FILED
JAN. 8,2015
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
W A State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 31988-1-111 ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) PUBLISHED OPINION ) RICARDO 1. RUBIO, ) ) Appellant. )
LAWRENCE-BERREY, J. - Officers from the Spokane police department responded
to a domestic disturbance call and found Ricardo J. Rubio inside the apartment at the
reported address. Police ran a check on Mr. Rubio and discovered three outstanding
warrants for his arrest. While being booked into jail, methamphetamine was found in Mr.
Rubio's sock. Mr. Rubio was convicted of possession ofa controlled substance. In his
appeal, Mr. Rubio contends that the officer unlawfully seized him, considering he was
merely a witness to the reported disturbance. We hold that Mr. Rubio's seizure was
lawful under the exigent circumstances exception, and affirm the order denying his
motion to suppress. No. 31988-1-111 State v. Rubio
FACTS
Spokane Police Department Officer Aaron Kirby responded to a domestic
disturbance call at 1203 W. 5th, Apt. 305, in Spokane. A 911 caller reported that a male
and a female were arguing and that the female was outside yelling about having a
miscarriage and holding her stomach. The fighting was physical. A male was seen
jumping off of the third floor apartment balcony.
Upon arriving, Officer Kirby and other officers did not find anyone outside the
apartment, but heard people moving inside the apartment. The officers knocked on the
door, identified themselves, and stated that they needed to check on the welfare of the
people inside. No one answered. Officer Kirby obtained a key to the apartment and
opened the door to conduct a welfare check. The officers called out to the occupants to
come outside. Other occupants exited the apartment, but Mr. Rubio did not. He remained
in the apartment on a couch. Officer Kirby contacted Mr. Rubio to check on his welfare
and to find out what happened. Officer Kirby requested identification from Mr. Rubio.
Mr. Rubio gave a name, which dispatch identified as an alias for Mr. Rubio. There were
three warrants for Mr. Rubio's arrest.
Officer Kirby arrested Mr. Rubio on the outstanding warrants and transported him
to the Spokane County detention facilities. While conducting intake procedures on Mr.
No. 31988-1-III State v. Rubio
Rubio, Corrections Deputy Richard Blair found two small bags with a white crystal
substance and a syringe in Mr. Rubio's sock. The substance tested positive for
methamphetamine. Mr. Rubio was charged with possession of a controlled substance,
methamphetamine.
A CrR 3.6 suppression hearing was held to determine whether Mr. Rubio was
subject to an unlawful seizure. The trial court found that Officer Kirby seized Mr. Rubio.
However, the trial court concluded, "Officer Kirby's entry into the apartment was
justified by the exigencies and his request for Mr. Rubio's identification was an ordinary,
usual and necessary incident to follow up on a possibly violent domestic violence
situation. Mr. Ricardo Rubio was not subject to an unreasonable seizure. The
methamphetamine was not the fruit of illegal police conduct." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 86.
The court denied Mr. Rubio's motion to suppress.
A bench trial was held, and Mr. Rubio was convicted of possession of a controlled
substance. He appeals, contending that he was unlawfully seized by the arresting officer.
ANALYSIS
"We review the denial of a suppression motion to determine whether substantial
evidence supports the trial court's findings of fact and whether those findings support the
conclusions of law." State v. Carney, 142 Wn. App. 197,201, 174 PJd 142 (2007).
Unchallenged findings are accepted as verities on appeal. State v. Smith, 165 Wn.2d 511,
516, 199 P.3d 386 (2009) (quoting State v. Gaines, 154 Wn.2d 711,716, 116 P.3d 993
(2005)). Whether the facts support the trial court's conclusion is reviewed de novo.
Carney, 142 Wn. App. at 201. Mr. Rubio does not challenge the court's factual findings.
Therefore, we take these facts to be true.
Generally, warrantless searches are unreasonable per se under the Fourth
Amendment to the United States Constitution. State v. Kinzy, 141 Wn.2d 373,384,5
P.3d 668 (2000) (quoting State v. Houser, 95 Wn.2d 143, 149,622 P.2d 1218 (1980)).
However, courts recognize a few carefully drawn exceptions to this rule. Id. The burden
is on the State to prove that a warrantless seizure falls into one of these exceptions. Id.
A recognized exception to the warrant requirement allows police to seize and
search a person without a warrant when justified by "exigent circumstances." Smith, 165
Wn.2d at 517 (citing State v. Cardenas, 146 Wn.2d 400,405,47 PJd 127,57 P.3d 1156
(2002)). An officer is allowed to stop a witness under exigent circumstances when (1) the
officer has reasonable cause to believe that a misdemeanor or felony involving danger or
forcible injury to persons has just been committed near the place where he finds such
person, (2) the officer has reasonable cause to believe that such person has knowledge of
material aid in the investigation of such crime, and (3) such action is reasonably necessary
to obtain or verifY the identification of such person, or to obtain an account of such crime.
