2015JUL25 PNI*I9
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION ONE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 73341-9-
Respondent,
v.
LISA DAWN HERNANDEZ, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant. FILED: July 25, 2016
Verellen, C.J. — The Washington Supreme Court has held that the Sixth
Amendment does not require a jury determination of restitution. We are bound by
this holding unless and until the Washington Supreme Court or the United States
Supreme Court rules otherwise. Neither court has done so. Accordingly, Lisa
Hernandez was not entitled to a jury determination of restitution upon her conviction
of assault in the third degree. Also, because she did not object at trial to the amount
of restitution for medical expenses, appellate review of that issue is precluded. The
issues Hernandez raises in her statement of additional grounds for review (SAG)
involve facts and evidence not in the record and are not properly raised in a SAG.
We affirm Hernandez's conviction. We do not award costs on appeal.
FACTS
In May 2014, Renton police officers were dispatched to the scene of a
stabbing and found Levi Whidden lying on the ground with a stab wound to the chest. No. 73341-9-1/2
A few minutes after the officers were dispatched, Hernandez called 911 and reported
that she had been sexually assaulted 10 minutes earlier.
At the police station, Hernandez told detectives she had fallen asleep on the
bus and decided to get off at the Renton Transit Center. She asked an unknown
male, later identified as Whidden, for a ride and got in his car. Hernandez told the
detectives that the male tried to sexually assault her but was unable to reach her
because she was sitting in the back seat. She said she immediately got out of the
car, called 911, and the car drove away.
A surveillance video at the transit center showed Hernandez getting in the
front passenger seat of a car and the car driving away. According to Whidden,
Hernandez got into his car and tried to reach for cash and marijuana in the center
console. He grabbed her arm to try to stop her, and she then got out. Whidden also
got out and walked to the back of the car where Hernandez was standing.
Hernandez then stabbed Whidden.
On January 20, 2015, Hernandez was charged with assault in the third
degree. She entered a plea of guilty to assault in the third degree, stating, "On May
24, 2014 in King Co. WA with criminal negligence, I did cause bodily harm to Levi
Whidden by stabbing him with a knife."1 In the plea agreement, Hernandez agreed to
pay restitution in an amount to be determined.
On February 13, 2015, the trial court entered judgment on Hernandez's guilty
plea. The court sentenced Hernandez to 60 days in jail, with credit for 30 days
Clerk's Papers at 19. No. 73341-9-1/3
served and the remaining 30 days converted to 240 hours of community service. The
court also ordered restitution to be determined at a future restitution hearing and
waived all nonmandatory legal financial obligations.
On May 14, 2015, the State filed restitution documentation. The State sought
restitution in the amount of $941.16 for Whidden. In support, the State submitted a
victim loss statement itemizing Whidden's clothing and boots that were damaged in
the assault and the items' value. The State also sought restitution in the amount of
$25,827.43 for the state Health Care Authority (HCA). In support, the State
submitted a copy of HCA's ledger showing payments made in connection with
Whidden's medical care.
A restitution hearing was held on July 16, 2015. Hernandez objected to the
request for $747 to replace Whidden's cowboy boots. Hernandez did not, however,
object to the request for restitution for HCA's expenses. Her counsel stated:
Your Honor, with respect to the medical costs, the $25,827.43, I reviewed the information, the itemized list provided as part of the restitution packet. It appears to be directly related to the injury that was sustained during the incident, so I don't think the defense can object to that, because I think that the State has shown a nexus for that.[2]
The court granted the State's request for restitution for Whidden for all items
requested except the cowboy boots and granted the State's request for the HCA's
medical expenses. The court awarded $194.16 in restitution to Whidden and
$25,827.43 to HCA.
2 Report of Proceedings (RP) (July 16, 2015) at 5-6. No. 73341-9-1/4
Hernandez timely appealed. The trial court authorized an appeal in forma
pauperis, finding that Hernandez was unable by reason of poverty to pay for any of
the expenses of appellate review or to contribute anything toward the cost of
appellate review. After the restitution hearing, Hernandez moved this court for an
order expanding the scope of her notice of appeal to include review of the order of
restitution. We granted Hernandez's motion to expand the scope of her notice of
appeal.
