IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHING"K>N3£ a 77,-; STATE OF WASHINGTON, c~> <"•'—_
No. 72360-0-1 do :^{:• Respondent, ~~!, p"!!—' DIVISION ONE - =-•=£"""' Op c~- en v.
UNPUBLISHED OPINIOH |S LONZO WILLIAM LAWSON II,
Appellant. FILED: December 8, 2014
Appelwick, J. — Lawson challenges his conviction for first degree burglary and
the calculation of his offender score. He argues that there was insufficient evidence that
he was armed with a deadly weapon for the purposes of his burglary charge. He asserts
that the trial court erred in finding that his two counts of trafficking in stolen property were
separate criminal conduct. He contends that his trial counsel was ineffectivefor failing to
argue that his two counts of possession of a controlled substance constituted the same
criminal conduct. We vacate the finding that he was armed with a deadly weapon. We
reverse the finding that the two counts of trafficking were separate criminal conduct. We
remand for resentencing.
FACTS
Gena Allen owns and operates Frosty's Saloon and Grill in Napavine, Washington.
There are three entrances to Frosty's. The front door opens to Front Street. The back
door opens to Highway 603. There is also a set of French doors that opens to the beer
garden, which is enclosed by a fence.
Allen has an office inside Frosty's, where she keeps supplies and does her
bookkeeping. The office is open to employees during the day and is locked at night.
There is a safe inside the office, where Allen often keeps a large amount of cash. Only No. 72360-0-1/2
select employees were given the combination to the safe. Allen also wrote the
combination under a shelf directly above the safe. The safe did not always lock properly.
Frosty's did not have a security system on April 8, 2013.
Christopher Carsten has been a Frosty's employee for four years. Starting in
January 2013, he spent about two months in jail for attempting to elude a police vehicle.
For roughly half of Carsten's incarceration, he was housed in the same unit as the
appellant in this case, Lonzo Lawson. During that time, Carsten told Lawson about the
lack of security system at Frosty's, the location of the safe, and the fact that there was
money in the safe.
On the evening of April 8, 2013, Lawson was with Kevin Dawkins and Thomas
Pennypacker at Dawkins' house in Chehalis. Lawson told Dawkins and Pennypacker
what he learned about Frosty's and how easy it would be to steal the cash stored in the
office. Pennypacker initially volunteered to be a lookout for Lawson, but decided against
it. Lawson left on his bicycle late that night, sometime around 11:00 p.m. or midnight.
Pennypacker and Dawkins stayed at Dawkins' house.
Julie Canedo was the closer at Frosty's that night. She worked from 5:00 p.m.
until midnight. Toward the end of her shift, she received a phone call at Frosty's. The
caller was a male who asked if she was closed. She replied, "Yes, I am." The caller said,
"Closed, huh?" and hung up.
Before leaving, Canedo checked the French doors that led to the beer garden.
The glass panes were intact and the doors were locked. She put the cash till in the office
and locked the office door. The office door was not broken or damaged when she left.
She exited out the roadside door and locked it with a padlock. No. 72360-0-1/3
Janice Ham opened Frosty's the next morning. She arrived between 6:00 and
6:30 a.m. She entered through the highway-side door. When she walked into the kitchen,
she saw a hat on the floor and an open drawer. The open drawer held kitchen utensils,
including cooking knives. Ham initially thought the evening workers had just left a mess.
However, Ham soon noticed broken glass on the floor by the French doors. She also
saw that the office door was open, there were papers all over the floor, and there was a
knife and spatula on the floor. Ham became frightened and went outside to call the police.
Officer David Elwood of the Napavine Police Department responded to the scene
at around 8:00 a.m. He observed that the French doors and the office door had signs of
forced entry. A chef's knife lay broken on the floor outside the office. There was a steak
knife inside the office. The knife had a pronounced bend in the blade. Officer Elwood
collected the hat, the chef's knife handle, and the steak knife as evidence. Allen
determined that $14,797 in cash was missing from the safe.
