IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION ONE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 70721-3-1
Respondent,
v.
MICHAEL V. TOVAR, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant. FILED: February 9, 2015
Verellen, A.C.J. — Michael Tovar appeals from an order denying his motion for
postconviction deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing. Tovar seeks DNA testing of
biological samples in the rape kit from his 2010 second degree rape conviction. He
contends that the victim's credibility would be impeached through a favorable DNA test
and would raise a reasonable probability of his innocence. But unlike postconviction
DNA testing cases where a successful DNA test may establish that another person was
the perpetrator, the narrow purpose of the proposed DNA testing here is to demonstrate
only that the victim lied about being in a monogamous relationship with Tovar. A
favorable DNA test on this collateral matter would not raise a reasonable probability of
Tovar's innocence. Accordingly, we affirm. No. 70721-3-1/2
FACTS
In 2010, a jury convicted Tovar of second degree rape while armed with a deadly
weapon. Tovar appealed his conviction, and we affirmed in an unpublished opinion.1
Tovar later filed a motion under RCW 10.73.170 for postconviction DNA testing of
evidence collected in a rape kit. Tovar's supporting documentation showed that the
rape kit contains biological samples taken from the victim, A.P., that a Washington State
Patrol Crime Laboratory report identified an unknown individual's spermatozoon on an
oral swab in the rape kit, that a male DNA-typing profile could be obtained with a
particular typing analysis, and that Tovar's vasectomy in 2000 resulted in his inability to
ejaculate sperm.
Tovar argued that a favorable DNA result would demonstrate that A.P. lied when
she testified that she was monogamous with Tovar. For example, defense counsel
argued at the hearing that the DNA test results "would go to [A.P.'s] credibility" because
"she testified she was in a monogamous relationship with Mr. Tovar for approximately a
month,"2 that Tovar is "not attempting to identify another perpetrator of the crime, but
trying to establish that [A.P.] was in fact lying on the stand,"3 that "the primary issue at
trial was the credibility of [A.P.] and this directly relates to her credibility when she states
that she was only having a relationship with Mr. Tovar,"4 and that the DNA test results
1 State v. Tovar, noted at 166 Wn. App. 1021 (2012). 2 Report of Proceedings (RP) (July 25, 2013) at 4. 3id at 5. 4 Id. at 6. No. 70721-3-1/3
"would go to her demeanor as she testified on the stand attempting to prove that she
was in some sort of monogamous relationship with [Tovar] for that month period."5
The trial court assumed the procedural requirements had been satisfied, but
concluded that favorable DNA testing would not demonstrate Tovar's innocence on a
more probable than not basis. In denying the motion, the court considered A.P.'s
testimony, Tovar's phone conversation apologizing to A.P. for his actions, Tovar's flight
from police officers, Tovar's attempt to inflict self-injury and commit suicide when police
officers pursued him, Tovar's defense of consent or excuse for his conduct, and "all of
the evidence in this case."6
Tovar appeals.
ANALYSIS
We review a trial court's decision on a motion for postconviction DNA testing for
abuse of discretion.7 A trial court abuses its discretion when it bases its decision on
untenable or unreasonable grounds.8 "A decision is based on untenable [or
unreasonable] grounds ... if it rests on facts unsupported in the record or was reached
by applying the wrong legal standard."9
Tovar challenges the trial court's denial of his motion for postconviction DNA
testing. Because A.P. testified that she was monogamous with Tovar, he contends that
5 ]d at 7. 6 Id, at 7-8. 7 State v. Thompson. 173 Wn.2d 865, 870, 271 P.3d 204 (2012). 8 State v. Maqers, 164Wn.2d 174, 181, 189 P.3d 126 (2008). 9 State v. Rohrich, 149 Wn.2d 647, 654, 71 P.3d 638 (2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). No. 70721-3-1/4
one additional piece of evidence impeaching A.P.'s credibility via a favorable DNA test
would raise a reasonable probability of his innocence. We disagree.
