Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
April 18, 2017 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 48629-6-II
Respondent, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
v.
McKENNA G. STEIN,
Appellant.
SUTTON, J. — The trial court found McKenna Gabrielle Stein guilty of possession of a
controlled substance—methamphetamine after a bench trial on stipulated facts. Stein appeals her
conviction arguing that the trial court erred by denying her motion to suppress the
methamphetamine police found in her vehicle because the officer’s questioning of her constituted
an unlawful seizure under Terry1 and thus, her consent to search her vehicle was not voluntary.
The trial court properly concluded that the Terry stop was valid, that the officer’s questioning of
Stein was lawful, and that Stein voluntarily consented to the search of her vehicle. We affirm the
trial court’s order denying Stein’s motion to suppress the methamphetamine found in her vehicle.
Accordingly, we affirm her conviction.2
1 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968). 2 Stein also asks us to decline to award appellant costs. Under RAP 14.2, a commissioner or clerk of this court has the ability to determine whether appellate costs should be imposed based on the appellant’s ability to pay and prior determinations regarding indigency. If the State decides to pursue costs for this appeal, a commissioner can make a determination as to whether costs should be imposed. Accordingly, we do not need to address this issue any further. No. 48629-6-II
FACTS
On November 20, 2015, the State charged Stein with one count of possession of a
controlled substance—methamphetamine. Stein filed a CrR 3.6 motion to suppress the
methamphetamine, which the police found after searching her car. The trial court held a
suppression hearing in which Sergeant Ryan Heffernan of the Bremerton Police Department
testified. After the hearing, the trial court entered the following findings of fact:
I. That on November 11, 2015, at approximately 5:00 a.m., Sergeant Heffernan responded to a call from Officer Griesheimer that she had located a Chevy Trail Blazer, which is associated with warrant subject Ian Yarber, parked at 10th Street and High Avenue, in Bremerton, Washington; officers also had probable cause to arrest Yarber for Delivery of Heroin. .... VIII. That Sergeant Heffernan and Officers Griesheimer and Faidley entered the residence through the front door. Sergeant Heffernan and at least one other officer had his duty gun drawn for officer safety reasons. IX. That Sergeant Heffernan quickly located Yarber in the hallway and took him into custody without incident. Sergeant Heffernan could see or hear the defendant in the kitchen and told her to remain there until Yarber was removed from the house. Sergeant Heffernan and Officers Griesheimer and Faidley conducted a protective sweep to ensure no one else was located inside the house. X. That Sergeant Heffernan did not locate anyone else in the residence, but did see a blown glass pipe and tinfoil with burn marks on it sitting out in plain view. XI. That the defendant came out of the kitchen and went outside with Sergeant Heffernan. He explained why the[y] were there and asked the defendant if she would speak with him about some items he saw inside the house.
2 No. 48629-6-II
XII. That Sergeant Heffernan told the defendant that she was not under arrest. Sergeant Heffernan did not read the defendant her Miranda[3] warnings. The defendant was not restrained and was smoking a cigarette during their conversation. Sergeant Heffernan no longer had his gun drawn. No one else was involved in the conversation.
XIII. That the defendant agreed to speak to Sergeant Heffernan and stated there was heroin-related paraphernalia in her vehicle. The defendant confirmed that the Chevy Trail Blazer belonged to her, and she had been driving it. XIV. That Sergeant Heffernan asked the defendant for permission to search her vehicle. Sergeant Heffernan did not read the defendant her Ferrier[4] warnings or otherwise advise her of her right to revoke her consent or limit the search. The defendant consented, and walked with Sergeant Heffernan to the vehicle. XV. That the defendant opened the car door, took a small bag out of her purse, and handed it to Sergeant Heffernan, stating that it contained Heroin-related items. The time from the entry into the home to search was between ten to fifteen minutes. .... XVII. That during a more thorough search later, Sergeant Heffernan also located a small baggie containing Methamphetamine.
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 46-49. The trial court concluded that Stein was not unlawfully detained
because “Sergeant Heffernan had a well-founded reasonable suspicion that the defendant was
involved in criminal activity based on the drug paraphernalia that Sergeant Heffernan saw in plain
view inside the residence.” CP at 49. Thus, the trial court concluded that Sergeant Heffernan was
performing a valid Terry stop at the time he briefly detained and questioned Stein outside of the
3 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966). 4 State v. Ferrier, 136 Wn.2d 103, 960 P.2d 927 (1998).
3 No. 48629-6-II
residence. The trial court also concluded that because the brief detention and questioning of Stein
were lawful, Stein voluntarily consented to the search.
After the trial court denied her suppression motion, Stein agreed to a bench trial on
stipulated facts. The trial court found Stein guilty on the charge of possession of a controlled
substance—methamphetamine. Stein appeals.
