FILED SEPTEMBER 5, 2017 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 33299-3-111 ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) PUBLISHED OPINION ) JESUS DUARTE VELA, ) ) Appellant. )
LAWRENCE-BERREY, A.CJ. - Jesus Duarte Vela 1 appeals his conviction for
second degree murder. Duarte Vela asserted self-defense at trial. The trial court
permitted Duarte Vela to testify he was fearful of the victim, but would not allow Duarte
Vela to explain why he feared the victim or the severity of the injury he feared. The jury
rejected Duarte Vela's self-defense claim and convicted him of second degree murder.
On appeal, Duarte Vela argues the trial court's evidentiary rulings were erroneous
and violated his right under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution to
present a defense. We agree and, therefore, reverse his conviction for second degree
1 Because of the number of similar first and last names, we refer to the appellant as "Duarte Vela," and his family members by their first names. No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
murder and remand for retrial.
FACTS AND PROCEDURE
A. FACTS
On February 20, 2014, Duarte Vela shot and killed Antonio Menchaca in
Okanogan County. The question at trial was why Duarte Vela shot and killed Menchaca.
Menchaca was once married to Blanca Duarte, Duarte Vela's sister. The former
couple had two children, Jesus and a younger sister. Menchaca left Okanogan in 2007.
His whereabouts during the seven years between then and the shooting were not clearly
established: At some point after 2007 he had been incarcerated, in May 2012 border
patrol agents returned him to Mexico and, in February 2014, he travelled from Mexico to
his sister's home in Fresno, California.
On February 18, 2014, Menchaca traveled from his sister's home to Okanogan, in
part to see his children. Menchaca arrived at Blanca's apartment in the morning hours of
February 20. Jesus, then 17 years old, saw his dad hugging his younger sister around 7:00
a.m. that morning. Jesus was afraid and called Duarte Vela, his uncle. He explained to
Duarte Vela that his dad was at the apartment and asked Duarte Vela to pick him up after
school that day. Duarte Vela's wife, Billie Jo Wilson, was home when Duarte Vela
received the call and learned from Duarte Vela that Menchaca was back in town.
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Duarte Vela decided to go to his sister's apartment to make sure she and her family
were safe. He knew that Menchaca had threatened Blanca in the past. Duarte Vela was
fearful of Menchaca and concerned that Menchaca posed a threat to Duarte Vela's family.
For these reasons, he took his gun with him.
When Duarte Vela arrived at his sister's apartment, Menchaca was the only person
there. Duarte Vela asked why he was at the apartment and told him that Blanca did not
want to see him. Duarte Vela told him to stay away from Duarte Vela's family.
Menchaca assured him that he would return to Fresno. Duarte Vela felt relieved and went
to work.
That afternoon, Billie Jo, together with her two younger children, drove to the
turnout at the head of her shared driveway to pick up her oldest daughter who was
arriving by school bus. A sport utility vehicle (SUV) pulled into the turnout just after
Billie Jo parked. The SUV driver and passenger both looked directly at Billie Jo. She
thought the passenger was Menchaca. As Duarte Vela arrived at the turnout, the SUV
left. Billie Jo told her husband there were two people in the SUV, she thought the
passenger was Menchaca, and she was frightened. She knew that Menchaca had caused
problems with the family years earlier. Duarte Vela was frightened for his children and
drove after the SUV.
3 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
Duarte Vela signaled for the SUV driver to pull over, and he did. Duarte Vela
pulled alongside the SUV. Duarte Vela recognized the driver as Luis Martinez, a distant
relative. He did not see anyone else in the SUV. Duarte Vela said his wife reported she
saw an SUV with two people in it and thought that one of the people was Antonio
Menchaca. Duarte Vela explained he was concerned because he did not know what
Menchaca's plans were and said he did not want Menchaca to cause any problems for his
family. Martinez assured Duarte Vela, "'It's only by [sic] myself.'" 2 Report of
Proceedings (RP) (Jan. 28, 2015) at 438. He did not mention that Menchaca had hidden
himself in the back seat as they had left the turnout.
Duarte Vela returned to his wife. She was still frightened. Soon after, they both
saw Martinez drive by with Menchaca in the front passenger seat. Duarte Vela realized
he had been lied to, Menchaca was in the SUV a few minutes earlier, and Menchaca was
not returning to Fresno as he had earlier promised.
Duarte Vela, even more concerned that Menchaca posed a threat to his family,
followed the SUV. Martinez saw Duarte Vela and pulled his SUV to the side of the road
and parked it. Duarte Vela stopped his truck in front of it. Duarte Vela and the two men
exited their vehicles. Duarte Vela still had his gun hidden in his pocket. The way the two
men walked toward Duarte Vela caused him to become nervous. Duarte Vela asked why
4 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
they were earlier parked by his family. Menchaca said something about being owed
money by a person who lived near the turnout, but Duarte Vela did not believe him.