"RCW 10.73.170 provides a mechanism ... for individuals to seek DNA testing in
order to establish their innocence."10 The statute's substantive standard provides that
[t]he court shall grant a motion requesting DNA testing under this section if... the
convicted person has shown the likelihood that the DNA evidence would demonstrate
innocence on a more probable than not basis."11 When determining if it is likely the
DNA evidence would demonstrate innocence, "a court should presume DNA evidence
would be favorable to the convicted person."12 A trial court must look to whether a
favorable DNA test, including all the other evidence from the trial, demonstrates the
individual's innocence on a more probable than not basis.13
Here, as expressed in Tovar's motion argued to the trial court, the purpose of the
proposed DNA testing was to challenge A.P.'s testimony that she was monogamous
with Tovar. Tovar did not contend that an alternative purpose of the DNA test would
demonstrate that he had no sexual contact with A.P. on the night of the rape. The
prosecutor argued at the hearing that "the defense is consent, and the sex is not
contested."14 The trial judge agreed, stating, "[T]he State is accurate that [Tovar's]
10 State v. Crumpton. 181 Wn.2d 252, 258, 332 P.3d 448 (2014). 11 RCW 10.73.170(3). 12 Crumpton. 181 Wn.2d at 255. 13 jd, at 262, 264; State v. Gray. 151 Wn. App. 762, 774, 215 P.3d 961 (2009) ("The statute requires a trial court to grant a motion for postconviction testing when exculpatory results would, in combination with the other evidence, raise a reasonable probability the petitioner was not the perpetrator.'" (alteration omitted) (quoting State v. Riofta, 166 Wn.2d 358, 367-68, 209 P.3d 467 (2009))). 14 RP (July 25, 2013) at 6. No. 70721-3-1/5
defense was not that the events did not occur, but that there was some basis for
consent or excusing the conduct of Mr. Tovar."15
For the first time on appeal, Tovar contends that a DNA test would serve the
alternative purpose of proving that A.P. lied when she testified she had sexual contact
with Tovar on the night of the rape. But this contention may not be raised for the first
time on appeal. The purpose of the proposed DNA testing was to challenge A.P.'s
testimony that she was monogamous with Tovar. Thus, the presumption is merely that
A.P. lied about being monogamous at the time of the rape.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION ONE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 70721-3-1
Respondent,
v.
MICHAEL V. TOVAR, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant. FILED: February 9, 2015
Verellen, A.C.J. — Michael Tovar appeals from an order denying his motion for
postconviction deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing. Tovar seeks DNA testing of
biological samples in the rape kit from his 2010 second degree rape conviction. He
contends that the victim's credibility would be impeached through a favorable DNA test
and would raise a reasonable probability of his innocence. But unlike postconviction
DNA testing cases where a successful DNA test may establish that another person was
the perpetrator, the narrow purpose of the proposed DNA testing here is to demonstrate
only that the victim lied about being in a monogamous relationship with Tovar. A
favorable DNA test on this collateral matter would not raise a reasonable probability of
Tovar's innocence. Accordingly, we affirm. No. 70721-3-1/2
FACTS
In 2010, a jury convicted Tovar of second degree rape while armed with a deadly
weapon. Tovar appealed his conviction, and we affirmed in an unpublished opinion.1
Tovar later filed a motion under RCW 10.73.170 for postconviction DNA testing of
evidence collected in a rape kit. Tovar's supporting documentation showed that the
rape kit contains biological samples taken from the victim, A.P., that a Washington State
Patrol Crime Laboratory report identified an unknown individual's spermatozoon on an
oral swab in the rape kit, that a male DNA-typing profile could be obtained with a
particular typing analysis, and that Tovar's vasectomy in 2000 resulted in his inability to
ejaculate sperm.
Tovar argued that a favorable DNA result would demonstrate that A.P. lied when
she testified that she was monogamous with Tovar. For example, defense counsel
argued at the hearing that the DNA test results "would go to [A.P.'s] credibility" because
"she testified she was in a monogamous relationship with Mr. Tovar for approximately a
month,"2 that Tovar is "not attempting to identify another perpetrator of the crime, but
trying to establish that [A.P.] was in fact lying on the stand,"3 that "the primary issue at
trial was the credibility of [A.P.] and this directly relates to her credibility when she states
that she was only having a relationship with Mr. Tovar,"4 and that the DNA test results
1 State v. Tovar, noted at 166 Wn. App. 1021 (2012). 2 Report of Proceedings (RP) (July 25, 2013) at 4. 3id at 5. 4 Id. at 6. No. 70721-3-1/3
"would go to her demeanor as she testified on the stand attempting to prove that she
was in some sort of monogamous relationship with [Tovar] for that month period."5
The trial court assumed the procedural requirements had been satisfied, but
concluded that favorable DNA testing would not demonstrate Tovar's innocence on a
more probable than not basis. In denying the motion, the court considered A.P.'s
testimony, Tovar's phone conversation apologizing to A.P. for his actions, Tovar's flight
from police officers, Tovar's attempt to inflict self-injury and commit suicide when police
officers pursued him, Tovar's defense of consent or excuse for his conduct, and "all of
the evidence in this case."6
Tovar appeals.
ANALYSIS
We review a trial court's decision on a motion for postconviction DNA testing for
abuse of discretion.7 A trial court abuses its discretion when it bases its decision on
untenable or unreasonable grounds.8 "A decision is based on untenable [or
unreasonable] grounds ... if it rests on facts unsupported in the record or was reached
by applying the wrong legal standard."9
Tovar challenges the trial court's denial of his motion for postconviction DNA
testing. Because A.P. testified that she was monogamous with Tovar, he contends that
5 ]d at 7. 6 Id, at 7-8. 7 State v. Thompson. 173 Wn.2d 865, 870, 271 P.3d 204 (2012). 8 State v. Maqers, 164Wn.2d 174, 181, 189 P.3d 126 (2008). 9 State v. Rohrich, 149 Wn.2d 647, 654, 71 P.3d 638 (2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). No. 70721-3-1/4
one additional piece of evidence impeaching A.P.'s credibility via a favorable DNA test
would raise a reasonable probability of his innocence. We disagree.
"RCW 10.73.170 provides a mechanism ... for individuals to seek DNA testing in
order to establish their innocence."10 The statute's substantive standard provides that
[t]he court shall grant a motion requesting DNA testing under this section if... the
convicted person has shown the likelihood that the DNA evidence would demonstrate
innocence on a more probable than not basis."11 When determining if it is likely the
DNA evidence would demonstrate innocence, "a court should presume DNA evidence
would be favorable to the convicted person."12 A trial court must look to whether a
favorable DNA test, including all the other evidence from the trial, demonstrates the
individual's innocence on a more probable than not basis.13
Here, as expressed in Tovar's motion argued to the trial court, the purpose of the
proposed DNA testing was to challenge A.P.'s testimony that she was monogamous
with Tovar. Tovar did not contend that an alternative purpose of the DNA test would
demonstrate that he had no sexual contact with A.P. on the night of the rape. The
prosecutor argued at the hearing that "the defense is consent, and the sex is not
contested."14 The trial judge agreed, stating, "[T]he State is accurate that [Tovar's]
10 State v. Crumpton. 181 Wn.2d 252, 258, 332 P.3d 448 (2014). 11 RCW 10.73.170(3). 12 Crumpton. 181 Wn.2d at 255. 13 jd, at 262, 264; State v. Gray. 151 Wn. App. 762, 774, 215 P.3d 961 (2009) ("The statute requires a trial court to grant a motion for postconviction testing when exculpatory results would, in combination with the other evidence, raise a reasonable probability the petitioner was not the perpetrator.'" (alteration omitted) (quoting State v. Riofta, 166 Wn.2d 358, 367-68, 209 P.3d 467 (2009))). 14 RP (July 25, 2013) at 6. No. 70721-3-1/5
defense was not that the events did not occur, but that there was some basis for
consent or excusing the conduct of Mr. Tovar."15
For the first time on appeal, Tovar contends that a DNA test would serve the
alternative purpose of proving that A.P. lied when she testified she had sexual contact
with Tovar on the night of the rape. But this contention may not be raised for the first
time on appeal. The purpose of the proposed DNA testing was to challenge A.P.'s
testimony that she was monogamous with Tovar. Thus, the presumption is merely that
A.P. lied about being monogamous at the time of the rape.
Tovar contends that the trial court failed to apply the proper standard when
deciding his motion for postconviction DNA testing. We disagree. The trial court
concluded that "even if it were shown that [A.P.] lied about having sex with another
individual other than Mr. Tovar," along with "all of the evidence in this case," Tovar had
not shown the likelihood that the DNA test would raise a reasonable probability of
innocence.16 Because the trial court evaluated the likelihood of innocence based on a
favorable DNA test and because its analysis considered all of the evidence from the
trial, we conclude that the trial court applied the proper standard under RCW 10.73.170.
In addition, "all the evidence against the individual" must be analyzed when
deciding a DNA testing motion.17 Here, physical evidence corroborated A.P.'s version
of the events. A detective and emergency room physician observed A.P.'s injuries to
the inside of her mouth, and police recovered a pillow with a puncture mark. At trial,
Tovar challenged the accuracy of several factual details in A.P.'s testimony. Tovar fails
15 id, at 8. 16 IdL at7-8. 17 Crumpton, 181 Wn.2d at 262. No. 70721-3-1/6
to demonstrate that one additional piece of evidence —that A.P. lied about being
monogamous with Tovar—would establish his innocence on a more probable than not
basis.
Additionally, Tovar's reliance on State v. Crumpton is unpersuasive.18 There,
despite overwhelming evidence of the defendant's guilt on five counts of first degree
rape and one count of residential burglary, the Supreme Court held that the defendant's
motion for DNA testing must be granted.19 Because the perpetrator's identity was at
issue, "[a]ny DNA evidence left on the items [the defendant] petitioned to test would
almost certainly have been left by the perpetrator of the rape."20 The defendant also
denied hitting or raping the victim.21 Therefore, "[e]xculpatory results of DNA testing .. .
would certainly affect the likelihood [the defendant] was innocent."22
By contrast, Tovar's defense at trial was consensual sex or excuse. The rape kit
could contain the DNA of any number of A.P.'s other sexual partners besides Tovar, but
that does not mean that person was the rapist.23 As Tovar argues, the presence of
another's DNA would serve only to undermine A.P.'s credibility that she was
18181 Wn.2d 252, 332 P.3d 448 (2014). 19 Id, at 261. 20 id. Unlike here, the victim in Crumpton "was unable to give a good description of the rapist due to the dark room and her head being covered during the encounter." jd at 255-56. 21 Id, at 257. 22 id, at 261. 23 See Riofta, 166 Wn.2d at 370-71 (arguing that because "[a]ny number of people besides the [perpetrator] could have worn the white hat at some time after the vehicle was stolen[,]... the presence of another's DNA on the hat does not mean that person likelywas wearing the hat at the time of the shooting"). No. 70721-3-1/7
monogamous with Tovar, not exclude him as the perpetrator.
Because Tovar seeks to use DNA evidence to prove A.P. lied about being
monogamous, a favorable DNA test would add little to determining Tovar's innocence
"on a more probable than not basis."24 Therefore, Tovar fails to demonstrate that the
trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion for postconviction DNA testing.
We affirm.
WE CONCUR:
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24 RCW 10.73.170(3).