ANALYSIS
Stein argues that the trial court erred by concluding the officers had reasonable suspicion
to support a Terry stop and, therefore, she was illegally seized at the time she consented to the
search of her vehicle. And she argues that because she was illegally seized at the time she
consented to the search of her vehicle, the consent was invalid and the search was improper. Here,
the drug paraphernalia the officers saw was sufficient to support reasonable suspicion; therefore,
the Terry stop was proper. Because the Terry stop was proper, State v. Soto-Garcia does not
invalidate Stein’s consent to search her vehicle. 68 Wn. App. 20, 841 P.2d 1271 (1992), abrogated
on other grounds by State v. Thorn, 129 Wn.2d 347, 917 P.2d 108 (1996). Accordingly, we affirm
the trial court’s order denying Stein’s motion to suppress the methamphetamine Sergeant
Heffernan found in her vehicle.
I. LEGAL PRINCIPLES
When we review de novo a trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law following
a CrR 3.6 suppression motion, we determine whether substantial evidence supports the challenged
findings and whether the findings support the conclusions of law. State v. Garvin, 166 Wn.2d 242,
249, 207 P.3d 1266 (2009). Unchallenged findings of fact are verities on appeal. State v. Lohr,
164 Wn. App. 414, 418, 263 P.3d 1287 (2011).
4 No. 48629-6-II
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
April 18, 2017 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 48629-6-II
Respondent, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
v.
McKENNA G. STEIN,
Appellant.
SUTTON, J. — The trial court found McKenna Gabrielle Stein guilty of possession of a
controlled substance—methamphetamine after a bench trial on stipulated facts. Stein appeals her
conviction arguing that the trial court erred by denying her motion to suppress the
methamphetamine police found in her vehicle because the officer’s questioning of her constituted
an unlawful seizure under Terry1 and thus, her consent to search her vehicle was not voluntary.
The trial court properly concluded that the Terry stop was valid, that the officer’s questioning of
Stein was lawful, and that Stein voluntarily consented to the search of her vehicle. We affirm the
trial court’s order denying Stein’s motion to suppress the methamphetamine found in her vehicle.
Accordingly, we affirm her conviction.2
1 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968). 2 Stein also asks us to decline to award appellant costs. Under RAP 14.2, a commissioner or clerk of this court has the ability to determine whether appellate costs should be imposed based on the appellant’s ability to pay and prior determinations regarding indigency. If the State decides to pursue costs for this appeal, a commissioner can make a determination as to whether costs should be imposed. Accordingly, we do not need to address this issue any further. No. 48629-6-II
FACTS
On November 20, 2015, the State charged Stein with one count of possession of a
controlled substance—methamphetamine. Stein filed a CrR 3.6 motion to suppress the
methamphetamine, which the police found after searching her car. The trial court held a
suppression hearing in which Sergeant Ryan Heffernan of the Bremerton Police Department
testified. After the hearing, the trial court entered the following findings of fact:
I. That on November 11, 2015, at approximately 5:00 a.m., Sergeant Heffernan responded to a call from Officer Griesheimer that she had located a Chevy Trail Blazer, which is associated with warrant subject Ian Yarber, parked at 10th Street and High Avenue, in Bremerton, Washington; officers also had probable cause to arrest Yarber for Delivery of Heroin. .... VIII. That Sergeant Heffernan and Officers Griesheimer and Faidley entered the residence through the front door. Sergeant Heffernan and at least one other officer had his duty gun drawn for officer safety reasons. IX. That Sergeant Heffernan quickly located Yarber in the hallway and took him into custody without incident. Sergeant Heffernan could see or hear the defendant in the kitchen and told her to remain there until Yarber was removed from the house. Sergeant Heffernan and Officers Griesheimer and Faidley conducted a protective sweep to ensure no one else was located inside the house. X. That Sergeant Heffernan did not locate anyone else in the residence, but did see a blown glass pipe and tinfoil with burn marks on it sitting out in plain view. XI. That the defendant came out of the kitchen and went outside with Sergeant Heffernan. He explained why the[y] were there and asked the defendant if she would speak with him about some items he saw inside the house.
2 No. 48629-6-II
XII. That Sergeant Heffernan told the defendant that she was not under arrest. Sergeant Heffernan did not read the defendant her Miranda[3] warnings. The defendant was not restrained and was smoking a cigarette during their conversation. Sergeant Heffernan no longer had his gun drawn. No one else was involved in the conversation.
XIII. That the defendant agreed to speak to Sergeant Heffernan and stated there was heroin-related paraphernalia in her vehicle. The defendant confirmed that the Chevy Trail Blazer belonged to her, and she had been driving it. XIV. That Sergeant Heffernan asked the defendant for permission to search her vehicle. Sergeant Heffernan did not read the defendant her Ferrier[4] warnings or otherwise advise her of her right to revoke her consent or limit the search. The defendant consented, and walked with Sergeant Heffernan to the vehicle. XV. That the defendant opened the car door, took a small bag out of her purse, and handed it to Sergeant Heffernan, stating that it contained Heroin-related items. The time from the entry into the home to search was between ten to fifteen minutes. .... XVII. That during a more thorough search later, Sergeant Heffernan also located a small baggie containing Methamphetamine.
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 46-49. The trial court concluded that Stein was not unlawfully detained
because “Sergeant Heffernan had a well-founded reasonable suspicion that the defendant was
involved in criminal activity based on the drug paraphernalia that Sergeant Heffernan saw in plain
view inside the residence.” CP at 49. Thus, the trial court concluded that Sergeant Heffernan was
performing a valid Terry stop at the time he briefly detained and questioned Stein outside of the
3 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966). 4 State v. Ferrier, 136 Wn.2d 103, 960 P.2d 927 (1998).
3 No. 48629-6-II
residence. The trial court also concluded that because the brief detention and questioning of Stein
were lawful, Stein voluntarily consented to the search.
After the trial court denied her suppression motion, Stein agreed to a bench trial on
stipulated facts. The trial court found Stein guilty on the charge of possession of a controlled
substance—methamphetamine. Stein appeals.
ANALYSIS
Stein argues that the trial court erred by concluding the officers had reasonable suspicion
to support a Terry stop and, therefore, she was illegally seized at the time she consented to the
search of her vehicle. And she argues that because she was illegally seized at the time she
consented to the search of her vehicle, the consent was invalid and the search was improper. Here,
the drug paraphernalia the officers saw was sufficient to support reasonable suspicion; therefore,
the Terry stop was proper. Because the Terry stop was proper, State v. Soto-Garcia does not
invalidate Stein’s consent to search her vehicle. 68 Wn. App. 20, 841 P.2d 1271 (1992), abrogated
on other grounds by State v. Thorn, 129 Wn.2d 347, 917 P.2d 108 (1996). Accordingly, we affirm
the trial court’s order denying Stein’s motion to suppress the methamphetamine Sergeant
Heffernan found in her vehicle.
I. LEGAL PRINCIPLES
When we review de novo a trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law following
a CrR 3.6 suppression motion, we determine whether substantial evidence supports the challenged
findings and whether the findings support the conclusions of law. State v. Garvin, 166 Wn.2d 242,
249, 207 P.3d 1266 (2009). Unchallenged findings of fact are verities on appeal. State v. Lohr,
164 Wn. App. 414, 418, 263 P.3d 1287 (2011).
4 No. 48629-6-II
Under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and article I, section 7 of
the Washington State Constitution, a police officer generally cannot seize a person without a
warrant supported by probable cause. Garvin, 166 Wn.2d at 249. A warrantless seizure is
presumed unreasonable and the State has the burden of establishing that it falls within an exception
to the warrant requirement. State v. Z.U.E., 183 Wn.2d 610, 617, 352 P.3d 796 (2015).
II. TERRY STOP
Stein argues that the trial court improperly found that the officers had reasonable suspicion
because possession of drug paraphernalia is not a crime. Although Stein is correct that mere
possession of drug paraphernalia is not a crime, she incorrectly asserts that possession of drug
paraphernalia cannot create reasonable suspicion to support a Terry stop. The cases to which Stein
cites explain that because possession of drug paraphernalia is not a crime, and use of drug
paraphernalia is a misdemeanor, possession of drug paraphernalia cannot create probable cause
for a warrantless arrest. See State v. Rose, 175 Wn.2d 10, 19, 282 P.3d 1087 (2012); State v.
O’Neill, 148 Wn.2d 564, 584 n.8, 62 P.3d 489 (2003). However, the standard for probable cause
is higher than the standard for reasonable suspicion. Accordingly, the cases cited by Stein do not
govern whether Sergeant Heffernan had reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop in this case.
A Terry stop is an exception to the warrant requirement. State v. Acrey, 148 Wn.2d 738,
746, 64 P.3d 594 (2003). A valid Terry stop requires “that the officer had a ‘reasonable suspicion’
that the detained person was, or was about to be, involved in a crime.” Z.U.E., 183 Wn.2d at 617.
Reasonable suspicion must be grounded in specific and articulable facts. Z.U.E., 183 Wn.2d at
617. The facts must demonstrate more than a generalized suspicion or hunch that the person
detained has committed a crime. Z.U.E., 183 Wn.2d at 618.
5 No. 48629-6-II
Here, Sergeant Heffernan observed a glass pipe and burned foil in plain view while in the
residence. Observation of drug paraphernalia that appeared to have been recently used constitutes
specific and articulable facts that there may be unconsumed illegal drugs on the premise.
Therefore, the presence of used drug paraphernalia supported a reasonable suspicion that Stein
was involved in a crime such as possession of a controlled substance. Accordingly, the trial court
did not err by concluding that Sergeant Heffernan’s observation of used drug paraphernalia in plain
view supported reasonable suspicion. Because Sergeant Heffernan had reasonable suspicion based
on observing the used drug paraphernalia in plain view, the trial court properly concluded that he
was conducting a valid Terry stop. Thus, Sergeant Heffernan’s contact with Stein constituted a
lawful seizure under Terry.
III. CONSENT
Stein argues that the facts presented at the hearing were insufficient to prove that her
consent was voluntary. Stein also argues that, under Soto-Garcia, her consent to search her vehicle
was invalid because she had been illegally seized. Because we have determined that the Terry
stop was valid, Soto-Garcia does not apply and the trial court correctly concluded that Stein validly
consented to the search of her vehicle. Therefore, we hold that Stein’s consent was voluntary.
A. Voluntary Consent
Consent to search is another recognized exception to the warrant requirement. State v.
Thompson, 151 Wn.2d 793, 803, 92 P.3d 228 (2004). The State bears the burden of proving that
the consent was freely and voluntarily given. O’Neill, 148 Wn.2d at 588. Whether consent was
voluntary or the result of coercion, express or implied, is a question of fact. O’Neill, 148 Wn.2d
at 588. Factors used to determine whether a person has voluntarily consented include whether
6 No. 48629-6-II
Miranda warnings were given, the individual’s education and intelligence, and whether the person
was advised of the right to consent. O’Neill, 148 Wn.2d at 588.
Here, Stein does not challenge the findings that the superior court made, but rather she
argues that the facts that were established were insufficient for the State to prove that her consent
was voluntary. The trial court found that, after the officers finished serving the arrest warrant, they
no longer had their guns drawn. And the conversation between Sergeant Heffernan and Stein took
place outside while Stein was unrestrained and smoking a cigarette. Sergeant Heffernan also
informed Stein that she was not under arrest and would not be arrested. Because there was no
show of force or any other express or implied threat, the evidence is sufficient to show that Stein
voluntarily consented to the search of her vehicle. Accordingly, the trial court did not err by
concluding that Stein’s consent was voluntary.
B. Illegality
Stein also argues that Soto-Garcia invalidates her consent to search because of the illegality
of the seizure. In Soto-Garcia, an officer contacted the defendant because the defendant was
walking in an area known for drug activity and avoided eye contact with the officers. 68 Wn. App.
at 22. The officer asked the defendant what he was doing and where he was going and the
defendant answered appropriately. Soto-Garcia, 68 Wn. App. at 22. Then the officer ran an
identification check on the defendant. Soto-Garcia, 68 Wn. App. at 22. After the identification
check, the officer asked the defendant if he had any cocaine and the defendant stated that he did
7 No. 48629-6-II
not. Soto-Garcia, 68 Wn. App. at 22. Finally, the officer asked to search the defendant. Soto-
Garcia, 68 Wn. App. at 22. The defendant consented and the officer found cocaine in the
defendant’s pocket. Soto-Garcia, 68 Wn. App. at 22.
On appeal, this court held that the defendant’s consent was invalid because the defendant
was illegally seized at the time he gave consent. We noted that the officer’s “progressive intrusion”
amounted to a seizure. Soto-Garcia, 68 Wn. App. at 25. Then we went on to state “there simply
was no basis for an arrest, or a so-called Terry stop.” Soto-Garcia, 68 Wn. App. at 25. Finally,
we held that the defendant’s “consent to the search was obtained through exploitation of his prior
illegal seizure.” Soto-Garcia, 68 Wn. App. at 29. It is clear that our holding in Soto-Garcia was
based on the illegal nature of the seizure. 68 Wn. App. at 29. As explained above, the trial court
properly concluded that Sergeant Heffernan had reasonable suspicion to conduct a Terry stop.
Therefore, our reasoning in Soto-Garcia does not apply because Stein’s consent was not obtained
through the exploitation of an illegal seizure. Accordingly, Stein’s consent was not invalidated by
illegality.
Here, there was a valid Terry stop because Sergeant Heffernan observed drug paraphernalia
in plain view which provided a reasonable suspicion to believe Stein was engaged in criminal
activity. And because there was a valid basis for Sergeant Heffernan’s contact, Stein’s consent
8 No. 48629-6-II
was both voluntary and valid. We affirm the trial court’s order denying Stein’s motion to suppress
the methamphetamine Sergeant Heffernan found in her vehicle. Accordingly, we affirm Stein’s
conviction.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
SUTTON, J. We concur:
WORSWICK, J.
MAXA, A.C.J.