Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
June 28, 2016
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 47528-6-II
Respondent, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
v.
LEO FANNON,
Appellant.
BJORGEN, C.J. — A jury returned verdicts finding Leo Fannon guilty of unlawful
possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver, with a school zone enhancement, and
four counts of unlawful possession of a controlled substance. Fannon appeals his convictions,
asserting that (1) the prosecutor committed misconduct by mischaracterizing evidence presented
at trial and (2) his defense counsel was ineffective for failing to object to (i) the prosecutor’s
mischaracterization of evidence, (ii) the prosecutor’s elicitation of testimony commenting on
Fannon’s credibility, (iii) the prosecutor’s elicitation of testimony that rendered an opinion of his
guilt, and (iv) the prosecutor’s elicitation of testimony commenting on his right to silence.
Fannon also raises numerous issues in his statement of additional grounds (SAG) for review, all No. 47528-6-II
of which either lack merit or require examination of matters outside the appellate record. We
affirm.
FACTS
On November 12, 2014, Longview police officers executed a search warrant at a
Longview residence. After entering the residence, Sergeant Raymond Hartley saw Fannon exit a
bedroom. Hartley searched the bedroom and saw bags containing methamphetamine and heroin
on a nightstand. Hartley also saw a black leather jacket in the bedroom, which contained a set of
scales with residue on them, packaging material, a bag containing methamphetamine, eight
oxycodone pills, ten methadone pills, and two clonazepam pills. Additionally, officers found
$2,615 in cash after searching Fannon incident to his arrest.
According to Detective Seth Libbui, Fannon agreed to speak with him after being advised
of his Miranda1 rights. Libbui stated that Fannon admitted that the bedroom and the drugs
contained therein were his but denied that he sold drugs. Libbui also stated that Fannon had told
him that he obtained his cash by fixing cars and selling them.
The State charged Fannon by amended information with one count of unlawful
possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver and four counts of unlawful possession
of a controlled substance. The State also alleged a school zone sentencing enhancement with
regard to his unlawful possession with intent to deliver charge.
During Hartley’s trial testimony, defense counsel asked to voir dire Hartley, and the
1 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
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following exchange took place:
[Defense counsel]: Sergeant Hartley, where was that scale found? [Hartley]: Inside of a jacket in that bedroom. [Defense counsel]: In that same bedroom that you were in before? [Hartley]: Yes. [Defense counsel]: And do you know anything about the jacket itself? Do you know what kind of jacket it was? [Hartley]: I believe it was a black leather jacket. [Defense counsel]: Do you know what size? [Hartley]: Mr. Fannon’s size actually; it looked to be about a medium. [Defense counsel]: When you say Mr. Fannon’s size, did you try it on him? [Hartley]: No. [Defense counsel]: So that’s just a guess? [Hartley]: No, I have other information that would corroborate that.
Report of Proceedings (RP) at 133. The State subsequently referred to the jacket at issue as “Mr.
Fannon’s jacket” on multiple occasions during Hartley’s testimony, asking the following:
[State]: Now, besides these eight pills, did you locate anything else inside of Mr. Fannon’s jacket? .... [State]: Okay. And were this—was that the only things you found in Mr. Fannon’s jacket? .... [State]: Now, you indicated you found these items in Mr. Fannon’s jacket, is that correct? .... [State]: Would you recognize Mr. Fannon’s jacket if you saw it again?
RP at 140, 142, 144. In response to this final question, Hartley testified that the jacket hanging
on the back of Fannon’s chair in the courtroom was the same jacket he had found in the
bedroom.
Libbui testified that he asked Fannon what cars he had sold to obtain his cash, to whom
he had sold the cars, and whether he had any documentation of such sales. The State then asked
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Libbui why he had asked Fannon these types of questions, to which Libbui responded,
“Because—well, I didn’t believe him. The way he said it to me and the evidence, I—I initially
didn’t feel that that matched up to what I saw.” RP at 236. Defense counsel did not object to the
State’s question or to Libbui’s response. The following exchange also took place during
Libbui’s trial testimony:
[State]: Was he—was he providing you with any information as to how he acquired this money at this point? [Libbui]: He wouldn’t. He—he was unable to provide me anything, any—anything factual of who he sold it to. All the questions I just mentioned, there was no evidence provided to me that could verify that. [State]: Okay. So you—so you had been unable to verify any—any information he was providing to you? [Libbui]: I had no start. There was absolutely nothing that would point me in even a direction where I could even call someone, or look up something in a DMV record, or there’s no—I mean, there’s nothing. He—I was given nothing to work with, so—.
RP at 236-37. Again, defense counsel did not object.
Fannon testified in his defense. Fannon denied that he lived at the residence searched by
police and denied that the jacket or controlled substances found by police belonged to him.
Fannon stated that he obtained his cash from car sales.
The jury returned verdicts finding Fannon guilty of all the charges against him. The jury
also returned a special verdict finding that Fannon committed unlawful possession of a
controlled substance with intent to deliver within 1,000 feet of the perimeter of a school ground.
Fannon appeals his convictions.
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ANALYSIS
I. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT
Fannon first contends that the prosecutor committed misconduct during Hartley’s
testimony by repeatedly referring to the jacket alleged to have contained controlled substances as
“Mr. Fannon’s jacket.” Br. of Appellant at 9. We disagree.
A defendant claiming prosecutorial misconduct must show both improper conduct and
resulting prejudice. State v. Fisher, 165 Wn.2d 727, 747, 202 P.3d 937 (2009). Prejudice exists
when there is a substantial likelihood that the misconduct affected the verdict. State v.
McKenzie, 157 Wn.2d 44, 52, 134 P.3d 221 (2006). Where, as here, a defendant does not object
to alleged misconduct at trial, the defendant fails to preserve the issue on appeal unless he or she
establishes that the misconduct was so flagrant and ill-intentioned that it caused an enduring
prejudice incurable by a jury instruction. State v. Thorgerson, 172 Wn.2d 438, 443, 258 P.3d 43
(2011).
Fannon asserts that the prosecutor’s characterization of the jacket allegedly containing
controlled substances as “Mr. Fannon’s jacket” during Hartley’s testimony was misconduct
because the State did not present any evidence to support the inference that the jacket belonged
to him. This, however, mischaracterizes the record. Although the State had not yet presented
evidence linking the jacket to Fannon when the prosecutor referred to the jacket as “Mr.
Fannon’s,” the State subsequently presented evidence that (1) Fannon had admitted to police that
the bedroom where the jacket was found was his, (2) Fannon had admitted to police that the
drugs found in that same bedroom were his, and (3) the jacket Fannon brought with him to court
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was the same jacket Hartley found in the bedroom. One may reasonably infer from this evidence
that the jacket was Fannon’s. Therefore, his argument fails.
II. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
Next, Fannon contends that his defense counsel was ineffective for failing to object to (1)
the prosecutor’s mischaracterization of evidence, (2) the prosecutor’s question eliciting evidence
commenting on his credibility, (3) the prosecutor’s questions eliciting an opinion of his guilt, and
(4) the prosecutor’s questions eliciting evidence commenting on his right to silence. On all
points, we disagree.
We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo. State v. Sutherby, 165
Wn.2d 870, 883, 204 P.3d 916 (2009). To prevail on his ineffective assistance of counsel claims,
Fannon must show both that (1) defense counsel’s representation was deficient and (2) the
deficient representation prejudiced him. State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 32-33, 246 P.3d 1260
(2011), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 153 (2014). Representation is deficient “if it falls ‘below an
objective standard of reasonableness.’” Grier, 171 Wn.2d at 33 (quoting Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984)). Prejudice ensues if
there is a reasonable probability that absent counsel’s deficient performance, the result of the
proceeding would have differed. Grier, 171 Wn.2d at 34. If Fannon fails to establish either
prong, we need not inquire further. State v. Hendrickson, 129 Wn.2d 61, 78, 917 P.2d 563
(1996).
We strongly presume that counsel’s representation was effective. Grier, 171 Wn.2d at
33. To overcome this presumption, Fannon must show the absence of any legitimate strategic or
tactical reason explaining defense counsel’s challenged conduct. State v. Emery, 174 Wn.2d
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741, 755, 278 P.3d 653 (2012). Legitimate trial strategy or tactics cannot serve as the basis for
an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. State v. Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d 856, 863, 215 P.3d 177
(2009).
A. Mischaracterization of Evidence
Fannon first asserts that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the
prosecutor’s characterization of the jacket at issue as “Mr. Fannon’s jacket” absent evidence in
support. Br. of Appellant at 9. However, to the extent the that the prosecutor misrepresented the
evidence by referring to the jacket as belonging to Fannon, there was no resulting prejudice
because the State later presented evidence that the jacket belonged to Fannon. Accordingly,
Fannon cannot demonstrate any prejudice resulting from defense counsel’s failure to object to
the prosecutor’s characterization and, thus, he fails to show ineffective assistance of counsel on
this ground.
B. Comment on Credibility
Next, Fannon asserts that his defense counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the
prosecutor’s question eliciting testimony commenting on his credibility. Again, we disagree.
Generally, witnesses are not permitted to testify about their opinions of the defendant’s
credibility. State v. Demery, 144 Wn.2d 753, 759, 30 P.3d 1278 (2001). Impermissible opinion
testimony about the defendant’s credibility “unfairly prejudices the defendant because it invades
the exclusive province of the jury to make an independent determination of the relevant facts.”
State v. Rafay, 168 Wn. App. 734, 805, 285 P.3d 83 (2012) (citing State v. Kirkman, 159 Wn.2d
918, 927, 155 P.3d 125 (2007)). “Testimony from a law enforcement officer regarding the
veracity of another witness may be especially prejudicial because an officer’s testimony often
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carries a special aura of reliability.” Kirkman, 159 Wn.2d at 928. However, testimony based on
“‘direct knowledge of facts at issue’” rather than on “‘one’s belief or idea’” does not constitute
opinion testimony. Demery, 144 Wn.2d at 760 (quoting BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1486 (7TH ed.
1999)). It is improper for a prosecutor to ask a witness about his or her personal opinion of
another witness’s credibility. State v. Jerrels, 83 Wn. App. 503, 507-508, 925 P.2d 209 (1996).
Here Libbui testified that, in response to Fannon’s claim that he obtained his cash from
selling cars, he asked Fannon some simple follow-up questions such as, “what cars, who did you
sell them to, do you have any documentation?” RP at 236. The prosecutor then asked Libbui,
“So why are you asking him these types of questions?” to which Lubbui responded, “Because—
well, I didn’t believe him. The way he said it to me and the evidence, I—I initially didn’t feel
that that matched up to what I saw.” RP at 236. Fannon argues that his defense counsel was
ineffective for failing to object to the prosecutor’s question and Libbui’s response thereto.
Fannon does not explain how, and we cannot conclude that, the prosecutor’s question,
“So why are you asking him these types of questions?” was designed to elicit Libbui’s personal
opinion about Fannon’s credibility. The prosecutor did not ask Libbui to state any opinion as to
Fannon’s credibility. The prosecutor merely asked Libbui why he was asking Fannon certain
questions about his claim of obtaining cash through automobile sales, a legitimate point of
inquiry and one not requiring an opinion on credibility in answer. Accordingly, we hold that
defense counsel did not perform deficiently by failing to object to the question. Grier, 171
Wn.2d at 33.
Fannon also argues that his counsel was ineffective in failing to object to Libbui’s
response to the prosecutor’s question. The officer’s testimony that he did not believe Fannon
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constituted a personal opinion of Fannon’s credibility. Fannon, however, cannot succeed in
demonstrating that his counsel was ineffective in failing to object to this opinion, because there is
a legitimate tactical reason for that failure.
It has long been established that “[t]he decision of when or whether to object is a classic
example of trial tactics [and o]nly in egregious circumstances, on testimony central to the State’s
case, will the failure to object constitute incompetence of counsel justifying reversal.” State v.
Madison, 53 Wn. App. 754, 763, 770 P.2d 662 (1989) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. 668); State v.
Ermert, 94 Wn.2d 839, 621 P.2d 121 (1980). Libbui’s opinion testimony does not constitute
such an egregious circumstance. Lubbui’s opinion as to Fannon’s credibility referred only to
Fannon’s statements regarding how he obtained his cash and did not extend to his opinion as to
whether Fannon was guilty of his charged crimes. Defense counsel had a legitimate tactical
reason not to object to the opinion testimony so as to not emphasize it to the jury. See State v.
McLean, 178 Wn. App. 236, 247, 313 P.3d 1181 (2013) (“[I]t can be a legitimate trial tactic to
withhold an objection to avoid emphasizing inadmissible evidence.”), review denied, 179 Wn.2d
1026 (2014); see also State v. Kloepper, 179 Wn. App. 343, 354, 317 P.3d 1088 (“The decision
to object, or to refrain from objecting even if testimony is not admissible, is a tactical decision
not to highlight the evidence to the jury. It is not a basis for finding counsel ineffective.”),
review denied, 180 Wn.2d 1017 (2014). Because defense counsel had a legitimate tactical
reason for not objecting to the opinion testimony, Fannon cannot demonstrate ineffective
assistance on this ground.
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C. Opinion of Guilt
Next, Fannon contends that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the
prosecutor’s question eliciting Libbui’s opinion of his guilt. We disagree.
Generally, no witness may offer testimony regarding his or her opinion of the defendant’s
guilt. Demery, 144 Wn.2d at 759. A witness expresses opinion testimony when the witness
testifies to beliefs or ideas rather than the facts at issue. Demery, 144 Wn.2d at 760. However,
“testimony that . . . is based on inferences from the evidence is not improper opinion testimony.”
City of Seattle v. Heatley, 70 Wn. App. 573, 578, 854 P.2d 658 (1993).
Fannon argues that his defense counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the
following exchange on the basis that it elicited improper opinion testimony as to his guilt:
[State]: Okay. Did you ask him any questions about whether he was actively selling controlled substances or anything about the money that was found on his person? [Libbui]: I did question him. When I—when I had observed the stuff, I had had—it looked consistent with dealing and so—and that—then that’s kind of the angle I started talking to him about, and I said, you know, it’s—then I explained to him that’s what I saw and—and he said it wasn’t. He said that was—he wasn’t dealing drugs, that—that they were from automotive sales, that he fixes up cars to sell them. [State]: Okay. Now, why were you asking him about the money that you had located and the drugs that you had located? [Libbui]: Because the amount of money and—and the way the—the smaller denominations were built up, it was—and—and the whole image of the—of the room, with the scale stuff and—and the—and even the setup of the house, how many people were there, that’s all consistent with people selling or trafficking narcotics to the people waiting to buy, and the money—and the money, the same thing. It just adds to that whole—that whole case.
RP at 234-35.
In this exchange the prosecutor asked Libbui whether he had asked Fannon certain
questions during his investigation and why Libbui had asked those questions. The prosecutor did
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not ask Libbui to state any opinion, let alone an opinion of Fannon’s guilt. Further, as shown
below, Libbui's responses were not improper opinion testimony. Accordingly, we hold that
Fannon’s defense counsel did not perform deficiently by declining to object to the prosecutor’s
questions and, thus, his ineffective assistance of counsel claim cannot succeed on this ground.
To the extent that Fannon is also claiming ineffective assistance based on defense
counsel’s failure to object to Libbui’s responses, that claim also cannot succeed. Libbui’s
testimony—that the evidence he had observed at the house and on Fannon’s person was
consistent with dealing narcotics—was based on Libbui’s direct observations and the inferences
drawn from those observations. The testimony contained no opinion on Fannon’s guilt.
Although Libbui’s testimony that the evidence he had observed was consistent with dealing
drugs supported a jury finding that Fannon was guilty of possession of controlled substances
with intent to deliver, “[t]he fact that an opinion encompassing ultimate factual issues supports
the conclusion that the defendant is guilty does not make the testimony an improper opinion on
guilt.” Heatley, 70 Wn. App. at 579. Because Libbui did not express an improper opinion of
Fannon’s guilt, Fannon cannot demonstrate either deficient performance or resulting prejudice
from his defense counsel’s failure to object to the testimony. Accordingly, his ineffective
assistance of counsel claim cannot succeed on this ground.
D. Comment on Right to Silence
Finally, Fannon asserts that his defense counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the
prosecutor’s question eliciting testimony commenting on his right to silence. Again, we
disagree.
11 No. 47528-6-II
The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution and article I, section 9 of the
Washington Constitution “guarantee a criminal defendant the right to be free from self-
incrimination, including the right to silence.” State v. Knapp, 148 Wn. App. 414, 420, 199 P.3d
505 (2009). A police witness “may not comment on the silence of the defendant so as to infer
guilt from a refusal to answer questions.” State v. Lewis, 130 Wn.2d 700, 705, 927 P.2d 235
(1996). However, when a defendant waives his or her right to remain silent following adequate
Miranda warnings and chooses to speak with police, a police witness may comment on what the
defendant did and did not say. State v. Young, 89 Wn.2d 613, 620-21, 574 P.2d 1171 (1978);
State v. Clark, 143 Wn.2d 731, 765, 24 P.3d 1006 (2001).
Fannon argues that his defense counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the
following questions and answers thereto:
[State]: Was he—was he providing you with any information as to how he acquired this money at this point? [Libbui]: He wouldn’t. He—he was unable to provide me anything, any— anything factual of who he sold it to. All the questions I just mentioned, there was no evidence provided to me that could verify that. [State]: Okay. So you—so you had been unable to verify any—any information he was providing to you? [Libbui]: I had no start. There was absolutely nothing that would point me in even a direction where I could even call someone, or look up something in a DMV record, or there’s no—I mean, there’s nothing. He—I was given nothing to work with, so—.
RP at 236-37.
Fannon’s argument fails. Fannon did not exercise his right to post-arrest silence
following advisement of his Miranda warnings and instead chose to speak with police, stating
that he obtained his cash through the sale of cars. Libbui’s challenged testimony concerned
Fannon’s inability to provide police with details verifying his claim to have obtained cash
12 No. 47528-6-II
through car sales. Because Fannon waived his right to post-arrest silence and stated to police
that he obtained his cash through car sales, the State could properly inquire, and Libbui could
properly testify, about Fannon’s failure to provide details verifying his statement to police.
Accordingly, Fannon shows neither deficient performance nor resulting prejudice based on his
defense counsel’s failure to object to the challenged testimony and, thus, his ineffective
assistance of counsel claim fails.
III. SAG
In his SAG, Fannon first contends that the State either withheld from the defense or failed
to preserve exculpatory evidence, specifically the jacket allegedly containing controlled
substances. There is no support in the appellate record to support this contention as Hartley
testified that Fannon brought the jacket with him to the courtroom on the first day of trial. To the
extent that Fannon relies on matters outside the appellate record to support this claim, he must
raise the claim in a personal restraint petition. State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 335, 899
P.2d 1251 (1995).
Second, Fannon contends in his SAG that the prosecutor committed misconduct by
asking whether Hartley saw the jacket at issue in the courtroom because the prosecutor knew that
the State had withheld or failed to preserve the actual jacket found by police. Again, the record
does not support Fannon’s claim that the State withheld or failed to preserve the jacket.
Accordingly, on this record, Fannon cannot show that the prosecutor’s question regarding the
location of the jacket was misconduct.2
2 For this same reason, Fannon cannot show on this record that his defense counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the prosecutor’s question regarding the location of the jacket.
13 No. 47528-6-II
Third, Fannon contends in his SAG that his defense counsel was ineffective for failing to
object to Hartley’s testimony that he found Fannon’s wallet and cash in the bedroom. Fannon
argues that Hartley’s testimony was misleading because Libbui later testified that he had placed
the wallet and cash in the bedroom after seizing them from Fannon following a search incident to
Fannon’s arrest. Accepting for the sake of argument that Hartley’s testimony was misleading,
Fannon cannot demonstrate resulting prejudice in light of Libbui’s later testimony clarifying
where he had found the wallet and cash. Accordingly, Fannon cannot demonstrate that his
defense counsel was ineffective for failing to object to Hartley’s testimony.
Fourth, Fannon appears to argue that his counsel was ineffective for failing to call certain
witnesses at trial, failing to present a video recording taken from a police cruiser, and failing to
investigate motor vehicle records that would support his claim that he had obtained his cash
through car sales. Because review of these claims require examination of matters outside the
appellate record, they must be raised in a personal restraint petition, and we do not further
address them here. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d at 335.
Fifth, Fannon argues that his right to a fair trial was violated because he was shown a
false statement before trial to coerce him to plead guilty. Again, this issue concerns a matter
outside the appellate record that would be more appropriately raised in a personal restraint
petition.
Finally, Fannon complains that the trial court judge improperly revoked his bail for
appearing late on the second day of trial because he had timely appeared in court on that day.
Even assuming for the sake of argument that Fannon is correct, he does not explain how the
14 No. 47528-6-II
improper revocation of his bail requires reversal of his convictions. Accordingly, we do not
further address this issue.
IV. APPELLATE COSTS
Fannon is 59 years old, was determined to be indigent, and is serving an 84-month
sentence. For these reasons, we exercise our discretion to waive appellate costs. See State v.
Sinclair, 192 Wn. App. 380, 367 P.3d 612 (2016).
We affirm.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
BJORGEN, C.J. We concur:
WORSWICK, J.
MAXA, J.