FTLC1D COURT OF APPEALS 01V I STATE OF WASHINGTON 2018 JUN 25 AN 9:25
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION ONE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 76359-8-1 ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) ) QUENTIN ROBERT YOUDERIAN, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) Appellant. ) FILED:. June 25, 2018 ) VERELLEN, J. — Quentin Youderian pleaded guilty to one count of voyeurism and one count of second degree possession of depictions of a minor engaged in
sexually explicit conduct. At sentencing, the court imposed a $500 victim
assessment, a $100 biological sample(DNA)fee, and a $1,000 fine pursuant to
RCW 9.68A.107. The trial court properly imposed these mandatory fees because
the legislature has expressed these fees must be imposed regardless of a
defendant's ability to pay.
Youderian's plea agreement did not include the statutorily mandated $1,000
fine. The absence of the mandatory fine in Youderian's plea agreement reflects
the parties' mutual mistake. Because specific performance is not available in the
case of mutual mistake, Youderian is not entitled to specific performance of the
plea agreement. No. 76359-8-112
At sentencing, the court also imposed various community custody
conditions. The community custody condition that requires Youderian to hold
employment only in a position where he always receives direct supervision should
be stricken on remand because it is not crime related and it is unconstitutionally
vague. And the community custody conditions prohibiting Youderian from
accessing the Internet without approval from his community corrections officer and
from using computer chat rooms should be stricken because they are not crime
related.
But the court did not abuse its discretion when it imposed the community
custody condition prohibiting Youderian from frequenting areas where minor
children are known to congregate. This condition is not unconstitutionally vague
because it does not provide discretion to Youderian's community corrections
officer to define "places where minors congregate," and the condition provides an
illustrative list of prohibited locations which gives sufficient notice to understand
what conduct is proscribed.
Therefore, we affirm the conviction and remand with instructions to strike
certain community custody conditions as directed in this opinion.
FACTS
Between January 2015 and June 2016, Quentin Youderian secretly filmed
his girlfriend's nine-year-old daughter while she was changing. The State charged
Youderian with voyeurism and second degree possession of depictions of a minor
engaged in sexually explicit conduct.
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On October 19, 2016, Youderian entered a guilty plea. As part of the plea
agreement, the State recommended Youderian pay $800 in legal financial
obligations. On January 6, 2017, the court sentenced Youderian to 15 months
imprisonment and 36 months of community custody. The court imposed $1,600 in
legal financial obligations. The court also imposed various community custody
conditions.
Youderian appeals.
ANALYSIS •
I. Legal Financial Obligations
Youderian challenges the trial court's imposition of legal financial
obligations given his inability to pay.
"The sentencing court's authority to impose court costs and fees is
statutory.'"1 When imposing legal financial obligations, the court must not "order a
defendant to pay costs unless the defendant is or will be able to pay them."2 But
"for mandatory legal financial obligations, the legislature has divested courts of the
discretion to consider a defendant's ability to pay when imposing those
obligations."3
Here, the court imposed a $500 victim assessment, a $100 DNA fee, and a
$1,000 fine pursuant to RCW 9.68A.107. Under former RCW 43.43.7541 (2015),
State v. Mathers, 193 Wn. App. 913, 917, 376 P.3d 1163(2016)(quoting State v. Cawver, 182 Wn. App. 610, 619, 330 P.3d 219(2014))(citing RCW 10.01.160(3)), review denied, 186 Wn.2d 1015 (2016). 2 Former RCW 10.01.160(3)(2015). 3 State v. Lundy, 176 Wn. App. 96, 102, 308 P.3d 755 (2013).
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a $100 DNA fee must be included in every felony sentence.4 And under
RCW 7.68.035(1)(a), a $500 victim penalty assessment is imposed on "any person
[who] is found guilty in any superior court of having committed a crime." Similar to
the DNA fee and victim penalty assessment, the legislature requires the court to
impose a $1,000 fee on any person convicted of possession of depictions of a
minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct.5
Youderian argues the mandatory language in the above statutes "does not
,override the requirement that the costs be imposed only if the defendant has the
ability to pay."6 But Washington courts have consistently rejected this argument
and upheld the imposition of mandatory fees "without regard to finding the ability to
pay."7
See also former RCW 43.43.754 (2015). The trial court waived the $200 4
criminal filing fee. Youderian argues,"Just as the court was free to waive the $200 criminal filing fee, it was free to waive the $1,000 fee." Reply Br. at 4. But Youderian does not provide any persuasive authority allowing the court to waive the criminal filing fee. The criminal filing fee "is required by RCW 36.18.020(2)(h), irrespective of the defendant's ability to pay." Lundy, 176 Wn. App. at 103 (citing State v. Curry, 62 Wn. App. 676, 680-81, 814, P.2d 1252(1991), aff'd, 118 Wn.2d 911, 829 P.2d 166 (1992); State v. Thompson, 153 Wn. App. 325, 336, 223 P.3d 1165 (2009)). 5 RCW 9.68A.107(1); RCW 9.68A.070. 6 Appellant's Br. at 12. 7 State v. Shelton, 194 Wn. App. 660, 673-74, 378 P.3d 230 (2016), review
denied, 187 Wn.2d 1002(2017); see also Mathers, 193 Wn. App. at 918 ("Washington courts have consistently held that a trial court need not consider a defendant's past, present, or future ability to pay when it imposes either DNA or [victim penalty assessment]fees."); State v. Clark, 191 Wn. App. 369, 374, 362 P.3d 309 (2015); Lundy, 176 Wn. App. at 102; State v. Kuster, 175 Wn. App. 420, 424, 306 P.3d 1022(2013); Thompson, 153 Wn. App. at 336; State v. Williams, 65 Wn. App. 456, 460, 828 P.2d 1158, 840 P.2d 902(1992)). No Washington case
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Youderian also argues the imposition of the mandatory fees violates his
rights to equal protection and substantive due process. Because the legislature
has expressed that the trial court must impose certain mandatory fees regardless
of a defendant's ability to pay, Washington courts have routinely rejected identical
constitutional challenges.8
We conclude the trial court properly imposed the $100 DNA fee, the $500
victim penalty assessment, and the $1,000 fine.
II. Plea Agreement
Youderian contends the State breached the plea agreement and he is
entitled to specific performance.
Constitutional issues are reviewed de novo.° And we apply "an objective
standard to determine whether the State breached a plea agreement."1°
"A plea agreement functions as a contract in which the defendant
exchanges his guilty plea for some bargained-for concession from the State:
has discussed the imposition of the $1,000 fine under RCW 9.68A.107, hence we apply the same rationale from cases addressing other mandatory fees. 8 See Mathers, 193 Wn. App. at 927-29; Curry, 118 Wn.2d at 918; Lundy,
176 Wn. App. at 102-03. 9 State v. MacDonald, 183 Wn.2d 1, 8, 346 P.3d 748 (2015); Id. at 9 ("In addition to contract principles binding the parties to the agreement, constitutional due process 'requires a prosecutor to adhere to the terms of the agreement' by recommending the agreed upon sentence.")(quoting State v. Sledge, 133 Wn.2d 828, 839, 947 P.2d 1199(1997)); id. at 9("When the State breaches a plea agreement, it 'undercuts the basis for the waiver of constitutional rights implicit in the plea.")(quoting State v. Tourtellotte, 88 Wn.2d 579, 584, 564 P.2d 799 " (1977)). 19 Id. at 8 (citing Sledge, 133 Wn.2d at 843 n.7).
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dropping of charges, a sentencing recommendation, etc."11 There are two
possible remedies for an involuntarily guilty plea: withdrawal of the plea or specific
performance of the plea agreement.12 In the event of mutual mistake, the only
remedy is withdrawal.13 Mutual mistake occurs when the parties agree to a
sentence that is contrary to law.14 "The remedy of specific performance was
intended to address the State's breach of a plea agreement, and is not
appropriately extended to the mutual-mistake context."15
In State v. Barber, our Supreme Court considered "whether a defendant is
entitled to specific performance when the result is to bind the sentencing court to
impose a sentence that is contrary to law.16 There, the State's recommendation
made no mention of community custody, but Barber's felony driving under the
influence offense carried a statutorily mandated 9 to 18 month term of community
custody.17 Our Supreme Court "[did] not construe the absence of any mention of
community custody in the plea agreement as a promise from the State to
recommend against community custody."15 Rather, the court "recognize[d][the
11 State v. Barber, 170 Wn.2d 854, 859, 248 P.3d 494(2011)(citing Sledge, 133 Wn.2d at 838-40; State v. Hunsicker, 129 Wn.2d 554, 559, 919 P.2d 79 (1996)). 12 id. at 855. 13 Id. at 873. 14 In at 859. 16 Id. at 873 (citation omitted). 16 Id. at 855-56. 17 Id. at 857-58. 18 Id. at 862.
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absence] as reflecting the parties' mistaken understanding that community custody
was not a component of Barber's sentence."19 Barber sought specific
performance of the State's recommendation. But the court held that "specific
performance is not an available remedy in cases of mutual mistake."2°
Here, Youderian entered into a plea agreement with the State on October
14,2016. After the court accepted Youderian's guilty plea but before sentencing,
the State realized the agreement did not include the statutorily mandated $1,000
fine pursuant to RCW 9.68A.107.
Similar to Barber, we do not construe the absence of the mandatory fine in
Youderian's plea agreement as a promise from the State to recommend against
imposition of the fine. Rather, we recognize the absence as reflecting the parties'
mistaken understanding that the plea agreement contained all mandatory legal
financial obligations. At sentencing, the State conceded that Youderian was
entitled to withdraw his guilty plea due to mutual mistake, Youderian declined, and
elected to go forward with sentencing.
We conclude the State did not breach the plea agreement, and Youderian
is not entitled to specific performance.
III. Community Custody Conditions
We review imposition of community custody conditions for abuse of
discretion.21 A sentencing court abuses its discretion if its decision is "manifestly
19 Id. at 862-63. 20 Id. at 873. 21 State v. Irwin, 191 Wn. App. 644, 656, 364 P.3d 830 (2015).
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unreasonable:22 Imposing an unconstitutional condition will always be manifestly
unreasonable.23
A. Condition 11— Employment
Condition 1 requires Youderian to "[h]old employment only in a position
where you always receive direct supervision."24 Youderian contends condition 11
is not crime related and therefore exceeds the trial court's authority. The State
argues the condition is crime related because it "provides an additional measure of
assurance that the defendant will not have direct contact with minors in the course
of employment:25
The trial court may require an offender to comply with "crime-related
prohibitions:26 The panel reviews the factual basis for crime-related community
custody conditions under a "substantial evidence" standard.27 Crime-related
prohibitions must be "reasonably related" to the corresponding crime.28 Courts will
uphold crime-related community custody decisions when there is some basis for
22 Id. 23 Id. at 652. 24 CP at 41. 25 Br. of Resp. at 28. 26 RCW 9.94A.703(3)(f). 27 Irwin, 191 Wn. App. at 656. 28 RCW 9.94A.030(10)("crime-related prohibitions" are those "directly relate[d]" to the crime); Irwin, 191 Wn. App. at 656 ("directly related" includes "reasonably related"); State v. Warren, 165 Wn.2d 17, 32, 195 P.3d 940(2008) ("[crime-related prohibitions] are usually upheld if reasonably crime related").
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the connection.29 Reviewing courts will strike community custody conditions when
there is no evidence in the record that the circumstances of the crime related to
the community custody condition.3°
The State relies on State v. Kinzie to argue a community custody condition
is not required to be factually identical to the defendant's criminal conduct.31 In
Kinzle, this court upheld a condition prohibiting Kinzie from dating women or
forming relationships with families who have minor children.32 A jury had
convicted Kinzie of child molestation.33 The court concluded,"Because Kinzle's
crime involved children whom he came into contact through a social relationship
with their parents, condition 10 is reasonably crime-related and necessary to
protect the public."34
Although the State is correct in arguing that a condition does not have to be
factually identical to the crime, the condition must be reasonably related to the
individual's criminal conduct. Here, the condition requiring Youderian to hold
employment only in a position where he receives direct supervision is not
reasonably related to his criminal conduct. There is no evidence that Youderian's
criminal conduct related to his place of employment. The record indicates that the
29 Irwin, 191 t Nn. App. at 656. 3° Id. 31 181 Wn. App. 774, 326 P.3d 870(2014). 32 id. at 785. 33 Id. at 777. 34 Id. at 785.
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crimes were committed exclusively within Youderian's home.
Youderian also argues condition 11 is unconstitutionally vague because it
insufficiently apprises him of prohibited conduct.
The guarantee of due process in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United
States Constitution and article I, section 3 of the Washington Constitution requires
that laws not be vague.35 "The laws must(1) provide ordinary people fair warning
of proscribed conduct, and (2) have standards that are definite enough to 'protect
against arbitrary eciforcement.'"36 A community custody condition is
unconstitutionally vague if it fails to do either.37 "However,'a community custody
condition is not unconstitutionally vague merely because a person cannot predict
with complete certainty the exact point at which his actions would be classified as
prohibited conduct"38
Here, the parties dispute whether the term "direct supervision" is sufficiently
clear to inform Youderian of the type of employment he may hold. "Supervision" is
defined as "the act process, or occupation of supervision."39 "Direct" is defined in
numerous ways, including "to show or point out the way for," "to regulate the
activities or course of," and "to guide and supervise."49 Even assuming these
35 State v. Bahl, 164 Wn.2d 739, 752-53, 193 P.3d 678(2008). 36 Irwin, 191 Wn. App. at 652-53 (quoting id.). 37 Id. at 653 citing Bahl, 164 Wn.2d at 753). 38 Id. (internal quotation marks omitted)(quoting State v. Valencia, 169
Wn.2d 782, 793, 239 P.3d 1059 (2010)). 39 WEBSTER'S THIRD INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 2296(2002). 40 WEBSTER S THIRD INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 640 (2002).