State v. Dorey, 145 Wn. App. 423,431,186 P.3d 363 (2008) (quoting American Law
Institute, A Model Code a/Pre-Arraignment Procedure § 11O.0(l)(b) (1975». "The
rationale behind the exigent circumstances exception 'is to permit a warrantless search
where the circumstances are such that obtaining a warrant ... would compromise officer
safety, facilitate escape or permit the destruction of evidence.'" Smith, 165 Wn.2d at 517
(quoting State v. Audley, 77 Wn. App. 897,907,894 P.2d 1359 (1995».
Here, the trial court found that a seizure occurred. This finding is supported by the
record and the State does not assign error to it. Indeed, Officer Kirby testified that Mr.
Rubio was not free to leave. Nevertheless, Officer Kirby's warrantless seizure ofMr.
Rubio was lawful. Officer Kirby's detention of Mr. Rubio was reasonable due to exigent
circumstances, that is, it was imperative that Officer Kirby quickly locate the injured
woman and her assailant. The three-part test of Dorey is satisfied: First, Officer Kirby
had reasonable cause to believe that a crime was just committed at the address involving
injury to a person. Officer Kirby notified the persons in the apartment that he was there
to do a welfare check. Once Officer Kirby unlocked the door, he ordered all the
occupants to exit the apartment. Mr. Rubio did not exit the apartment.
No. 31988-1-111 State v. Rubio
Second, Officer Kirby had reasonable cause to believe that each person who was in
the apartment, including Mr.
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FILED
JAN. 8,2015
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
W A State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 31988-1-111 ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) PUBLISHED OPINION ) RICARDO 1. RUBIO, ) ) Appellant. )
LAWRENCE-BERREY, J. - Officers from the Spokane police department responded
to a domestic disturbance call and found Ricardo J. Rubio inside the apartment at the
reported address. Police ran a check on Mr. Rubio and discovered three outstanding
warrants for his arrest. While being booked into jail, methamphetamine was found in Mr.
Rubio's sock. Mr. Rubio was convicted of possession ofa controlled substance. In his
appeal, Mr. Rubio contends that the officer unlawfully seized him, considering he was
merely a witness to the reported disturbance. We hold that Mr. Rubio's seizure was
lawful under the exigent circumstances exception, and affirm the order denying his
motion to suppress. No. 31988-1-111 State v. Rubio
FACTS
Spokane Police Department Officer Aaron Kirby responded to a domestic
disturbance call at 1203 W. 5th, Apt. 305, in Spokane. A 911 caller reported that a male
and a female were arguing and that the female was outside yelling about having a
miscarriage and holding her stomach. The fighting was physical. A male was seen
jumping off of the third floor apartment balcony.
Upon arriving, Officer Kirby and other officers did not find anyone outside the
apartment, but heard people moving inside the apartment. The officers knocked on the
door, identified themselves, and stated that they needed to check on the welfare of the
people inside. No one answered. Officer Kirby obtained a key to the apartment and
opened the door to conduct a welfare check. The officers called out to the occupants to
come outside. Other occupants exited the apartment, but Mr. Rubio did not. He remained
in the apartment on a couch. Officer Kirby contacted Mr. Rubio to check on his welfare
and to find out what happened. Officer Kirby requested identification from Mr. Rubio.
Mr. Rubio gave a name, which dispatch identified as an alias for Mr. Rubio. There were
three warrants for Mr. Rubio's arrest.
Officer Kirby arrested Mr. Rubio on the outstanding warrants and transported him
to the Spokane County detention facilities. While conducting intake procedures on Mr.
No. 31988-1-III State v. Rubio
Rubio, Corrections Deputy Richard Blair found two small bags with a white crystal
substance and a syringe in Mr. Rubio's sock. The substance tested positive for
methamphetamine. Mr. Rubio was charged with possession of a controlled substance,
methamphetamine.
A CrR 3.6 suppression hearing was held to determine whether Mr. Rubio was
subject to an unlawful seizure. The trial court found that Officer Kirby seized Mr. Rubio.
However, the trial court concluded, "Officer Kirby's entry into the apartment was
justified by the exigencies and his request for Mr. Rubio's identification was an ordinary,
usual and necessary incident to follow up on a possibly violent domestic violence
situation. Mr. Ricardo Rubio was not subject to an unreasonable seizure. The
methamphetamine was not the fruit of illegal police conduct." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 86.
The court denied Mr. Rubio's motion to suppress.
A bench trial was held, and Mr. Rubio was convicted of possession of a controlled
substance. He appeals, contending that he was unlawfully seized by the arresting officer.
ANALYSIS
"We review the denial of a suppression motion to determine whether substantial
evidence supports the trial court's findings of fact and whether those findings support the
conclusions of law." State v. Carney, 142 Wn. App. 197,201, 174 PJd 142 (2007).
