself due to its high rate of speed. Deputy
Mauermann observed the motorcycle’s brake lights come on up ahead of him, saw the driver of
the motorcycle turn without signaling, and then lost sight of the motorcycle. Deputy Mauermann
2 No. 48457-9-II
began to check the area’s side roads and soon discovered a red and white motorcycle on its side
with the driver lying beside it. The driver of the motorcycle was Hogan.
The State charged Hogan with attempting to elude a pursuing police vehicle. Hogan
requested a lesser included jury instruction for failure to obey an officer. The trial court denied
the proposed instruction, finding, “legally it applies but factually under the facts of this case, I
agree with the State, it is not close.” 1 RP at 122. The jury found Hogan guilty as charged. Hogan
appeals.
ANALYSIS
Hogan argues that the trial court erred in failing to give a failure to obey a police officer
instruction. We hold that the trial court correctly determined that the evidentiary requisites for a
lesser included offense were not satisfied.
A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES
“A defendant is entitled to an instruction on a lesser included offense if two conditions are
met. First, each of the elements of the lesser offense must be a necessary element of the offense
charged. Second, the evidence in the case must support an inference that the lesser crime was
committed.” State v. Workman, 90 Wn.2d 443, 447-48, 584 P.2d 382 (1978). The first element
of the test is the legal prong, which we review de novo. State v. Boswell, 185 Wn. App. 321, 333,
340 P.3d 971 (2014), review denied, 183 Wn.2d 1005 (2015). The second element of the test is
the factual prong, which we review for an abuse of discretion. Id. “‘Discretion is abused if it is
exercised without tenable grounds or reasons.’” State v. Snedden, 166 Wn. App. 541, 543, 271
P.3d 298 (2012) (quoting State ex rel. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn.2d 12, 26, 482 P.2d 775 (1971)).
3 No. 48457-9-II
The parties do not dispute that the legal prong of the Workman test is satisfied. The
question remaining is whether there was a factual basis for believing that only failure to obey a
police officer was committed. The factual prong is satisfied when there is affirmative evidence
showing that only the lesser crime actually was committed. State v. Porter, 150 Wn.2d 732, 737,
82 P.3d 234 (2004). The chance that the jury might simply disbelieve the State’s evidence is not
enough. State v. Fernandez-Medina, 141 Wn.2d 448, 456, 6 P.3d 1150 (2000).
A person commits the offense of attempting to elude a police vehicle if he or she, “willfully
fails or refuses to immediately bring his or her vehicle to a stop and who drives his or her vehicle
in a reckless manner while attempting to elude a pursuing police vehicle.” RCW 46.61.024(1).
To drive a vehicle “in a reckless manner” for purposes of the attempting to elude statute means
driving in a rash or heedless manner, indifferent to the consequences. State v. Ridgley, 141 Wn.
App. 771, 781, 174 P.3d 105 (2007). A person commits the offense of failure to obey a police
officer if he or she “wilfully fails to stop when requested or signaled to do so by a person reasonably
identifiable as a law enforcement officer.” RCW 46.61.022. The distinguishing element between
the two offenses is driving a vehicle in a reckless manner. A defendant charged with attempting
to elude a pursuing police vehicle is entitled to an instruction on failure to obey a police officer
only if there is affirmative evidence to show that only a failure to obey a police officer was
committed.
B. NO ABUSE OF DISCRETION
Hogan concedes there was sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to find that he drove in
a reckless manner. However, he argues that the evidence supports an inference that only the lesser
4 No. 48457-9-II
charge of failure to obey a police officer was committed and that the jury should have been the
one to decide which of the two offenses he committed.
Here, the evidence shows Hogan was speeding through residential areas and reaching
speeds over 100 m.p.h. in a 35 m.p.h. zone on a roadway that was narrow, downhill, and with
limited visibility in areas. Deputy Ferguson stopped his pursuit because high speeds were unsafe
in the area. Deputy Mauermann spotted Hogan sitting at an intersection with the motorcycle’s
headlights off. Hogan abruptly took off at a high rate of speed as Deputy Mauermann approached.
The deputy then observed Hogan fail to use a turn signal when turning. Hogan drove so fast in a
25 m.p.h. zone that Deputy Mauermann lost sight of the motorcycle when attempting to pursue it.
These facts show that Hogan was driving in a rash or heedless manner, indifferent to the
consequences. See State v. Young, 158 Wn. App. 707, 723, 243 P.3d 172 (2010), review denied,
171 Wn.2d 1013 (2011) (excessive speeding, swerving, and running a stop sign are sufficient to
establish driving in a rash or heedless manner); see also State v. Hanna, 123 Wn.2d 704, 713, 871
P.2d 135, cert. denied, 513 U.S. 919 (1994) (“the presumed fact of reckless driving more likely
than not flows from the proved fact of Hanna’s excessive speed.”).
The evidence in this case supports the offense of attempting to elude a police officer rather
than solely the offense of failure to obey a police officer. Hogan fails to point to any affirmative
evidence showing that only the lesser crime of failure to obey a police officer was committed. 1
Consequently, we hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it declined to give the lesser
included jury instruction for failure to obey a police officer.
1 Hogan offers only a conclusory statement that “[t]he evidence supports an inference that only the lesser charge of failure to obey an officer was committed.” Br. of Appellant at 6.
5 No. 48457-9-II
We affirm.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
Lee, J. We concur:
Maxa, A.C.J.
Melnick, J.