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dictionary definitions are ascertainable to an ordinary person, the phrase "direct
supervision" is not sufficiently definite to provide against arbitrary enforcement.
The condition wou d require further definition from Youderian's community
corrections officer to determine the type of employment Youderian may hold.'"
We conclude condition 11 should be stricken on remand because it is not
crime related and because it is unconstitutionally vague.
B. Conditions 17 and 18 — Internet and Chat Rooms
Condition 17 prohibits Youderian from "access[ing] the Internet on any
computer in any location, unless such access is approved in advance by the
supervising Community Corrections Officer or your treatment provider."42
Condition 18 prohibits "use of computer chat rooms."43
Youderian contends conditions 17 and 18 are not crime related and
therefore exceed the trial court's authority. The State argues the conditions are
crime related because they "provide additional protections that the defendant will
not have contact with minors on the Internet or in chat rooms" and they "ensure
compliance with other conditions."44
41 See Irwin,j191 Wn. App. at 654(Washington courts have held "that custodl community conditions that required further definition from [community corrections officers] were unconstitutionally vague."). 42 CP at 41. 43 CP at 42. 44 Resp't's Br. at 30.
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In State v. O'Cain, this court struck a condition prohibiting O'Cain from
unapproved Internet access.45
There is no evidence in the record that the condition in this case is crime related. There is no evidence that O'Cain accessed the Internet before the rape or that Internet use contributed in any way to the crime. This is not a case where a defendant used the Internet to contact and lure a victim into an illegal sexual encounter. The trial court made no finding that Internet use contributed to the rape.(461
Similarly, there is no evidence Youderian's criminal conduct related to his
use of the Internet or chat rooms. He used a recording device to film his
girlfriend's daughter while she was changing and stored the videos on a hard
drive. The State contends "[v]ideos and pictures can be uploaded on the Internet
and can easily be hared."47 But there is no evidence that Youderian uploaded the
videos to the Internet. The State also argues "there is nothing to guarantee the
Defendant will not have contact with minors in chat rooms."48 Again, there is no
evidence Youderian's use of chat rooms contributed to his criminal conduct.
We conclude conditions 17 and 18 should be stricken on remand because
they are not crime related.
C. Condition 6— Places Where Minors Congregate
Condition 6 provides "Do not frequent areas where minor children are
known to congregate such as; schools, playgrounds, daycares, corn mazes,
45 144 Wn. App. 772, 774-75, 184 P.3d 1262. 46 Id. at 775. 47 Resp't's Br. at 30. 45 Id.
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children birthday parties, toy stores or the toy section in department stores,
community swimming pools, youth sporting events,[and] arcades."49
Youderian argues condition 6 is unconstitutionally vague because it allows
for arbitrary enforcement. The State contends the condition "is not void for
vagueness because it provides specific location[s] and thus the defendant has
adequate notice a to what is proscribed."50
In State v. Irwin, this court considered a similar community custody
condition which provided that the defendant "not frequent areas where minor
children are known to congregate, as defined by the supervising [community
corrections officer]"51 The court concluded that "[w]ithout some clarifying
language or an illustrative list of prohibited locations. . . , the condition does not
give ordinary peop e sufficient notice to 'understand what conduct is proscribed.'"52
And in State v. Mac:Jana, Division Three of this court considered a condition
which provided "Do not frequent parks, schools, malls, family missions or
establishments where children are known to congregate or other areas as defined
by supervision [community corrections officer], treatment providers." 53 The court
49 CP at 41. 5° Resp't's Br. at 25. 51 191 Wn. App. 644, 649, 364 P.3d 830(2015). 52 Id. at 655(quoting Bahl, 164 Wn.2d at 753).
53 197 Wn. App. 189, 200, 389 P.3d 654(2016).
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determined the condition "is problematic because it affords too much discretion to
Mr. Magana's[community corrections officer]."54
Here, condition 6 is not subject to arbitrary enforcement because it does not
provide discretion to Youderian's community corrections officer to define "places
where minors congregate." And the illustrative list of prohibited locations gives
Youderian sufficient notice to understand what conduct is proscribed.
We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it imposed
condition 6 because it is not unconstitutionally vague.
Therefore, we affirm Youderian's conviction and remand with instructions to
strike condition 11 requiring employment with "direct supervision" and to strike
conditions 17 and 8 prohibiting unapproved Internet access and use of chat
rooms.
WE CONCUR:
71St441L.1 4-C.T. 0
54 Id. at 201.