Unchallenged findings are accepted as verities on appeal. State v. Smith, 165 Wn.2d 511,
516, 199 P.3d 386 (2009) (quoting State v. Gaines, 154 Wn.2d 711,716, 116 P.3d 993
(2005)). Whether the facts support the trial court's conclusion is reviewed de novo.
Carney, 142 Wn. App. at 201. Mr. Rubio does not challenge the court's factual findings.
Therefore, we take these facts to be true.
Generally, warrantless searches are unreasonable per se under the Fourth
Amendment to the United States Constitution. State v. Kinzy, 141 Wn.2d 373,384,5
P.3d 668 (2000) (quoting State v. Houser, 95 Wn.2d 143, 149,622 P.2d 1218 (1980)).
However, courts recognize a few carefully drawn exceptions to this rule. Id. The burden
is on the State to prove that a warrantless seizure falls into one of these exceptions. Id.
A recognized exception to the warrant requirement allows police to seize and
search a person without a warrant when justified by "exigent circumstances." Smith, 165
Wn.2d at 517 (citing State v. Cardenas, 146 Wn.2d 400,405,47 PJd 127,57 P.3d 1156
(2002)). An officer is allowed to stop a witness under exigent circumstances when (1) the
officer has reasonable cause to believe that a misdemeanor or felony involving danger or
forcible injury to persons has just been committed near the place where he finds such
person, (2) the officer has reasonable cause to believe that such person has knowledge of
material aid in the investigation of such crime, and (3) such action is reasonably necessary
to obtain or verifY the identification of such person, or to obtain an account of such crime.
State v. Dorey, 145 Wn. App. 423,431,186 P.3d 363 (2008) (quoting American Law
Institute, A Model Code a/Pre-Arraignment Procedure § 11O.0(l)(b) (1975». "The
rationale behind the exigent circumstances exception 'is to permit a warrantless search
where the circumstances are such that obtaining a warrant ... would compromise officer
safety, facilitate escape or permit the destruction of evidence.'" Smith, 165 Wn.2d at 517
(quoting State v. Audley, 77 Wn. App. 897,907,894 P.2d 1359 (1995».
Here, the trial court found that a seizure occurred. This finding is supported by the
record and the State does not assign error to it. Indeed, Officer Kirby testified that Mr.
Rubio was not free to leave. Nevertheless, Officer Kirby's warrantless seizure ofMr.
Rubio was lawful. Officer Kirby's detention of Mr. Rubio was reasonable due to exigent
circumstances, that is, it was imperative that Officer Kirby quickly locate the injured
woman and her assailant. The three-part test of Dorey is satisfied: First, Officer Kirby
had reasonable cause to believe that a crime was just committed at the address involving
injury to a person. Officer Kirby notified the persons in the apartment that he was there
to do a welfare check. Once Officer Kirby unlocked the door, he ordered all the
occupants to exit the apartment. Mr. Rubio did not exit the apartment.
No. 31988-1-111 State v. Rubio
Second, Officer Kirby had reasonable cause to believe that each person who was in
the apartment, including Mr. Rubio, had knowledge which would aid in the investigation
of the crime. Indeed, due to the proximity in time and location to the domestic dispute,
this factor is not contestable.
Third, Officer Kirby's request for identification was necessary to determine the
true identity of Mr. Rubio. Running the warrant check was needed to verifY that Mr.
Rubio was the person he claimed to be. Thus, Officer Kirby's seizure ofMr. Rubio was
lawful under the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement.
Mr. Rubio contends that this court should find the seizure unreasonable based on
Carney and Dorey. Similar to Mr. Rubio's case, Carney and Dorey involved situations
where law enforcement's seizure of a witness resulted in an arrest for outstanding
warrants and possession of a controlled substance.
However, Mr. Rubio's reliance on these cases is misplaced. In both Carney and
Dorey, the court found that no exigent circumstances existed to support the initial seizure.
In Carney, the court found that the officer had no reasonable suspicion that Ms. Carney
was involved in the reported criminal activity to support a seizure for exigent
circumstances. Carney, 142 Wn. App. at 204. In Dorey, the court found that stopping
Mr. Dorey was not necessary to aid the deputy's investigation because the deputy had no
reason to believe that a dangerous crime had been committed or that Mr. Dorey had
knowledge to aid in such an investigation. Dorey, 145 Wn. App. at 431-32. Here, as
noted above, exigent circumstances existed. Officer Kirby was responding to a report of
a physical domestic dispute. His response to the call was immediate. Mr. Rubio was
found in the apartment where the reported crime took place. The officer properly
requested Mr. Rubio's identification toward investigating the exigent circumstance.
We affirm the trial court's order denying Mr. Rubio's motion to suppress and
subsequent conviction.
Lawrence-Berrey, J.
WE CONCUR:
Fearing, J.