Menchaca's tone of voice sounded threatening to Duarte Vela. At about this time, Duarte
Vela began to draw his gun and Menchaca's hand went inside his pocket to reach for
something. Duarte Vela fired two or three shots. One shot struck Menchaca in one arm,
went through his torso, and lodged in his other arm. Either during or just before the shots,
Menchaca displayed a paper in his hand, not a weapon. An injured Menchaca ran into a
nearby orchard where he soon died.
Martinez, and also Duarte Vela or his wife, called 911. Both callers said Duarte
Vela shot Menchaca. Two sheriffs deputies went to Duarte Vela's house and found him
outside standing on the porch with a telephone in his hand. Duarte Vela was advised of
his rights and agreed to answer questions. Duarte Vela related the events of that day,
explained he was both angry and fearful when he confronted Menchaca that afternoon,
and admitted, "'I didn't do the right thing probably."' 3 RP (Jan. 29, 2015) at 513. The
State charged Duarte Vela with various firearm offenses and second degree murder.
The trial occurred in January 2015. Prior to jury selection, the State moved in
limine to exclude evidence of Menchaca's prior bad acts. Duarte Vela responded that he
5 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
sought to admit certain prior bad acts of Menchaca known to him to establish the
reasonableness of his fear of Menchaca.
B. CONTESTED EVIDENTIARY RULINGS
1. Menchaca 's prison threat made around spring of 2012
Duarte Vela proffered the testimony of his brother, Alphonso, who would testify
that he had a telephone conversation while Menchaca was in prison two or three years
earlier during which Menchaca threatened to return to Okanogan and kill Duarte Vela's
entire family. Alphonso also would testify that he told Duarte Vela of this threat.
Duarte Vela argued that the prison threat was admissible to show his state of
mind-reasonable fear of Menchaca-which was an element of his self-defense case.
The State argued that the threat was too remote, not relevant to self-defense, and not
admissible under any hearsay exception. The trial court eventually refused to allow
Duarte Vela and his brother to testify about Menchaca's prison threat, mostly because the
threat was too remote in time.
The trial court explained:
Well, I'm concerned about the remoteness and the uncertainty of the timeline. The range two to three years seems to me to be pretty broad. I would like it if we could pin that down. The other concern I have is that these-if it was two to three years ago and assuming-Well, the problem is we don't know, number one, if the victim was in prison at the time. I assume he was. I don't really have any
6 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
reason to doubt that. But what I don't know is when he got out. Did he get out within a week or two of that phone call or did he get out a week or two prior to coming to the State of Washington? And the reason I think that's important is because if he got out within a short time of making the phone call but he never came to Washington, then it seems to me it's-there's a relevancy issue. There's a remoteness issue. On the other hand, ifhe got out within just a week or two or a month, some short period of time, then indeed it may be highly relevant and it is not remote. So I think what I have to do is to hear more. And, [defense counsel], I'm going to advise you to call Alfonso Duarte as a witness. But understand, I'll be listening very closely for ... foundational questions ... to establish the time frame for ... when this phone call happened and if it can be established as to when the victim got out of prison so that the Court is able to rule on the issue of remoteness.
RP (Jan. 27, 2015) at 12-13. After further argument from the State, the court reiterated,
"Ifhe was released two or three years ago, then indeed this is too remote." RP (Jan. 27,
2015) at 14.
Later at trial, the State brought forth a report from the border patrol that it had
returned Menchaca to Mexico in May 2012. This showed that Menchaca had been
released from prison before that time, which would have been at least two and one-half
years before the January 2015 trial. Presumably because of the trial court's comments
that "two or three years ago [was] too remote," Duarte Vela did not call Alphonso to
testify.
2. Menchaca 's abduction of Maricruz Duarte in 2007
7 No. 33299-3-111 State v. Duarte Vela·
Duarte Vela also proffered the testimony of his younger sister, Maricruz Duarte,
who would testify that Menchaca had abducted her in 2007 when she was just 15 years
old, and that Duarte Vela knew about this. The State argued it had evidence Maricruz and
Duarte Vela had retracted portions of the abduction accusation and that the testimony was
not relevant to Duarte Vela's state of mind. The trial court excluded the evidence on the
basis that the testimony was irrelevant and inadmissible.
3. Menchaca 's domestic violence against Blanca for years until they separated five or six years before trial
Duarte Vela also proffered the testimony of Blanca who would testify that
Menchaca had repeatedly battered her throughout their marriage, including after they left
Okanogan in 2007 to go to Fresno, and that she had told Duarte Vela about this. She
would have testified that the domestic violence occurred throughout their marriage and
ended five or six years before trial, presumably because they separated at that time.
Duarte Vela also sought to offer the testimony of his wife, who witnessed some of
the domestic violence when the couple lived in Okanagan.
The trial court excluded both testimonies as too remote in time.
4. Miscellaneous evidence excluded throughout trial
In addition to excluding the above offered testimonies, the trial court excluded
Duarte Vela from testifying: (1) what he had been told by his family members about
8 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
Menchaca's threat to kill his family and Menchaca's domestic violence against Blanca,
(2) why he feared Menchaca being around his family, (3) why he believed he needed to
arm himself when he went to his sister's apartment to confront Menchaca, (4) that his
wife told him the SUV driver and Menchaca gave her a threatening look when the SUV
first parked in or near the pullout, (5) why he followed the SUV the first time, (6) why he
believed there were two people in the car when he followed the SUV the first time,
(7) Martinez's statement to him that he was alone in the SUV, (8) what he felt when he
saw Martinez later drive by with Menchaca in the passenger seat, (9) why he had an
elevated fear as he went after the SUV for the second time, (10) his wife being upset
when he returned and explained that Menchaca was not in the SUV, (11) his belief that
something was wrong when Martinez and Menchaca both got out of the car and walked
toward him, (12) what he feared Menchaca and Martinez might do as they walked toward
him, and (13) the degree of bodily harm he feared just before he shot Menchaca, as
Menchaca became upset and reached into his pocket.
C. "NO DUTY TO RETREAT" INSTRUCTION AND JURY VERDICT
Toward the end of trial, Duarte Vela requested a "no duty to retreat" instruction.
In denying the instruction, the trial court explained:
I am not going to allow your proposed ... "[no] duty to retreat" instruction. And the reason that I'm not allowing that is because Mr. Duarte testified
9 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
that at some point he did retreat, that he did back up. And so as I read that instruction and I read the case law and the comments on that instruction, it seems to me that it is not applicable, and I'm not going to allow it.
4 RP (Jan. 30, 2015) at 747. Defense counsel did not take formal exception to the trial
court's refusal.
The trial court instructed the jury, the parties gave their closing arguments, and the
jury deliberated. The jury returned a verdict of guilty on all counts.
Duarte Vela appealed.
ISSUES
1. Did the trial court violate the Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution when it refused to let Duarte Vela testify why he feared Menchaca, when it
refused to allow Duarte Vela's witnesses to testify what they had told Duarte Vela about
Menchaca's threat and past violence, and when it refused to allow Duarte Vela to testify
about the degree of bodily harm he feared just before he shot Menchaca?
2. Did the trial court err in refusing Duarte Vela's "no duty to retreat"
instruction?
ANALYSIS
A. SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO PRESENT A DEFENSE
1. Standard of review
10 No. 33299-3-111 State v. Duarte Vela
We review a claim of a denial of Sixth Amendment rights de nova. State v. Jones,
168 Wn.2d 713, 719, 230 P.3d 576 (2010). Since Duarte Vela argues that his Sixth
Amendment right to present a defense has been violated, we review his claim de nova.
2. Contours of the right
The right to present testimony in one's defense is guaranteed by both the United
States and the Washington Constitutions. U.S. CONST. amend. VI; WASH. CONST. art. I,
§ 22; State v. Hudlow, 99 Wn.2d 1, 14,659 P.2d 514 (1983). In Jones, our Supreme
Court wrote:
"The right of an accused in a criminal trial to due process is, in essence, the right to a fair opportunity to defend against the State's accusations." Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284,294, 93 S. Ct. 1038, 35 L. Ed. 2d 297 (1973). A defendant's right to an opportunity to be heard in his defense, including the rights to examine witnesses against him and to offer testimony, is basic in our system of jurisprudence. Id. These rights are not absolute, of course. Evidence that a defendant seeks to introduce "must be of at least minimal relevance." [State v. Darden, 145 Wn.2d 612,622, 41 P.3d 1189 (2002)]. Defendants have a right to present only relevant evidence, with no constitutional right to present irrelevant evidence. State v. Gregory, 158 Wn.2d 759, 786 n.6, 147 P.3d 1201 (2006).
Jones, 168 Wn.2d at 720. The Jones court continued:
"[l]f relevant, the burden is on the State to show the evidence is so prejudicial as to disrupt the fairness of the fact-finding process at trial." Darden, 145 Wn.2d at 622. The State's interest in excluding prejudicial evidence must also "be balanced against the defendant's need for the information sought," and relevant information can be withheld only "if the
11 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
State's interest outweighs the defendant's need." Id. We must remember that "the integrity of the truthfinding process and [a] defendant's right to a fair trial" are important considerations. State v. Hudlow, 99 Wn.2d 1, 14, 659 P.2d 514 (1983). We have therefore noted that for evidence of high probative value "it appears no state interest can be compelling enough to preclude its introduction consistent with the Sixth Amendment and Const. art. 1, § 22." Id. at 16 ....
