J T 1_ ED 1, APP ALS
2013NO 19 AM10: 48 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHING , ASH G iOdd I DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 42701 -0 -II
Respondent, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
RAVEN VICTORIA PIERCE,
BJORGEN, J. — Raven Pierce appeals from her convictions for second degree theft and
second degree identity theft. Pierce assigns error to the trial court' s ( 1) admission of testimony
concerning statements Pierce made to a police officer; ( 2) failure to enter the written findings
and conclusions required by CrR 3. 5 until after Pierce had appealed; ( 3) seating of persons on the
jury who had experience with crimes similar to those charged against Pierce; and (4) imposition
of a sentence in excess of the statutory maximum. The State concedes the last error. Because
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the officer' s testimony or seating any
members of the venire, and because Pierce fails to demonstrate prejudice resulting from the
failure to timely enter findings and conclusions, we affirm her convictions. Pierce' s sentence
exceeds the statutory maximum for a class C felony, therefore we remand for either amendment
of the term of community custody or resentencing within the statutory maximum for a class C
felony.
FACTS
Michelle Walker, an acquaintance of Pierce' s, reported the theft of Walker' s food stamp
and government assistance funds for November 2010, along with the electronic balance transfer
EBT) card used to access the funds. Walker discovered that someone had replaced her EBT No. 42701 -0 -II
card with a deactivated EBT card previously issued to Pierce. After obtaining the transaction
history from Walker' s stolen card, Pierce County.Sheriff' s Deputy Dan Hacker viewed video
surveillance images taken from a store where suspicious transactions involving Walker' s funds
had occurred. The images showed a woman matching Pierce' s description using the automatic
teller machine and making purchases in the store at the same time as the suspicious transactions.
Hacker contacted Pierce, advised her of her rights, and questioned her about the incident.
After Pierce denied stealing the funds, Hacker arrested Pierce and transported her to jail. The
State charged Pierce with one count of second degree identity theft, two counts of second degree
theft, and one count of forgery, all class C felonies.
The trial court held a CrR 3. 5 hearing, June 6 and 7, 2011, at which Hacker testified that
Pierce initially denied having used Walker' s EBT card at all, but later admitted to switching the
cards and using Walker' s funds. Pierce testified that she admitted to Hacker from the beginning that she had used Walker' s EBT card, but claimed that she had used it with Walker' s permission.
Pierce also testified that Hacker had sought to elicit statements from her by threatening to also
arrest Pierce' s boyfriend and by promising to book her only on one charge of identity theft.
In an oral ruling, the trial court concluded that " there was probable cause for the arrest,
that Miranda['] rights were given, and [ Pierce] understood them, and that her statements were
made freely and voluntarily to the officer." Report of Proceedings ( RP) at 40 -41. The trial court
did not, however, enter written findings and conclusions until after the filing of Pierce' s opening
brief with this court.
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U. S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 ( 1966). 2 No. 42701 -0 -II
The case was set for a jury trial. During voir dire, a number of venire members revealed
that they, or persons close to them, had been victims of theft, forgery, or identity theft. Some of
these venire members ultimately served on the jury.
The jury convicted Pierce of all the charges except forgery. The trial court sentenced
Pierce to the maximum standard range sentence for each charge, to run concurrently, for a total
of 57 months' incarceration and 12 months' community custody. Pierce timely appeals.
ANALYSIS
In her opening brief, Pierce alleges that ( 1) the trial court' s failure to enter written
findings and conclusions after the CrR 3. 5 hearing constitutes reversible error, and ( 2) the
sentence imposed exceeds the statutory maximum for a class C felony. In her pro se statement of
additional grounds for review ( SAG), RAP 10. 10, Pierce argues that the State should not have
used Hacker' s testimony and that she did not receive a fair trial because ofjuror bias. Because
the juror bias claim, if established, would dispose of the other claims, we turn to it first.
1. JUROR BIAS
In her SAG, Pierce argues that " the judge and attorneys" should not have allowed many
of the jurors to serve because those jurors had personal experiences with the same or similar
crimes. SAG at 1. Although the record contains a verbatim transcript of the voir dire
proceedings, it does not reveal whether Pierce' s counsel challenged any of the allegedly biased
jurors for cause, or how the judge may have ruled on any such challenges. Whether her
argument amounts to a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel or one of erroneous denial by
the trial court of challenges for cause, however, Pierce cannot show any prejudice resulting from
the inclusion of these jurors. Therefore, her claim cannot be sustained.
3 No. 42701 -0 -II
We review a trial court' s denial of a challenge for cause for manifest abuse of discretion.
City of Cheney v. Grunewald, 55 Wn. App. 807, 810, 780 P. 2d 1332 ( 1989) ( citing State v.
Gilcrist, 91 Wn.2d 603, 590 P. 2d 809 ( 1979)). Although we reviews claims of ineffective
assistance de novo, in order to establish such a claim a defendant must show both deficient
performance by defense counsel and prejudice resulting from the deficiency. State v. Sutherby,
165 Wn.2d 870, 883, 204 P. 3d 916 ( 2009); State v. Reichenbach, 153 Wn.2d 126, 130, 101 P. 3d.
80 ( 2004). Failure to establish prejudice generally ends the inquiry regardless of any alleged
deficiency. State v. Fredrick, 45 Wn. App. 916, 923, 729 P. 2d 56 ( 1986). Establishing prejudice
requires that the defendant show a reasonable possibility that the outcome of the proceeding
would have differed absent counsel' s allegedly deficient conduct. Reichenbach, 153 Wn.2d at
130.
The right to a jury trial includes the right to an unbiased jury. Grunewald, 55 Wn. App.
810 ( citing Health 16 Wn. App. 373, 375, 556 P. 2d 250 ( 1976)). A at Rowley v. Grp. Coop.,
prospective juror must be excused for cause if the trial court determines the juror is actually or
impliedly biased. RCW 4. 44. 170, . 180, . 190. Here, Pierce appears to allege actual bias, defined
as
the existence of a state of mind on the part of the juror in reference to the action, or to either party, which satisfies the court that the challenged person cannot try the issue impartially and without prejudice to the substantial rights of the party challenging.
RCW 4. 44. 170( 2). A person who merely holds preconceived ideas may nonetheless serve as a
juror if that person can put aside those ideas and decide the case impartially. RCW 4. 44. 190;
State v. White, 60 Wn.2d 551, 569, 374 P. 2d 942 ( 1962). Personal experience with the type of
M No. 42701 -0 -II
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J T 1_ ED 1, APP ALS
2013NO 19 AM10: 48 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHING , ASH G iOdd I DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 42701 -0 -II
Respondent, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
RAVEN VICTORIA PIERCE,
BJORGEN, J. — Raven Pierce appeals from her convictions for second degree theft and
second degree identity theft. Pierce assigns error to the trial court' s ( 1) admission of testimony
concerning statements Pierce made to a police officer; ( 2) failure to enter the written findings
and conclusions required by CrR 3. 5 until after Pierce had appealed; ( 3) seating of persons on the
jury who had experience with crimes similar to those charged against Pierce; and (4) imposition
of a sentence in excess of the statutory maximum. The State concedes the last error. Because
the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the officer' s testimony or seating any
members of the venire, and because Pierce fails to demonstrate prejudice resulting from the
failure to timely enter findings and conclusions, we affirm her convictions. Pierce' s sentence
exceeds the statutory maximum for a class C felony, therefore we remand for either amendment
of the term of community custody or resentencing within the statutory maximum for a class C
felony.
FACTS
Michelle Walker, an acquaintance of Pierce' s, reported the theft of Walker' s food stamp
and government assistance funds for November 2010, along with the electronic balance transfer
EBT) card used to access the funds. Walker discovered that someone had replaced her EBT No. 42701 -0 -II
card with a deactivated EBT card previously issued to Pierce. After obtaining the transaction
history from Walker' s stolen card, Pierce County.Sheriff' s Deputy Dan Hacker viewed video
surveillance images taken from a store where suspicious transactions involving Walker' s funds
had occurred. The images showed a woman matching Pierce' s description using the automatic
teller machine and making purchases in the store at the same time as the suspicious transactions.
Hacker contacted Pierce, advised her of her rights, and questioned her about the incident.
After Pierce denied stealing the funds, Hacker arrested Pierce and transported her to jail. The
State charged Pierce with one count of second degree identity theft, two counts of second degree
theft, and one count of forgery, all class C felonies.
The trial court held a CrR 3. 5 hearing, June 6 and 7, 2011, at which Hacker testified that
Pierce initially denied having used Walker' s EBT card at all, but later admitted to switching the
cards and using Walker' s funds. Pierce testified that she admitted to Hacker from the beginning that she had used Walker' s EBT card, but claimed that she had used it with Walker' s permission.
Pierce also testified that Hacker had sought to elicit statements from her by threatening to also
arrest Pierce' s boyfriend and by promising to book her only on one charge of identity theft.
In an oral ruling, the trial court concluded that " there was probable cause for the arrest,
that Miranda['] rights were given, and [ Pierce] understood them, and that her statements were
made freely and voluntarily to the officer." Report of Proceedings ( RP) at 40 -41. The trial court
did not, however, enter written findings and conclusions until after the filing of Pierce' s opening
brief with this court.
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U. S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 ( 1966). 2 No. 42701 -0 -II
The case was set for a jury trial. During voir dire, a number of venire members revealed
that they, or persons close to them, had been victims of theft, forgery, or identity theft. Some of
these venire members ultimately served on the jury.