ANALYSIS
Restitution
Hernandez argues that she is entitled to a jury determination of the facts
necessary to set a restitution amount. The State contends that Hernandez failed to
preserve this issue for appellate review and cannot raise it for the first time on appeal
because it is not a manifest error affecting a constitutional right.
Generally, a party may not raise an argument on appeal that the party did not
present to the trial court.3 "No procedural principle is more familiar than that a
constitutional right, or a right of any other sort, may be forfeited in criminal cases by
the failure to make timely assertion of the right before a tribunal having jurisdiction to
determine it."4
An exception to this rule allows a party to raise for the first time on appeal a
manifest error affecting a constitutional right.5 This exception does not, however,
3 State v. Stoddard, 192 Wn. App. 222, 226-27, 366 P.3d 474 (2016); RAP 2.5(a). 4 Id at 226. 5 RAP 2.5(a)(3). No. 73341-9-1/5
allow for review of Hernandez's argument. In State v. Kinneman, the Washington
Supreme Court squarely rejected the argument that the Sixth Amendment requires a
jury determination of restitution.6 The court held that "[tjhere is no right to a jury trial
to determine facts on which restitution is based under RCW 9.94A.753."7
We reject Hernandez's argument that the United State Supreme Court's
opinion in Apprendi v. New Jersey8 and its progeny compel a departure from
Kinneman. Under Apprendi, "[ojther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that
increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be
submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt."9 The United States
Supreme Court has held that Apprendi applies to criminal fines10 and that any fact
that increases the mandatory minimum penalty for a crime is an "element" that must
be submitted to the jury.11 The United States Supreme Court has not, however, held
that Apprendi applies to restitution.
A decision by the Washington Supreme Court is binding on all lower courts in
the state.12 "It is error for the Court of Appeals not to follow directly controlling
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2015JUL25 PNI*I9
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION ONE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 73341-9-
Respondent,
v.
LISA DAWN HERNANDEZ, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant. FILED: July 25, 2016
Verellen, C.J. — The Washington Supreme Court has held that the Sixth
Amendment does not require a jury determination of restitution. We are bound by
this holding unless and until the Washington Supreme Court or the United States
Supreme Court rules otherwise. Neither court has done so. Accordingly, Lisa
Hernandez was not entitled to a jury determination of restitution upon her conviction
of assault in the third degree. Also, because she did not object at trial to the amount
of restitution for medical expenses, appellate review of that issue is precluded. The
issues Hernandez raises in her statement of additional grounds for review (SAG)
involve facts and evidence not in the record and are not properly raised in a SAG.
We affirm Hernandez's conviction. We do not award costs on appeal.
FACTS
In May 2014, Renton police officers were dispatched to the scene of a
stabbing and found Levi Whidden lying on the ground with a stab wound to the chest. No. 73341-9-1/2
A few minutes after the officers were dispatched, Hernandez called 911 and reported
that she had been sexually assaulted 10 minutes earlier.
At the police station, Hernandez told detectives she had fallen asleep on the
bus and decided to get off at the Renton Transit Center. She asked an unknown
male, later identified as Whidden, for a ride and got in his car. Hernandez told the
detectives that the male tried to sexually assault her but was unable to reach her
because she was sitting in the back seat. She said she immediately got out of the
car, called 911, and the car drove away.
A surveillance video at the transit center showed Hernandez getting in the
front passenger seat of a car and the car driving away. According to Whidden,
Hernandez got into his car and tried to reach for cash and marijuana in the center
console. He grabbed her arm to try to stop her, and she then got out. Whidden also
got out and walked to the back of the car where Hernandez was standing.
Hernandez then stabbed Whidden.
On January 20, 2015, Hernandez was charged with assault in the third
degree. She entered a plea of guilty to assault in the third degree, stating, "On May
24, 2014 in King Co. WA with criminal negligence, I did cause bodily harm to Levi
Whidden by stabbing him with a knife."1 In the plea agreement, Hernandez agreed to
pay restitution in an amount to be determined.
On February 13, 2015, the trial court entered judgment on Hernandez's guilty
plea. The court sentenced Hernandez to 60 days in jail, with credit for 30 days
Clerk's Papers at 19. No. 73341-9-1/3
served and the remaining 30 days converted to 240 hours of community service. The
court also ordered restitution to be determined at a future restitution hearing and
waived all nonmandatory legal financial obligations.