Meanwhile, Lawson returned to Dawkins' house at around 8:00 or 8:30 a.m.
Lawson had a "bunch of cash" that he said he got from the safe at Frosty's. He gave
Dawkins and Pennypacker each $2,000. He kept the rest for himself.
The men went shopping and bought food, heroin, clothes, and other items. At
around midnight, Lawson and Pennypacker went to the Lucky Eagle Casino and
gambled. They returned to Chehalis early on the morning of April 10. Lawson rented a
room at the Chehalis Inn.
Lawson soon became a suspect in the Frosty's burglary. Officer Elwood spoke to
Pennypacker and Dawkins, who implicated Lawson. On the evening of April 11, Officer
Elwood and Detective Bruce Kimsey contacted Lawson at the Chehalis Inn. Lawson No. 72360-0-1/4
claimed that he did not commit the burglary and instead blamed Dawkins and
Pennypacker. There were several items in Lawson's room that appeared to have been
recently purchased, such as a laptop computer and clothing. Officers also found a box
containing $1,512 in cash, as well as drug paraphernalia and bags containing
methamphetamine and heroin.
Officer Elwood arrested Lawson that evening. Subsequent tests revealed that
Lawson's DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) matched the sample located on the hat found in
the kitchen and the knife handle found on the floor next to the office door.
The State charged Lawson with count I: burglary in the first degree; count II: theft
in the first degree; counts III and IV: trafficking in stolen property in the first degree; count
V: possession of a controlled substance- heroin; and count VI: possession of a controlled
substance - methamphetamine.
The jury found Lawson guilty as charged. It also found by special verdict form that
Lawson was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of committing first degree burglary.
Lawson was sentenced to 104 months confinement. He appeals.
DISCUSSION
Lawson argues that there was insufficient evidence that he was armed with a
deadly weapon for the purpose of committing first degree burglary. He also asserts that
the trial court erred in calculating his offender score, because it determined that his two
counts of trafficking in stolen property constituted separate criminal conduct. He further
contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to argue that his convictions for
possession of a controlled substance constituted same criminal conduct. No. 72360-0-1/5
I. Sufficient Evidence of a Deadly Weapon
Lawson argues that the State failed to prove that he was armed with a deadly
weapon for the purposes of his first degree burglary charge. He maintains that there is
no evidence that he used, attempted to use, or threatened to use the knife as a deadly
weapon.
Evidence is sufficient to support a conviction where, after viewing the evidence in
the light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In re Pers. Restraint of
Martinez. 171 Wn.2d 354, 364, 256 P.3d 277 (2011). When an appellant challenges the
sufficiency of the evidence, he admits the truth of the State's evidence and all inferences
that can reasonably be drawn therefrom. Id. This is a deferential standard and we leave
questions of credibility, persuasiveness, and conflicting testimony to the jury. ]d.
First degree burglary requires the State to prove, among other elements, that the
defendant was armed with a deadly weapon or assaulted another person. RCW
9A.52.020(1). A "deadly weapon" for purposes of this crime means
any explosive or loaded or unloaded firearm, and shall include any other weapon, device, instrument, article, or substance, including a "vehicle" as defined in this section, which, under the circumstances in which it is used, attempted to be used, or threatened to be used, is readily capable of causing death or substantial bodily harm.
RCW 9A.04.110(6). Where the weapon in question is neither a firearm nor an explosive,
its status as a deadly weapon "rests on the manner in which it is used, attempted to be
used, or threatened to be used." Martinez. 171 Wn.2d at 366. The surrounding
circumstances may inform whether the apparatus, as used, constituted a deadly weapon. No. 72360-0-1/6
See, e.g.. State v. Skenandore. 99 Wn. App. 494, 500, 994 P.2d 291 (2000); State v.
Shilling. 77 Wn. App. 166, 172, 889 P.2d 948 (1995).
The alleged deadly weapons in this case are two knives: a chef's knife with a nine
and one-half inch blade and a steak knife with a four inch blade. Because these weapons
are not per se deadly under the statute, the State was required to prove that Lawson
used, attempted to use, or threatened to use one or both of the knives in a manner readily
capable of causing death or substantial bodily harm. See id.; RCW 9A.04.110(6).
The evidence here is as follows: Lawson did not arrive with the knives. He took
them out of the Frosty's kitchen drawer. He carried them from the kitchen to the office,
about 40 feet away. He used one or both knives to pry open the office door. Lawson did
not take the knives with him. He left the broken chef's knife on the floor outside the office
door. The bent steak knife was inside the office on the desk. There is no evidence that
Lawson encountered anyone, nor that anyone else was inside the restaurant at the time.
At trial, the State relied on State v. Gamboa. 137 Wn. App. 650, 154 P.3d 312
(2007), to argue that Lawson was armed with a deadly weapon. In that case, Division
Three held that a machete used to forcibly enter a home was a deadly weapon, despite
the lack of evidence that it was used or intended to be used as a weapon. See id. at 651,
653. The court reasoned that it is
the potential as a weapon and not how the machete was actually used that is important. ... It was not necessary for the homeowners to appear and for Mr. Gamboa to brandish the machete for it to qualify as a deadly weapon. A machete is readily capable of causing great harm by its very nature and size.
Id. at 653. No. 72360-0-1/7
The Washington Supreme Court subsequently disapproved of Gamboa. See
Martinez. 171 Wn.2d at 368 n.6. The Martinez court stated that, "[b]y characterizing a
machete as a deadly weapon on the sole basis of its dangerousness and without regard
to its actual, attempted, or threatened use, the Gamboa court essentially read the
circumstances provision out of the statute and treated the machete as if it were a deadly
weapon per se." jd. The court thus concluded that a weapon's potential for harm is alone
insufficient for a deadly weapon finding under the statute. See id.
Under this reasoning, the court reversed Martinez's deadly weapon finding. See
id. at 368-69. There, Deputy Joseph Wester responded to a burglar alarm at an
uninhabited farm shop and found Martinez stepping out of the building. Id. at 357-58.
Martinez immediately fled. ]d. at 358. Deputy Wester chased Martinez and tackled him
to the ground. Id. After handcuffing Martinez, the deputy noticed that Martinez had an
empty knife sheath on his belt. jd. Officers later retraced Martinez's path of flight and
found a knife in the mud, about 15 feet from the farm shop. Jd. Martinez identified the
knife as his own. Id. The court noted that "[n]o one saw Mr. Martinez with the knife, and
he manifested no intent to use it. Furthermore, no one saw Mr. Martinez reach for the
knife at any time after he was apprehended." id, at 368. It found that the evidence did
not support a deadly weapon finding. Id. at 369.
By contrast, in State v. Gotcher, 52 Wn. App. 350, 356-57, 759 P.2d 1216 (1988),
we upheld a deadly weapon finding where the evidence showed that the defendant
reached for his switchblade upon encountering police. We held that "there must be some
manifestation of willingness to use the knife before it can be found to be a deadly weapon No. 72360-0-1/8
under RCW 9A.04.110(6)." Id at 354. We found the evidence sufficient to establish
Gotcher's willingness to use the switchblade. See id. at 356-57.
Lawson asserts that here, there is no evidence indicating a willingness to use
either knife as anything other than a tool to access the office. We agree. The evidence
shows that Lawson carried the knives to the office and used one or both of them to break
into it. But, unlike in Gotcher, there is no evidence that Lawson used, attempted to use,
or threatened to use the knives in an aggressive way against another person.
The State maintains that there was circumstantial evidence sufficient to support a
deadly weapon finding. It urges us to believe that Lawson did not know if anyone else
was in the building and had no reason to carry the knife "other than to have the knife
available to use against a person who may be therein." However, an apparatus does not
become a deadly weapon simply because it could have harmed someone had they been
present. See Martinez. 171 Wn.2d at 368 n.6.
Skenandore illustrates this point. 99 Wn. App. at 496. There, Division Two
reversed a deadly weapon finding where Skenandore attacked a corrections officer with
a homemade spear. Id. The spear was "two-and-one-half feet to three feet long,
fashioned from writing paper rolled into a rigid shaft bound with dental floss, affixed to a
golf pencil." Id. The court noted that, under some circumstances, the pencil spear might
be shown to be a deadly weapon. IcL at 500. For example, the spear could have inflicted
serious bodily harm had it pierced the officer's eyes. IcL But, from where Skenandore
was standing, he was unable to reach the officer's head with the spear. \_± Thus, "the
surrounding circumstances inhibited the spear's otherwise potential, but unproven, ready
capability to inflict substantial bodily harm." id.
8 No. 72360-0-1/9
Here, the surrounding circumstances likewise inhibited the potential to inflict harm.
No one else was present when Lawson possessed the knives. They were therefore
capable of causing substantial bodily harm or death only by virtue of their nature and size.
Martinez makes clear that this is not enough. See 171 Wn.2d at 368 n.6. We find the
evidence here insufficient to lead a rational trier of fact to find the deadly weapon element
beyond a reasonable doubt. We vacate the finding that Lawson was armed with a deadly
As a result of the jury's deadly weapon finding, Lawson's conviction was elevated
from second degree burglary to first degree burglary and the court imposed a two year
sentencing enhancement. Remand for resentencing on a lesser included offense is
appropriate only ifthe jury was explicitly instructed on the lesser offense. State v. Green.
94 Wn.2d 216, 234, 616 P.2d 628 (1980); In re the Pers. Restraint of Heidari. 174 Wn.2d
288, 292-93, 274 P.3d 366 (2012). "Based upon the giving of such an instruction it has
been held that the jury necessarily had to have disposed of the elements of the lesser
included offense to have reached the verdict on the greater offense." id. (emphasis
omitted). Here, the jury was instructed on the lesser included offense of second degree
burglary.
We remand for resentencing on the lesser included offense of second degree
burglary and to strike the deadly weapon sentencing enhancement.
II. Same Criminal Conduct
Lawson contends that the trial court erred in counting his two convictions for
trafficking in stolen property as separate criminal conduct. No. 72360-0-1/10
When sentencing a defendant to two or more current offenses, the trial court
determines the sentence range for each current offense by using all other current and
prior convictions for the purpose of the offender score. RCW 9.94A.589(1)(a). Ifthe trial
court finds that multiple current offenses encompass the same criminal conduct, those
current offenses are counted as one crime, id. Separate offenses constitute the same
criminal conduct if they (1) have the same criminal intent, (2) are committed at the same
time and place, and (3) involve the same victim. RCW 9.94A.589(1)(a); State v. Porter.
133 Wn.2d 177, 181, 942 P.2d 974 (1997). We review a trial court's determination of
what constitutes the same criminal conduct for abuse of discretion and misapplication of
the law. State v. Vanoli, 86 Wn. App. 643, 650, 937 P.2d 1166 (1997)
The State charged Lawson with two counts of trafficking, one for his delivery of
$2,000 to Pennypacker and one for his delivery of $2,000 to Dawson. Lawson maintains
that these offenses constituted the same criminal conduct. He relies on Porter, which
states that "there is one clear category of cases where two crimes will encompass the
same criminal conduct—'the repeated commission of the same crime against the same
victim over a short period of time.'" 133 Wn.2d at 181 (quoting 13A Seth Aaron Fine,
Washington Practice § 2810, at 112 (Supp. 1996))). Porter sold two different controlled
substances to the same person in quick succession. IcL at 185-86. The victim of each
sale was the State. Jd at 181. The court found that Porter's intent remained the same
throughout: "[H]er intent, objectively viewed, was to sell both drugs in the present as part
of an ongoing transaction." kL at 185-86.