The jury convicted Pierce of all the charges except forgery. The trial court sentenced
Pierce to the maximum standard range sentence for each charge, to run concurrently, for a total
of 57 months' incarceration and 12 months' community custody. Pierce timely appeals.
ANALYSIS
In her opening brief, Pierce alleges that ( 1) the trial court' s failure to enter written
findings and conclusions after the CrR 3. 5 hearing constitutes reversible error, and ( 2) the
sentence imposed exceeds the statutory maximum for a class C felony. In her pro se statement of
additional grounds for review ( SAG), RAP 10. 10, Pierce argues that the State should not have
used Hacker' s testimony and that she did not receive a fair trial because ofjuror bias. Because
the juror bias claim, if established, would dispose of the other claims, we turn to it first.
1. JUROR BIAS
In her SAG, Pierce argues that " the judge and attorneys" should not have allowed many
of the jurors to serve because those jurors had personal experiences with the same or similar
crimes. SAG at 1. Although the record contains a verbatim transcript of the voir dire
proceedings, it does not reveal whether Pierce' s counsel challenged any of the allegedly biased
jurors for cause, or how the judge may have ruled on any such challenges. Whether her
argument amounts to a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel or one of erroneous denial by
the trial court of challenges for cause, however, Pierce cannot show any prejudice resulting from
the inclusion of these jurors. Therefore, her claim cannot be sustained.
3 No. 42701 -0 -II
We review a trial court' s denial of a challenge for cause for manifest abuse of discretion.
City of Cheney v. Grunewald, 55 Wn. App. 807, 810, 780 P. 2d 1332 ( 1989) ( citing State v.
Gilcrist, 91 Wn.2d 603, 590 P. 2d 809 ( 1979)). Although we reviews claims of ineffective
assistance de novo, in order to establish such a claim a defendant must show both deficient
performance by defense counsel and prejudice resulting from the deficiency. State v. Sutherby,
165 Wn.2d 870, 883, 204 P. 3d 916 ( 2009); State v. Reichenbach, 153 Wn.2d 126, 130, 101 P. 3d.
80 ( 2004). Failure to establish prejudice generally ends the inquiry regardless of any alleged
deficiency. State v. Fredrick, 45 Wn. App. 916, 923, 729 P. 2d 56 ( 1986). Establishing prejudice
requires that the defendant show a reasonable possibility that the outcome of the proceeding
would have differed absent counsel' s allegedly deficient conduct. Reichenbach, 153 Wn.2d at
130.
The right to a jury trial includes the right to an unbiased jury. Grunewald, 55 Wn. App.
810 ( citing Health 16 Wn. App. 373, 375, 556 P. 2d 250 ( 1976)). A at Rowley v. Grp. Coop.,
prospective juror must be excused for cause if the trial court determines the juror is actually or
impliedly biased. RCW 4. 44. 170, . 180, . 190. Here, Pierce appears to allege actual bias, defined
as
the existence of a state of mind on the part of the juror in reference to the action, or to either party, which satisfies the court that the challenged person cannot try the issue impartially and without prejudice to the substantial rights of the party challenging.
RCW 4. 44. 170( 2). A person who merely holds preconceived ideas may nonetheless serve as a
juror if that person can put aside those ideas and decide the case impartially. RCW 4. 44. 190;
State v. White, 60 Wn.2d 551, 569, 374 P. 2d 942 ( 1962). Personal experience with the type of
M No. 42701 -0 -II
crime at issue in the case does not by itself establish actual bias. Grunewald, 55 Wn. App. at
810.
All of the venire members actually seated on the jury who said that they had had personal
experiences with similar crimes indicated during voir dire that they could put aside their feelings
regarding those experiences and perform their duty without bias. Thus, if defense counsel
challenged them for cause, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying those challenges.
If defense counsel did not challenge them, Pierce cannot show any prejudice resulted, because
the record before us does not show that any member of the jury was actually biased. Further,
given the strength of the State' s evidence, Pierce cannot show any reasonable probability of a
different outcome had defense counsel performed differently. Thus, Pierce' s claim fails
regardless of how one characterizes it.
II. THE CRR 3. 5 HEARING
Pierce also assigns error to the trial court' s failure to enter written findings and
conclusions following the CrR 3. 5 hearing until after the filing of Pierce' s opening brief with this court. The State acknowledges that the failure constitutes error, but argues that the error was
harmless.
CrR 3. 5 requires a trial court to hold a hearing on the admissibility of any statements of
the accused that will be offered. This court reviews challenges to findings and conclusions
entered after a CrR 3. 5 hearing in two ways: whether substantial evidence in the record supports
the findings and whether the conclusions follow from those findings. State v. Broadaway, 133
Wn.2d 118, 130 -31, 942 P. 2d 363 ( 1997). Unchallenged findings become verities on appeal.
Broadaway, 133 Wn.2d at 131. No. 42101 -0 -II
CrR 3. 5( c) imposes a duty on the court to make a record:
After the hearing, the court shall set forth in writing: ( 1) the undisputed facts; ( 2) the disputed facts; ( 3) conclusions as to the disputed facts; and ( 4) conclusion as to whether the statement is admissible and the reasons therefor.
Where a trial court delays entry of written findings and conclusions until after a defendant files
her opening brief, this court must reverse only if the defendant can show prejudice resulting from
the delay or that the findings and conclusions were " tailored to meet the issues presented" in the
brief. State v. Quincy, 122 Wn. App. 395, 398, 95 P.3d 353 ( 2004).
Pierce does not allege that the trial court tailored its findings to address issues raised in
this appeal. Indeed, the only prejudice Pierce alleges resulted from the delay consists of the fact 2 that the findings and conclusions " fail to comply with CrR 3. 5( c). " Reply Br. of Appellant at 2.
This proves too much. If any failure to comply with CrR 3. 5( c) established prejudice, then this
court' s holding in Quincy, 122 Wn. App. at 398, that lack of compliance with CrR 3. 5( c)
requires reversal only on a showing of prejudice or tailoring, would have no meaning. The
required showing of prejudice must consist of more than a lack of strict compliance with the rule.
Because Pierce fails to show any resulting prejudice, her claim that delayed entry of the findings
and conclusions requires reversal must fail.
2 Pierce alleges that " the court did not make any findings pertaining to Deputy Hacker' s disputed testimony" and argues that without such findings " this court cannot determine whether substantial evidence supports the trial court' s findings ... and whether the findings support the trial court' s conclusion that the statements were admissible." Reply Br. of Appellant at 2. Since
Pierce' s contrary testimony alone cast doubt on Hacker' s testimony and the court explicitly resolved the conflict in favor of the State, this argument does not persuade. 6 No. 42701 -0 -II
III. TESTIMONY OF DEPUTY HACKER
In her SAG, Pierce argues that Deputy Hacker lied about having sought to coerce Pierce,
that Hacker " was evasive and unbelievable," and that the State "[ s] hould not have used his
testimony." SAG at 1. In order to obtain appellate review of an issue raised in a SAG, a
defendant must " inform the court of the nature and occurrence of alleged errors." RAP 10. 10( c).
Whether Pierce' s SAG properly raises the admissibility of Hacker' s testimony under this
standard is debatable. Regardless, the claim has no merit.
In considering whether substantial evidence supports findings of fact, we defer to the trial
court regarding witness credibility and conflicting testimony, viewing the evidence in the light
favorable to the prevailing party: here, the State. of Walla Walla v. $ 401, 333. 44, 164 most City
Wn. App. 236, 256, 262 P. 3d 1239 ( 2011). Substantial evidence in the record, in the form of
Hacker' s testimony, supported the trial court' s findings that Pierce made the statements
voluntarily and without coercion or inducement. These findings properly support the trial court' s
decision to admit the incriminating statements. CrR 3. 5. Assuming the issue is properly before
us, Pierce' s challenge to the admissibility of Hacker' s testimony fails.
IV. SENTENCE IN EXCESS OF THE STATUTORY MAXIMUM
The State concedes that, in light of our Supreme Court' s decision in State v. Boyd, 174
Wn.2d 470, 275 P. 3d 321 ( 2012), the trial court erred in sentencing Pierce to a term of
community custody that, together with the term of confinement, exceeds the statutory maximum.
The State is correct in its concession.
The legislature has classified the crimes at issue here as class C felonies, RCW
9. 35. 020( 3) and RCW 9A. 56. 040( 2), with maximum penalties of five years' confinement and a
7 No. 42701 -0 -II
fine of $10, 000. RCW 9A. 20. 021( l)( c). A court may not impose a term of community custody
that, combined with the term of confinement, exceeds the maximum term of confinement
allowed by RCW 9A.20. 021. RCW 9. 94A.505( 5),. 701( 9).
The trial court sentenced Pierce to 57 months' confinement and 12 months' community
custody on the identity theft charge, concurrent with lesser sentences on the other charges. This
totals 69 months - 9 months in excess of the statutory - aximum. Although the judgment and m
sentence noted that the combined total number of months could not exceed the maximum, under
Boyd, 174 Wn.2d at 472, such a notation no longer suffices. The proper remedy is to " remand to
the trial court to either amend the community custody term or resentence" Pierce. Boyd, 174
Wn.2d at 473.
We affirm Pierce' s convictions and remand to the trial court to either amend the term of
community custody or resentence Pierce consistently within the statutory maximum for a class C
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06. 040, it is so ordered.
BJRGEN,.: