FILED
December 2,2014
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
W A State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 31139-2-111 ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) ) JOHN L. SANDERS, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) Appellant. )
BROWN, A.C.J. - John Lawrence Sanders appeals his conviction for attempted
indecent liberties. He contends (1) the State presented insufficient evidence to prove
he took a substantial step toward causing M.F. to have sexual contact with him by
forcible compulsion and (2) the trial court erred in denying his request for a voluntary
intoxication jury instruction. In his statement of additional grounds for review (SAG), Mr.
Sanders expresses concerns regarding the State's mention of inadmissible character
evidence. We affirm.
FACTS
On March 16,2012, Mr. Sanders and two acquaintances were drinking beer in
Mission Park. The trio had been drinking since 10:00 a.m. By 1:00 p.m., Mr. Sanders
had imbibed one and a half beers and smoked a small amount of marijuana before
reaching Mission Park, giving him a "small buzz." Report of Proceedings (RP) at 120. No. 31139-2-111 State v. Sanders
One of Mr. Sanders' companions testified all three were intoxicated "[w]ith beer." RP at
104. Around 1:00 p.m., Mr. Sanders thought he recognized a woman walking through
the park. He whistled and waved to get her attention while walking toward her. The
woman was Ms. F., a 19-year old student at Moody Bible College. When she noticed
Mr. Sanders waving, she walked toward him, assuming he was someone she knew.
Nearing Mr. Sanders, she did not recognize him but decided she would "share the
gospel" with him. RP at 51.
Mr. Sanders told Ms. F. that he had mistaken her for his friend. As the two
introduced themselves, Mr. Sanders touched and rubbed a stain on Ms. F.s' jacket; the
stain was over her breast. Ms. F. swatted his hand away and indicated her desire to
leave. Mr. Sanders then said, "Oh, don't go" and grabbed her wrist. RP at 54. Mr.
Sanders' grasp was not "super forceful, but he had a good hold." RP at 55. Ms. F. was
a little fearful for her physical safety. While Mr. Sanders maintained his grip on her
wrist, he leaned in and kissed her on her lips. Once again Ms. F. expressed her desire
to leave. Mr. Sanders apologized, let go of her wrist, and said, "I just keep thinking that
you're Angela, my friend Angela. You guys have the same hips." RP at 57. While
saying this, Mr. Sanders touched her hips and butt. When he tried to pull her towards
him, Ms. F. stepped back, swatting his hands away. Ms. F. testified his actions were
"inappropriate," "creepy," and "scary"; she was concerned she might be hurt. RP at 58.
Ms. F. believed the touching contacts with Mr. Sanders were sexual in nature and not
accidental.
No. 31139-2-111 State v. Sanders
Ms. F. left. Mr. Sanders did not follow her, but he did make grunting noises and
told her to "hit him up" if she was single. RP at 59. Ms. F. contacted her school and the
police. After obtaining Mr. Sanders' description, the police found him in Mission Park
and arrested him on an outstanding warrant. When the officers arrived, Mr. Sanders
believed he had imbibed 3 to 4, 16-ounce beers. Officer Sherri Malinak related Mr.
Sanders could walk but could not speak very clearly. She described Mr. Sanders'
behavior while in the back of the patrol car as "very belligerent" and "intoxicated." RP at
42. He made numerous sexual comments to the female officers in the car.
At trial, the court denied Mr. Sanders' request for a jury instruction on voluntary
intoxication. He denied touching Ms. F. in any way. The jury found him guilty as
charged. After his conviction, Mr. Sanders appealed.
ANALYSIS
A. Evidence Sufficiency
The issue is whether sufficient evidence supports Mr. Sanders' attempted
indecent liberties conviction. Mr. Sanders contends the State failed to prove he used
forcible compulsion to have sexual contact with Ms. F.
Evidence is sufficient to support a guilty finding if '''after viewing the evidence in
the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.'" State v. Green, 94 Wn.2d
216,221,616 P.2d 628 (1980) (emphasis omitted) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979)). An evidence sufficiency
challenge "admits the truth of the State's evidence and all inferences that reasonably
can be drawn therefrom." State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192,201,829 P.2d 1068 (1992).
We defer to the jury's assessment of conflicting testimony, witness credibility, and
evidence weight. State v. Carver, 113 Wn.2d 591,604,781 P.2d 1308,789 P.2d 306
(1989).
The crime of attempted indecent liberties requires proof of the intent to commit
indecent liberties and a substantial step toward the commission of indecent liberties.
See State v. Vermillion, 66 Wn. App. 332, 342, 832 P.2d 95 (1992). The essential
elements of indecent liberties are knowingly causing another person who is not his
spouse to have sexual contact with him by forcible compulsion. RCW 9A.44.1 00(1 )(a).
Forcible compulsion is "physical force which overcomes resistance, or a threat, express
or implied, that places a person in fear of death or physical injury to herself." RCW
9A.44.010(6); see also State v. Ritola, 63 Wn. App. 252,255,917 P.2d 1390 (1991) (no
forcible compulsion because force was not used to overcome resistance as the touching
of the victim's breast was unexpected, creating no opportunity to resist).
Our focus is forcible compulsion. Mr. Sanders places much emphasis on Ms.
Feltes' testimony where she said she was "uncomfortable" with Mr. Sanders' actions I and a "little fearful" of being hurt. RP at 55. He argues this does not rise to the level of I "fear of death or physical injury" needed for forcible compulsion. But forcible
compulsion can be found in two ways, by physical force which overcomes resistance or
by a threat which places a person in fear of injury. Mr. Sanders ignores the first half of
the definition. While the initial touch of Ms. F.s' breast may have been unexpected, Ms.
F. did swat his hand away. When she expressed her desire to leave, he grabbed her
wrist and kissed her. Again, Ms. F. tried to leave, but Mr. Sanders grabbed her hips and
pulled her toward him. A rational jury could, viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the State, find Mr. Sanders took a substantial step in using physical force to
overcome Ms. F .s' resistance beyond a reasonable doubt
B. Voluntary Intoxication Instruction Request
The issue is whether the trial court erred in denying Mr. Sanders' request for a
voluntary intoxication jury instruction. Mr.
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FILED
December 2,2014
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
W A State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 31139-2-111 ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) ) JOHN L. SANDERS, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) Appellant. )
BROWN, A.C.J. - John Lawrence Sanders appeals his conviction for attempted
indecent liberties. He contends (1) the State presented insufficient evidence to prove
he took a substantial step toward causing M.F. to have sexual contact with him by
forcible compulsion and (2) the trial court erred in denying his request for a voluntary
intoxication jury instruction. In his statement of additional grounds for review (SAG), Mr.
Sanders expresses concerns regarding the State's mention of inadmissible character
evidence. We affirm.
FACTS
On March 16,2012, Mr. Sanders and two acquaintances were drinking beer in
Mission Park. The trio had been drinking since 10:00 a.m. By 1:00 p.m., Mr. Sanders
had imbibed one and a half beers and smoked a small amount of marijuana before
reaching Mission Park, giving him a "small buzz." Report of Proceedings (RP) at 120. No. 31139-2-111 State v. Sanders
One of Mr. Sanders' companions testified all three were intoxicated "[w]ith beer." RP at
104. Around 1:00 p.m., Mr. Sanders thought he recognized a woman walking through
the park. He whistled and waved to get her attention while walking toward her. The
woman was Ms. F., a 19-year old student at Moody Bible College. When she noticed
Mr. Sanders waving, she walked toward him, assuming he was someone she knew.
Nearing Mr. Sanders, she did not recognize him but decided she would "share the
gospel" with him. RP at 51.
Mr. Sanders told Ms. F. that he had mistaken her for his friend. As the two
introduced themselves, Mr. Sanders touched and rubbed a stain on Ms. F.s' jacket; the
stain was over her breast. Ms. F. swatted his hand away and indicated her desire to
leave. Mr. Sanders then said, "Oh, don't go" and grabbed her wrist. RP at 54. Mr.
Sanders' grasp was not "super forceful, but he had a good hold." RP at 55. Ms. F. was
a little fearful for her physical safety. While Mr. Sanders maintained his grip on her
wrist, he leaned in and kissed her on her lips. Once again Ms. F. expressed her desire
to leave. Mr. Sanders apologized, let go of her wrist, and said, "I just keep thinking that
you're Angela, my friend Angela. You guys have the same hips." RP at 57. While
saying this, Mr. Sanders touched her hips and butt. When he tried to pull her towards
him, Ms. F. stepped back, swatting his hands away. Ms. F. testified his actions were
"inappropriate," "creepy," and "scary"; she was concerned she might be hurt. RP at 58.
Ms. F. believed the touching contacts with Mr. Sanders were sexual in nature and not
accidental.
No. 31139-2-111 State v. Sanders
Ms. F. left. Mr. Sanders did not follow her, but he did make grunting noises and
told her to "hit him up" if she was single. RP at 59. Ms. F. contacted her school and the
police. After obtaining Mr. Sanders' description, the police found him in Mission Park
and arrested him on an outstanding warrant. When the officers arrived, Mr. Sanders
believed he had imbibed 3 to 4, 16-ounce beers. Officer Sherri Malinak related Mr.
Sanders could walk but could not speak very clearly. She described Mr. Sanders'
behavior while in the back of the patrol car as "very belligerent" and "intoxicated." RP at
42. He made numerous sexual comments to the female officers in the car.
At trial, the court denied Mr. Sanders' request for a jury instruction on voluntary
intoxication. He denied touching Ms. F. in any way. The jury found him guilty as
charged. After his conviction, Mr. Sanders appealed.
ANALYSIS
A. Evidence Sufficiency
The issue is whether sufficient evidence supports Mr. Sanders' attempted
indecent liberties conviction. Mr. Sanders contends the State failed to prove he used
forcible compulsion to have sexual contact with Ms. F.
Evidence is sufficient to support a guilty finding if '''after viewing the evidence in
the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.'" State v. Green, 94 Wn.2d
216,221,616 P.2d 628 (1980) (emphasis omitted) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979)). An evidence sufficiency
challenge "admits the truth of the State's evidence and all inferences that reasonably
can be drawn therefrom." State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192,201,829 P.2d 1068 (1992).
We defer to the jury's assessment of conflicting testimony, witness credibility, and
evidence weight. State v. Carver, 113 Wn.2d 591,604,781 P.2d 1308,789 P.2d 306
(1989).
The crime of attempted indecent liberties requires proof of the intent to commit
indecent liberties and a substantial step toward the commission of indecent liberties.
See State v. Vermillion, 66 Wn. App. 332, 342, 832 P.2d 95 (1992). The essential
elements of indecent liberties are knowingly causing another person who is not his
spouse to have sexual contact with him by forcible compulsion. RCW 9A.44.1 00(1 )(a).
Forcible compulsion is "physical force which overcomes resistance, or a threat, express
or implied, that places a person in fear of death or physical injury to herself." RCW
9A.44.010(6); see also State v. Ritola, 63 Wn. App. 252,255,917 P.2d 1390 (1991) (no
forcible compulsion because force was not used to overcome resistance as the touching
of the victim's breast was unexpected, creating no opportunity to resist).
Our focus is forcible compulsion. Mr. Sanders places much emphasis on Ms.
Feltes' testimony where she said she was "uncomfortable" with Mr. Sanders' actions I and a "little fearful" of being hurt. RP at 55. He argues this does not rise to the level of I "fear of death or physical injury" needed for forcible compulsion. But forcible
compulsion can be found in two ways, by physical force which overcomes resistance or
by a threat which places a person in fear of injury. Mr. Sanders ignores the first half of
the definition. While the initial touch of Ms. F.s' breast may have been unexpected, Ms.
F. did swat his hand away. When she expressed her desire to leave, he grabbed her
wrist and kissed her. Again, Ms. F. tried to leave, but Mr. Sanders grabbed her hips and
pulled her toward him. A rational jury could, viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the State, find Mr. Sanders took a substantial step in using physical force to
overcome Ms. F .s' resistance beyond a reasonable doubt
B. Voluntary Intoxication Instruction Request
The issue is whether the trial court erred in denying Mr. Sanders' request for a
voluntary intoxication jury instruction. Mr. Sanders contends substantial evidence exists
of consumption and effects of alcohol to warrant the instruction.
A trial court's decision to reject a jury instruction is reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. State v. Priest, 100 Wn. App. 451,454,997 P.2d 452 (2000). RCW I 9A.16.090 allows a jury to take a defendant's intoxication into consideration in
determining whether a defendant acted with the requisite mental state. Criminal
defendants are entitled to voluntary intoxication instructions "only if: (1) the crime
charged has as an element a particular mental state. (2) there is substantial evidence of
drinking, and (3) the defendant presents evidence that the drinking affected his ...
ability to acquire the required mental state." State v. Gal/egos, 65 Wn. App. 230, 238, I 828 P.2d 37 (1992). In other words, "the evidence must reasonably and logically
connect the defendant's intoxication with the asserted inability to form the required level
of culpability to commit the crime charged." State v. Gabryschak, 83 Wn. App. 249,
252-53,921 P.2d 549 (1996).
Showing a defendant drank alcohol is insufficient; evidence must show the
alcohol's effect on a defendant's mind or body. Id. at 253. Expert testimony is not
needed to show this. Id. For example, in Gabryschak, while testimony showed the
defendant's inebriated state, no evidence showed whether the defendant's intoxication
affected the defendant's ability to form the requisite mental state. Id. at 253-54. The
evidence instead showed the defendant understood the police's requests, was aware
he was under arrest, and knew he was going to jail. Id. at 254-55; see a/so State v.
Byrd, 30 Wn. App. 794, 798, 638 P.2d 601 (1981) (no intoxication where defendant
gave a detailed recital of the events at trial). But see State v. Rice, 102 Wn.2d 120,
122-23, 683 P.2d 199 (1984) (intoxication instruction necessary where defendants
drank beer all day, ingested Quaaludes, spilled beer, had no hand-eye coordination,
and did not feel anything when struck by a car).
The crime of attempted indecent liberties contains a mental state element.
Substantial evidence showed Mr. Sanders was drinking alcohol. But Mr. Sanders failed
to demonstrate his intoxication affected his ability to form the necessary mental state.
At the time Mr. Sanders approached Ms. F., he had only drunk one and a half to four
beers. Ms. F. testified his speech was slow but not slurred. She felt his actions were
not accidental. David Fisher, one of Mr. Sanders' companions on the day in question,
testified Mr. Sanders "looked fine to [him]" right before he approached Ms. F. RP at
103. While Mr. Sanders' version of his actions during the encounter was contradictory
to Ms. Feltes, he still clearly remembered the events of that day, from buying beer in the
morning to drinking in the park to spying Ms. F. across the park to realizing Ms.-F. was
not in fact his friend to what he ate for lunch; moreover, his recollection of the
conversation the two had mirrored Ms. F.s' testimony, except he denied touching her.
The evid.ence, similar to that seen in Gabryschak and Byrd, shows Mr. Sanders was
aware of his surroundings and could ably recall the day. While perhaps Mr. Sanders
was more inebriated when the police arrested him, it is his state of mind during his
encounter with Ms. F., and not his state of mind in the back of the police car, that is
critical here. Given all, the trial court correctly ruled the evidence did not support giving
a voluntary intoxication instruction because it failed to show the alcohol consumption
interfered with Mr. Sanders' ability to acquire the necessary mental state.
C. Statement of Additional Grounds
In a statement of additional grounds, citation to the record and legal authorities is
not needed. RAP 10.10(c). However, nothing in the record substantiates Mr. Sanders'
claim. The State did bring up Mr. Sanders' previous conviction, but it did not do so in
the presence of the jury. The court ruled the State could not bring up the conviction, the
jury was brought back in, and the State resumed questioning without mentioning the
conviction.
Affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
Brown, AC.J. WE CONCUR:
~(\
Lawrence-Berrey, J.