On May 14, 2015, the State filed restitution documentation. The State sought
restitution in the amount of $941.16 for Whidden. In support, the State submitted a
victim loss statement itemizing Whidden's clothing and boots that were damaged in
the assault and the items' value. The State also sought restitution in the amount of
$25,827.43 for the state Health Care Authority (HCA). In support, the State
submitted a copy of HCA's ledger showing payments made in connection with
Whidden's medical care.
A restitution hearing was held on July 16, 2015. Hernandez objected to the
request for $747 to replace Whidden's cowboy boots. Hernandez did not, however,
object to the request for restitution for HCA's expenses. Her counsel stated:
Your Honor, with respect to the medical costs, the $25,827.43, I reviewed the information, the itemized list provided as part of the restitution packet. It appears to be directly related to the injury that was sustained during the incident, so I don't think the defense can object to that, because I think that the State has shown a nexus for that.[2]
The court granted the State's request for restitution for Whidden for all items
requested except the cowboy boots and granted the State's request for the HCA's
medical expenses. The court awarded $194.16 in restitution to Whidden and
$25,827.43 to HCA.
2 Report of Proceedings (RP) (July 16, 2015) at 5-6. No. 73341-9-1/4
Hernandez timely appealed. The trial court authorized an appeal in forma
pauperis, finding that Hernandez was unable by reason of poverty to pay for any of
the expenses of appellate review or to contribute anything toward the cost of
appellate review. After the restitution hearing, Hernandez moved this court for an
order expanding the scope of her notice of appeal to include review of the order of
restitution. We granted Hernandez's motion to expand the scope of her notice of
appeal.
ANALYSIS
Restitution
Hernandez argues that she is entitled to a jury determination of the facts
necessary to set a restitution amount. The State contends that Hernandez failed to
preserve this issue for appellate review and cannot raise it for the first time on appeal
because it is not a manifest error affecting a constitutional right.
Generally, a party may not raise an argument on appeal that the party did not
present to the trial court.3 "No procedural principle is more familiar than that a
constitutional right, or a right of any other sort, may be forfeited in criminal cases by
the failure to make timely assertion of the right before a tribunal having jurisdiction to
determine it."4
An exception to this rule allows a party to raise for the first time on appeal a
manifest error affecting a constitutional right.5 This exception does not, however,
3 State v. Stoddard, 192 Wn. App. 222, 226-27, 366 P.3d 474 (2016); RAP 2.5(a). 4 Id at 226. 5 RAP 2.5(a)(3). No. 73341-9-1/5
allow for review of Hernandez's argument. In State v. Kinneman, the Washington
Supreme Court squarely rejected the argument that the Sixth Amendment requires a
jury determination of restitution.6 The court held that "[tjhere is no right to a jury trial
to determine facts on which restitution is based under RCW 9.94A.753."7
We reject Hernandez's argument that the United State Supreme Court's
opinion in Apprendi v. New Jersey8 and its progeny compel a departure from
Kinneman. Under Apprendi, "[ojther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that
increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be
submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt."9 The United States
Supreme Court has held that Apprendi applies to criminal fines10 and that any fact
that increases the mandatory minimum penalty for a crime is an "element" that must
be submitted to the jury.11 The United States Supreme Court has not, however, held
that Apprendi applies to restitution.
A decision by the Washington Supreme Court is binding on all lower courts in
the state.12 "It is error for the Court of Appeals not to follow directly controlling
6 155 Wn.2d 272, 119 P.3d 350 (2005). 7 Id, at 282. 8 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000). 9]d at 490. 10 Southern Union Co. v. United States, U.S. , 132 S. Ct. 2344, 2348- 49, 183 L Ed. 2d 318 (2012). 11 Allevne v. United States, U.S. , 133 S. Ct. 2151, 2155, 186 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2013). 12 State v. Pedro, 148 Wn. App. 932, 950, 201 P.3d 398 (2009). No. 73341-9-1/6
authority by the Supreme Court."13 Kinneman is directly controlling authority. Under
Kinneman, Hernandez is not entitled to a jury determination of the facts necessary to
set a restitution amount.14
Hernandez also argues, by characterizing restitution as "damages," that she is
entitled to a jury determination of restitution under article I, section 21 of the
Washington Constitution, which requires that the right to trial by jury remain inviolate.
In support of her argument, Hernandez relies on Sofie v. Fibreboard Corp.15 Sofie is
a civil case holding that a statute placing a limit on noneconomic damages was
unconstitutional because it interfered with the jury's traditional function to determine
damages.16 Hernandez provides no authority to support her argument that the article
I, section 21 analysis in Sofie applies in a criminal setting to the determination of
restitution. We reject her argument.
Hernandez next argues that the State failed to prove the HCA's medical
expenses with sufficient specificity to support the restitution award. But Hernandez
failed to object to the amount of medical expenses at the restitution hearing and, in
fact, stated that the amount claimed "appears to be directly related to the injury that
13 jd 14 The United States Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S. Ct. 738, 160 L. Ed. 2d 621 (2005), does not compel a contrary conclusion. The court in Kinneman explicitly held that restitution "does not require jury fact-finding under the post-Blakelv decision" in Booker. Kinneman, 155 Wn.2d at 281 (referring to Blakelv v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004)). 15 112 Wn.2d. 636, 771 P.2d 711, 780 P.2d 260 (1989). 16 Id. at 638. No. 73341-9-1/7
was sustained during the incident".17 Where a defendant fails to object, the amount
of restitution is deemed acknowledged.18 Hernandez's failure to raise either a
general objection to restitution or a specific objection to the items challenged on
appeal precludes appellate review of her challenge to the award of restitution to HCA
for medical expenses.19
Costs on Appeal
Hernandez argues that if the State is the substantially prevailing party on
appeal, we should not impose costs against her because she is indigent. The State
did not respond to Hernandez's argument.
Appellate courts may require an adult offender convicted of an offense to pay
appellate costs.20 The commissioner or clerk will award costs to the State ifthe State
is the substantially prevailing party on appeal, "unless the appellate court directs
otherwise in its decision terminating review."21
A determination of a criminal defendant's indigency is entrusted to the trial
judge, whose finding of indigency we respect unless we are shown good cause not to
do so.22 Under the Rules of Appellate Procedure, where a party has been granted an
order of indigency, the party and the party's counsel must bring to the attention of the
trial court any significant improvement during review in the party's financial
17 RP (July 16, 2015) at 6. 18 State v. Ryan, 78 Wn. App. 758, 762, 899 P.2d 825 (1995). 19 State v. Harrington, 56 Wn. App. 176, 181.782P.2d 1101 (1980). 20 RCW 10.73.160(1). 21 RAP 14.2. 22 State v. Sinclair, 192 Wn. App. 380, 393, 367 P.3d 612 (2016). No. 73341-9-1/8
condition.23 We "will give a party the benefits of an order of indigency throughout the
review unless the trial court finds the party's financial condition has improved to the
extent that the party is no longer indigent."24
Hernandez filed a declaration of indigency. The trial court issued an order with
supporting findings authorizing Hernandez to appeal in forma pauperis. The trial
court has not found that Hernandez's financial condition has improved or is likely to
improve. We therefore presume that Hernandez remains indigent.25 Under these
circumstances, we conclude that an award to the State of appellate costs is not
appropriate.
Statement of Additional Grounds for Review
Hernandez raises several issues in her SAG. She contends her counsel failed
to attempt to find a record of a 911 call she claims to have made while in Whidden's
car and also made misstatements to her about whether Whidden did or did not want
to testify. She also argues that the police improperly conducted their investigation
into the stabbing and that she was not arraigned within the required time. These
issues involve facts and evidence not in the record. Accordingly, these issues are
properly raised in a personal restraint petition, not a SAG.26 Finally, Hernandez
states that her counsel failed to try to find a surveillance video showing her asleep on
23 RAP 15.2(f). 24 Id
25 Sinclair, 192 Wn. App. at 393; RAP 15.2(f). 26 State v. Alverado, 164 Wn.2d 556, 569, 192 P.3d 345 (2008).
8 No. 73341-9-1/9
a bus. But evidence that Whidden was sleeping on a bus is not relevant to the
charge and conviction of assault in the first degree.
CONCLUSION
We affirm. We do not award costs on appeal.
WE CONCUR:
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