Id. (alterations in original).
In concluding its discussion of the Sixth Amendment, the Jones court wrote:
[TJ he clear implication [isJ that evidence of high probative value could not be restricted regardless of how compelling the State's interest may be if doing so would deprive the defendant[} of the ability to testify to [the defendant's} versions of the incident ....
Id. at 721 (emphasis added).
3. The parties' arguments about whether Duarte Vela's Sixth Amendment right was violated
As previously noted, Duarte Vela argues the trial court's evidentiary rulings
violated his right to present a defense. He principally argues the trial court committed
reversible error when it excluded evidence relating to: (1) Menchaca's prison threat,
(2) Menchaca's years of domestic abuse against Blanca, (3) Menchaca's abduction of
Maricruz, (4) why he feared Menchaca, and (5) the type of bodily harm he feared just
before he shot Menchaca.
12 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
The State responds that the above evidence was inadmissible and irrelevant, and
the Sixth Amendment does not permit the introduction of inadmissible and irrelevant
evidence. The State argues that the trial court's exclusion of the above evidence, in
addition to the other previously listed miscellaneous evidence, was proper because the
evidence was either (a) hearsay, (b) untrustworthy, (c) too remote in time, (d) improper
character evidence, or (e) speculative. We disagree.
(a) The excluded evidence was not hearsay because the evidence was not offered for its truth, but to establish Duarte Vela's state of mind
"Hearsay" is "a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at
the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted."
ER 80 I (c). Whether an out-of-court statement is hearsay depends on the purpose for
which the statement is offered. State v. Hamilton, 58 Wn. App. 229, 231, 792 P.2d 176
(1990).
In considering a claim of self-defense, the jury must take into account all the facts
and circumstances known to the defendant. State v. Allery, IOI Wn.2d 591, 594-95, 682
P.2d 312 (1984); State v. Wanrow, 88 Wn.2d 221,234,559 P.2d 548 (1977). Because the
"' vital question is the reasonableness of the defendant's apprehension of danger,'" the
jury must stand "' as nearly as practicable in the shoes of [the] defendant, and from this
13 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
point of view determine the character of the act.'" Wanrow, 88 Wn.2d at 235 (quoting
State v. Ellis, 30 Wash. 369,373, 70 P. 963 (1902)). Evidence of a victim's propensity
toward violence that is known by the defendant is relevant to a claim of self-defense
"' because such testimony tends to show the state of mind of the defendant ... and to
indicate whether he, at that time, had reason to fear bodily harm.'" State v. Cloud, 7 Wn.
App. 211,218,498 P.2d 907 (1972) (quoting State v. Adamo, 120 Wash. 268,269,207 P.
7 (1922)). Thus, such evidence is admissible to show the defendant's reason for fear and
the basis for acting in self-defense. State v. Walker, 13 Wn. App. 545, 549, 536 P.2d 657
(1975).
Here, Duarte Vela sought to introduce Menchaca' s threat to kill Duarte Vela's
family and Menchaca's past domestic violence not to prove they were true, but for the
very relevant purpose of showing the reasonableness of his fear of Menchaca. The
evidence, therefore, was not hearsay. To the extent the trial court excluded this and
several miscellaneous statements offered by Duarte Vela to show his state of mind, the
trial court erred.
The reasonableness of Duarte Vela's fear of Menchaca is one of two components
of his self-defense claim, the other component being the degree of bodily harm he feared
just before he shot Menchaca. Menchaca's past threat to kill Duarte Vela's family was
14 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
central to Duarte Vela's ability to explain the reasonableness of his fear. Unless the
evidence was inadmissible under the State's other arguments, the trial court's exclusion
of this evidence "deprive[d] [Duarte Vela] of the ability to testify to [his] versions of the
incident." Jones, 168 Wn.2d at 721.
(b) Probative evidence, even if suspect, should be admitted and tested by cross-examination
The State cites ER 403 for the general rule that a trial court has discretion to
prevent a jury from considering a victim's propensity toward violence if its probative
value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice or misleading the jury.
But the ER 403 balancing of probative value versus unfair prejudice is weighed
differently when the defense seeks to admit evidence that is central to its defense. The
evidence of Menchaca's threat to kill Duarte Vela's family was highly probative of his
defense, and the Sixth Amendment right to present a defense thus requires admitting such
highly probative evidence. Jones, 168 Wn.2d at 720-21. We have previously held that
ER 403 cannot be used to exclude "crucial evidence relevant to the central contention of a
valid defense." State v. Young, 48 Wn. App. 406,413, 739 P.2d 1170 (1987).
The State makes the point that weak or false evidence is not probative. But if the
evidence is weak or false, cross-examination will reveal this, and any sting caused by the
admission of false evidence will not only be removed, but will invite prejudice to the
15 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
defendant who introduced such evidence. For these reasons, the trial court should admit
probative evidence, even if suspect, and allow it to be tested by cross-examination. In
this manner, the jury will retain its role as the trier of fact, and it will determine whether
the evidence is weak or false.
In a related argument, the State argues that state of mind evidence is admissible
only if there is ( 1) some degree of necessity to use the out-of-court statement, and
(2) there is circumstantial probability that the statement is trustworthy. For this
proposition, the State cites State v. Parr, 93 Wn.2d 95, 606 P.2d 263 (1980). Parr is not
on point.
In Parr, the State sought to admit out-of-court statements of the deceased victim to
show the victim was afraid of the defendant. Id. at 98. The Parr court sought to balance
the need for this evidence with the prejudice of the defense being unable to rebut the
statement. Id. at 99. The Parr court ruled, in a homicide case where the victim's state of
mind is relevant, the State may offer evidence of the victim's fear of the defendant if
there is circumstantial probability that the statement is trustworthy. Id. at 98-99.
Here, we are not concerned with the State admitting evidence. Rather, we are
concerned with the defendant's right to present a defense under the Sixth Amendment.
16 No. 33299-3-111 State v. Duarte Vela
The proper test for admitting or excluding evidence in that context is set forth in Jones, as
quoted above.
The State, citing ER 803(a)(3), argues that Duarte Vela could not testify about his
own past state of mind because that rule permits statements describing the declarant's
then-existing state of mind. The State's argument misses the point. ER 803 concerns out-
of-court statements. ER 803(a)(3) excepts from hearsay an out-of-court statement made
by a declarant concerning the declarant's then-existing mental, emotional, or physical
condition. In general, Duarte Vela sought to testify only about his own past emotion, not
a declarant's. ER 803(a)(3) therefore does not apply. Perhaps once or twice, Duarte Vela
sought to testify that his wife told him she was nervous or frightened. Those statements
are declarations that qualify as admissible hearsay under the noted exception.
(c) Remoteness
i. Menchaca 's prison threat
In arguing that Menchaca' s prison threat was too remote in time, the State relies on
Adamo, 120 Wash. 268.
In that case, Adamo killed Joseph Gracia in August 1921. Id. at 269. Implied is
Adamo's assertion that he shot Gracia in self-defense because he reasonably feared
Gracia. Id. Adamo sought to establish the reasonableness of his fear by introducing
17 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
statements of two witnesses. Gracia had separately threatened violence against each
witness and made a threatening gesture as if he had a gun. Id. at 269-70. The trial court
prohibited both witnesses from testifying. Id. at 270. The Adamo court held the trial
court did not err with respect to the first witness because the event occurred five years
before the shooting and was, thus, too remote. Id. at 269-70. The Adamo court also held
the trial court did not err with respect to the second witness because the event, which
occurred three years before the shooting, was unknown to Adamo when he shot Gracia.
Id. at 270.
We find Adamo not controlling for three reasons. First, in Adamo, the trial court
excluded the victim's past violent behavior known to the defendant because that behavior
occurredfive years before the killing. Here, the trial court excluded Menchaca's prison
threat known by Duarte Vela that occurred only two years before the shooting.
Second, Menchaca may have been delayed in accomplishing his threat by being in
prison and then being deported back to Mexico. The evidence indicates Menchaca did
not reenter the United States and travel back to Washington State until the day before
Duarte Vela killed him. The fact that Duarte Vela had not seen Menchaca since he
threatened to kill Duarte Vela's family could account for why Duarte Vela felt threatened
18 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
when Menchaca, unexpectedly, and for the first time, appeared around his family two
years after the threat.
Third, Adamo did not analyze the evidentiary issue in light of the defendant's Sixth
Amendment right to present a defense. As noted earlier, Jones and authorities cited
therein, have altered a court's calculus for admitting evidence probative of the
defendant's version of events, even evidence of"minimal relevance." Jones, 168 Wn.2d
at 720-21. Menchaca's prison threat to kill Duarte Vela and his family, made two years
before the shooting, was more than minimally relevant, and in fact was the most
important evidence to establish Duarte Vela's self-defense claim.
It is the role of the jury, not the trial judge, to weigh the reasonableness of Duarte
Vela's fear, and to do so by considering "all the facts and circumstances known to the
defendant ' [so as] to stand as nearly as practicable in the shoes of [the] defendant.'"
Wanrow, 88 Wn.2d at 234-35 (quoting Ellis, 30 Wash. at 373). For example, was Duarte
Vela's fear reasonable two years after the prison threat, what did Duarte Vela believe
motivated Menchaca's threat so it might be a lasting rather than a transitory threat, and
what did Duarte Vela know about Menchaca that increased or decreased the significance
of the threat. These questions are all factual and, except in extreme cases, cannot be
answered as a matter of law. When it comes to ensuring a defendant's Sixth Amendment
19 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
right to present a defense, it is best to admit relevant evidence and trust the State's cross-
examination to ferret out falsities.
ii. Menchaca 's history of domestic violence
Standing alone, Menchaca's history of domestic violence against Blanca was
irrelevant. Simply because a person commits domestic violence against his spouse does
not make it more likely that he would, several years later, use a gun to kill a sibling of that
spouse. However, one may not consider Menchaca's history of domestic violence against
Blanca in isolation. Wanrow, 88 Wn.2d at 234-35. Menchaca's extensive history of
domestic violence against Blanca could have caused Duarte Vela to attach more
credibility to Menchaca's prison threat and for a longer time. If so, the trial court should
exercise its discretion and admit that history. We are unable to determine whether
Menchaca's history of domestic violence has any relationship to Menchaca's prison
threat. For this reason, we do not provide a dispositive answer.
iii. Menchaca 's abduction of Maricruz
Similar to our above analysis, Menchaca's abduction of Maricruz, standing alone,
is irrelevant. But because we are unable to determine whether this evidence has any
relationship to Duarte Vela's perception of Menchaca's prison threat, we do not provide a
dispositive answer.
20 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
(d) The evidence sought to be admitted was not character evidence
In arguing that the trial court properly excluded Duarte Vela's evidence about
Menchaca as improper character evidence, the State cites State v. Hutchinson, 135 Wn.2d
863,959 P.2d 1061 (1998). Hutchinson is not on point.
In 1987, two deputies arrested Hutchinson for driving under the influence. Id. at
867. In their pat down for weapons, they failed to find a gun hidden on Hutchinson's
person. Id. Soon after they arrived at the garage attached to the sheriffs office, the
deputies deposited their guns in a lockbox. Id. Hutchinson then shot and killed both
deputies. Id. at 868. Hutchinson stole the police car, escaped, but was soon arrested. Id.
After Miranda 2 warnings, Hutchinson claimed he acted in self-defense because the
deputies had assaulted him. Id. At trial, Hutchinson sought to admit evidence of a 1980
performance evaluation accusing one of the deputies of being aggressive and physical
with intoxicated arrestees. Id. at 870. In addition, Hutchinson sought to admit evidence
of the reputation of the local sheriffs office and specific acts of violence or intimidation
by one of the deputies. Id. The trial court allowed evidence only of the general
reputation of the deputies "' for a pertinent trait of character relevant hereto.'" Id. The
Hutchinson court affirmed, and held:
2 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
21 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
The remaining witnesses would have testified about specific acts allegedly committed by [one deputy], which the Defendant characterized as violent. The trial court correctly excluded these witnesses' testimony because evidence of a character trait-here, [the deputy's] allegedly violent disposition-must be in the form of reputation evidence, not evidence of specific acts. ER 404(a)(2); ER 405(a). Specific acts may be used to prove character only where the pertinent character trait is an essential element of a claim or defense. ER 405(b ). Specific act character evidence relating to the victim's alleged propensity for violence is not an essential element of self- defense.
Id. at 886-87.
Hutchinson involves ER 404(a)(2) and ER 405, which concerns what evidence is
admissible to prove the character of the victim. There, Hutchinson did not claim he knew
of the deputies' past violent acts. For this reason, he needed to rely on character evidence
to prove that the deputies acted in conformance with their alleged character.
Here, Duarte Vela was not attempting to prove Menchaca's character. Rather,
Duarte Vela was attempting to establish that he reasonably feared Menchaca because of
what he believed about Menchaca at the time he shot him. It is well established that a
victim's specific acts of violence, if known by the defendant, are admissible when the
defendant asserts self-defense. See, e.g., Walker, 13 Wn. App. at 549-50; Cloud, 7 Wn.
App. at 218.
(e) The evidence was not speculative
22 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
The State defends several of the trial court's evidentiary exclusions on the basis
that the evidence offered was speculative. The one complained ofby Duarte Vela was his
attempt to testify about the degree of bodily harm he feared just before he shot Menchaca.
Deadly force may be used if one reasonably fears great bodily harm or death. State
v. Walden, 131 Wn.2d 469,474,932 P.2d 1237 (1997); RCW 9A.16.050. Ifa person
remembers being fearful that the victim was going to cause him great bodily harm or
death, it is not speculative to testify to that fact. Moreover, the degree of harm one
actually feared is relevant to the degree of harm one reasonably feared, which is a
component of Duarte Vela's self-defense claim. For this reason, Duarte Vela's excluded
testimony about the degree of harm he feared was highly probative, not speculative, and
therefore admissible. The trial court erred when it excluded this highly probative
evidence. Jones, 168 Wn.2d at 720.
4. The trial court's exclusion of admissible evidence violated Duarte Vela's Sixth Amendment right to present a defense
Whether the exclusion of testimony violated the defendant's Sixth Amendment
right to present a defense depends on whether the omitted evidence evaluated in the
context of the entire record, creates a reasonable doubt that did not otherwise exist.
United States v. Blackwell, 459 F.3d 739, 753 (6th Cir. 2006).
23 No. 33299-3-111 State v. Duarte Vela
Here, the trial court precluded Duarte Vela from testifying why he feared
Menchaca. It also precluded Duarte Vela's witnesses from testifying that they told
Duarte Vela about Menchaca's violent acts and threat. The trial court further precluded
Duarte Vela from testifying that as Menchaca began drawing something from his pocket,
he feared Menchaca would cause him great bodily harm or death. These evidentiary
rulings precluded Duarte Vela from presenting a legal defense to the killing that he
admitted to. The omitted evidence creates a reasonable doubt that did not otherwise exist.
For this reason, the trial court's evidentiary rulings violated Duarte Vela's Sixth
Amendment right to present a defense.
B. THE TRIAL COURT DID NOT ERR WHEN IT REFUSED TO GIVE DUARTE VELA'S "NO DUTY TO RETREAT" INSTRUCTION
Duarte Vela contends the trial court erred when it refused to give his requested
jury instruction on no duty to retreat. He contends the trial court erred because it failed to
analyze whether he was in full retreat.
Where "a jury may conclude that flight is a reasonably effective alternative to the
use of force in self-defense, the no duty to retreat instruction should be given." State v.
Williams, 81 Wn. App. 738, 744, 916 P.2d 445 (1996). Even when a defendant testifies
that he or she is backing up, the trial court should determine whether the retreat is a full-
fledged retreat or instead the ebb-and-flow or circling of a street fight. Id. at 743.
24 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
Duarte Vela's testimony was that he stepped out of his truck. While he was behind
his truck, Menchaca and Martinez approached him from two angles, as if to flank him.
Duarte Vela simply testified that when pulling out his gun, "I stepped back a little bit."
3 RP (Jan. 29, 2015) at 629. The trial court reasoned in denying the motion, "the reason
that I'm not allowing that is because Mr. Duarte testified that at some point he did retreat,
that he did back up." 4 RP (Jan. 30, 2015) at 747.
We may affirm the trial court on any basis supported by the record. Amy v. Kmart
of Wash. LLC, 153 Wn. App. 846,868,223 P.3d 1247 (2009). The State did not argue
that Duarte Vela had a duty to retreat. This is because the facts would not support such a
theory. Duarte Vela's theory was that Menchaca, at close range, was angry and in the
process of drawing a gun, so he shot Menchaca in self-defense. Because the facts would
not support retreat as an option to someone pulling a gun at close range and because the
State did not argue that Duarte Vela could have retreated, the trial court did not err in
refusing the instruction.
25 No. 33299-3-III State v. Duarte Vela
CONCLUSION
Although we deny Duarte Vela's argument of instructional error, we conclude the
trial court's evidentiary rulings denied Duarte Vela his Sixth Amendment right to present
a defense. 3 We therefore reverse and remand for a new trial consistent with this opinion.
I CONCUR: j
~~tA) Siddoway, J. ~ ', ~ '
3 Duarte Vela also filed a statement of additional grounds for review (SAG). His SAG generally asks us to consider all the facts, including the excluded evidence. We consider his argument subsumed by his attorney's Sixth Amendment argument, which we have addressed. We therefore do not separately address the issues raised in Duarte Vela's SAG.
26 No. 33299-3-111
KORSMO, J. (dissenting) - A trial judge does not lose his gatekeeper function on
evidentiary issues merely because a criminal defendant asserts a constitutional right to
present the evidence. We still review the judge's evidentiary rulings for abuse of
discretion within the defense theory of the reason why the evidence ought to be admitted.
Here, the defendant testified to his fear of the victim and why he was afraid of him; the
trial judge did not abuse his authority in deciding that "enough was enough" and limiting
some of the corroborating evidence. Nonetheless, the majority reverses the trial judge
because of his failure to distinguish Washington Supreme Court precedent as the majority
does. The conviction should be affirmed.
The main problem for the defense is that this was a pretty weak case of self-
defense. Jesus Duarte Vela shot his former brother-in-law, a man whom he had not
spoken to in the seven years since the victim departed from town, without warning after
tracking him down for the third time that day and forcing the car he was in to stop. There
was no reason to believe the victim was armed, so Mr. Duarte Vela's fear that his victim
was reaching for a nonexistent weapon understandably was rejected by the jury. The
excluded evidence went to the issue of why the defendant allegedly was afraid of his
victim, a topic that was addressed through the defendant's own testimony and one that No. 33299-3-111 State v. Duarte Vela (dissent)
the prosecutor did not challenge throughout a lengthy cross-examination. No evidence
was offered that Mr. Duarte Vela had reason to believe the victim was reaching for a gun
at the time of the shooting. If the defense had evidence that the victim typically was
armed or had threatened to use a firearm in the past, they did not offer it. That
corroboration was lacking. Whether or not the victim had abused the defendant's sister
eight years earlier in California did not enlighten the jury on the critical issue in the case.
Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding that evidence.
The majority undertakes a very nice analysis of two Washington Supreme Court
decisions, but then attempts to apply them to the facts of this case as if it were acting as
the trial judge rather than as the reviewing court. Noticeably lacking in the analysis is an
indication that the trial court had to apply either case in the same manner. 1
Oldest is State v. Adamo, 120 Wash. 268, 207 P. 7 (1922). There our court
affirmed a trial court ruling that excluded, on remoteness grounds, a threat made by the
victim to the defendant five years earlier. Here, the trial judge excluded evidence of an
alleged threat made by the victim from prison at least two to three years earlier for the
1 This analytic error began early in our review process. Prior to oral argument, this court sent a letter to the parties directing them to be prepared to discuss various noted reasons why State v. Adamo, 120 Wash. 268, 207 P. 7 (1922), could be distinguished from this case and asking if it was an abuse of discretion for the trial court to not distinguish Adamo. We did not ask the parties to address the more pertinent question of whether the trial court was required to distinguish a case that it had merely used as supporting, rather than controlling, authority.
2 No. 33299-3-111 State v. Duarte Vela (dissent)
same reason, citing to Adamo. Nothing in this record indicates that the trial judge
believed he had to follow Adamo or thought the case compelled exclusion of the
evidence. Instead, the veteran trial judge determined that the evidence was too remote
and excluded it. That was a tenable ground for excluding the evidence. In the absence of
compelling authority requiring the trial judge to admit the evidence, we should be
affirming since there was no abuse of discretion.
The majority suggests that Adamo and other cases involving discretionary
evidence rulings have been eclipsed by State v. Jones, 168 Wn.2d 713, 230 P.3d 576
(2010). The short answer is "no" since Jones did not change the controlling law in the
least. There our court reversed a conviction because the defendant had not been able to
present his version of the events. Id. at 724. The entire subject matter, a consent defense
to the rape allegation, had been excluded. That was not the case here, nor did defense
counsel ever make such a claim to the trial judge. Mr. Duarte Vela was not able to
present all of the supporting evidence he desired to offer, but he was able to present his
defense. Jones simply does not stand for the proposition that the defense is entitled to put
in all relevant evidence it possesses in support of the defense.
Illustrative is a subsequent case authored by Justice Owens, the author of the Jones
opinion. State v. Perez-Valdez, 172 Wn.2d 808,265 P.3d 853 (2011). There the defense
to allegations of rape by two of the defendant's adoptive daughters "was centered on a
theory that the girls were lying." Id. at 811. The defense sought to show that the girls
3 No. 33299-3-111 State v. Duarte Vela (dissent)
were willing to take "extreme actions" to be removed from homes, "potentially including
lying about rape." Id. The defense was allowed to offer evidence about house rules that
the girls did not like, but the trial judge excluded evidence that the girls had committed
arson to get moved out of a foster home. Id. The Supreme Court affirmed, noting that
while the trial judge could have admitted the evidence under the rules, the court did not
abuse its discretion in excluding the evidence. Id. at 816-17. The trial court was in the
same position here. The trial judge could have, but was not required to, allow the
corroborating evidence.
There is a fine line between admissible evidence and evidence that must be
admitted. The constitutional right to present a defense means that the defense theory
must be allowed when there is admissible evidence to support it. Jones, 168 Wn.2d 713.
That constitutional right does not mean that any and every bit of evidence offered by the
defense in support of its theory is required to be admitted. Perez-Valdez, 172 Wn.2d 808.
Trial judges still retain discretion under ER 401, ER 403, and all of the other evidentiary
rules to consider the necessity of the evidence in light of the case record and the proffered
theory of admissibility. Id. The Rules ofEvidence exist for a reason, and both sides are
entitled to a fair trial. We count on trial judges to apply the rules and afford them great
discretion in doing so. The evidence excluded here, to the extent it even existed, was
deemed too remote to the actual issues in the trial. That call was for the trial judge, not
this court.
4 No. 33299-3-111 State v. Duarte Vela (dissent)
Here, the defense provided sufficient evidence to raise its self-defense theory and
supported that theory with the defendant's testimony. It was not allowed to offer
everything it desired, but it had enough to make its case. That is all that the constitution
requires. There are cases where the admission of too little corroborating evidence might
effectively foreclose the defense, but this was not one of those instances.
The trial court found the evidence too remote to be admitted. Since that was a
tenable basis for ruling, we should be affirming the trial court. I therefore dissent.