The State agrees that Lawson's offenses involved the same time and place and
the same victim. However, at sentencing, the State cited Vanoli to argue that Lawson's
10 No. 72360-0-1/11
criminal intent was different for each transaction and thus Lawson's two trafficking
offenses were separate criminal conduct. The trial court agreed that, under Vanoli. the
offenses counted as separate criminal conduct, because Lawson delivered the stolen
property to two different people.
Vanoli was convicted of three counts of delivering lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
to minors within 1000 feet of a designated school bus stop. 86 Wn. App. at 645. The
buyers entered the room one at a time over the span of a few minutes, purchased the
LSD, and then left the room. id. at 650. Vanoli argued that the three transactions
constituted the same criminal conduct, because "successive deliveries of exactly the
same drug at the same time and place necessarily involve the same criminal objective—
the sale of that drug." Jd at 650. We disagreed, id. at 651. Because Vanoli conducted
three separate transactions with three separate buyers, we reasoned that each had a
separate criminal objective, id. We further noted that, by virtue of the age enhancement
statute for sale of controlled substances,1 the legislature recognized minors as victims of
a drug transaction. Id at 651-52. We found that, "[b]ecause Vanoli delivered to three
different persons, thus victimizing the public on three distinct occasions, and for the
additional reason that those three persons were all minors, and thus victims in their own
right, Vanoli's crimes did not involve the same criminal conduct." Jd at 652.
The State relies on Vanoli for the proposition that transactions with separate
persons necessarily lead to separate criminal objectives. See id. at 651. However, Porter
indicates that Vanoli was wrongly decided on that point. Porter established that criminal
intent remains the same throughout separate transactions if those transactions are part
RCW 69.50.406.
11 No. 72360-0-1/12
of a "continuing, uninterrupted sequence of conduct." 133 Wn.2d at 186. In light of this
reasoning, we can no longer rely on the portion of Vanoli that suggests independent intent
from multiple successive transactions that are close in time.2 We recognize a factual
distinction between Porter and the present case: Porter involved two transactions with
one recipient, id, while here there was one transaction with two recipients. But, the fact
that Lawson successively placed money into two separate hands does not change his
single criminal intent. Multiple recipients did not give rise to different criminal intent where
Lawson's criminal act was the same.
As in Porter, Lawson committed the same crime against the same victim over a
short period of time. We reverse the trial court's finding that Lawson's two trafficking
offenses constituted separate criminal conduct.
III. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Lawson asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to argue that his
convictions for possession of heroin and possession of methamphetamine constituted the
same criminal conduct. But, as the State observes, the trial court did not count the two
convictions separately when calculating his offender score.
When a defendant is sentenced for more than one crime, the offender score for
any one of those crimes is the sum of two numbers: a score for prior convictions and a
score for the other convictions that are currently before the sentencing court. State v.
Jones. 110 Wn.2d 74, 75, 750 P.2d 620 (1988); RCW9.94A.589(1)(a).
2 However, we note that the result in Vanoli was correct. Under the age enhancement statute, each minor buyer was a separate victim. Id at 651-52. Therefore, Vanoli's crimes did not meet the test for same criminal conduct. Jd at 652.
12 No. 72360-0-1/13
The trial court calculated Lawson's offender score as seven. Lawson had two prior
convictions. This added two points to his offender score. Lawson committed his current
offense while on community custody. This added one point to his offender score.
Accordingly, Lawson's six current crimes contributed only four points to his offender score
of seven. The trial court held that the two trafficking counts constituted separate criminal
conduct, meaning that each contributed one point to his offender score. Because only
two points remain for four crimes, Lawson's possession convictions were not counted
separately. Lawson's counsel was thus not ineffective for failing to argue that they
constituted the same criminal conduct.
We remand for resentencing.
WE CONCUR: