Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
June 21, 2016
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 47445-0-II
Respondent, UNPUBLISHED OPINION v.
JEREMY OHNEMUS,
Appellant.
BJORGEN, C.J. — Jeremy Ohnemus appeals his convictions and sentence for drive-by
shooting and second degree assault. The second degree assault conviction was subject to a
firearm enhancement.1 Ohnemus contends that his defense counsel was ineffective in two ways:
(1) for not moving in limine before trial to exclude evidence of a handgun and ammunition found
in Ohnemus’s home and (2) for not arguing to the sentencing court that his two convictions
encompassed the same criminal conduct. We disagree and affirm his convictions and sentence.
FACTS
Ohnemus had known Michael Helman for over 10 years. In the past, Ohnemus had done
labor on Helman’s residence, and he believed that Helman still owed him money for that work.
1 Each conviction was also subject to a domestic violence enhancement, which has no relevance to this appeal. No. 47445-0-II
On July 10, 2014, Ohnemus was “hurting for money” and called Helman early in the morning.
Report of Proceedings (RP) at 69-70. Helman answered the call, stated, “I don’t take calls,” and
hung up on him. RP at 70. Feeling disregarded, Ohnemus drove to Helman’s residence.
When Ohnemus arrived, he backed his vehicle onto Helman’s front yard and knocked on
the door of Helman’s residence. Before Helman answered, Ohnemus returned to his vehicle to
retrieve his shotgun out of the trunk. About the time Helman came to the door, Ohnemus fired
two shots from his shotgun into Helman’s residence. At the time of this incident, Ohnemus’
mother was present and living in the residence with Helman.
After arresting Ohnemus at his home, Pierce County Sheriff’s Deputy Darren Moss,
along with other police officers, performed a protective sweep and search of the home. Moss
testified at trial that officers recovered a handgun, a box of ammunition, and a single bullet for
the handgun under the couch. Defense counsel did not object to this testimony. However, once
the State offered each of these items as exhibits, defense counsel objected. The trial court
admitted the individual bullet, but after a hearing outside the presence of the jury, it ruled that the
handgun and box of ammunition were irrelevant and excluded that evidence. At trial, Ohnemus
testified in his own defense that he was shooting at the house to damage property, not to harm
anyone.
At the end of trial, the jury returned verdicts finding Ohnemus guilty of drive-by shooting
and second degree assault—each with a domestic violence enhancement and with a firearm
enhancement on the second degree assault conviction. At sentencing, the State proposed a
calculation of Ohnemus’ offender score, counting each current conviction as a prior offense.
Ohnemus’ counsel did not attempt to argue that the two convictions constituted the same
criminal conduct and thus could not be counted as prior convictions for calculating his offender
2 No. 47445-0-II
score. RCW 9.94A.589(1)(a). Rather, defense counsel stipulated as to the form of the State’s
calculation, but made clear that he wanted to preserve for appeal a challenge to the calculation of
the offender score. The sentencing court adopted the State’s calculation of the offender score,
and Ohnemus was sentenced to the high range on each conviction. He appeals.
ANALYSIS
I. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
1. Legal Principles
We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo. State v. Sutherby, 165
Wn.2d 870, 883, 204 P.3d 916 (2009). To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim,
the defendant must show both that (1) defense counsel’s representation was deficient and (2) the
deficient representation prejudiced the defendant. State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 32-33, 246 P.3d
1260 (2011), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 153 (2014). If a defendant fails to establish either prong,
we need not inquire further. State v. Hendrickson, 129 Wn.2d 61, 78, 917 P.2d 563 (1996).
We begin with a strong presumption that counsel’s representation was effective. In re
Pers. Restraint of Davis, 152 Wn.2d 647, 673, 101 P.3d 1 (2004). However, the defendant can
“‘rebut this presumption by proving that his attorney’s representation was unreasonable under
prevailing professional norms and that the challenged action was not sound strategy.’” Id.
(quoting Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 384, 106 S. Ct. 2574, 91 L. Ed. 2d 305 (1986)).
Prejudice exists if there is a reasonable probability that except for counsel’s errors, the result of
the proceeding would have differed. Grier, 171 Wn.2d at 34.
3 No. 47445-0-II
2. Failure to Exclude Irrelevant Evidence Before Trial
Ohnemus argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for not moving in limine before
trial to exclude any evidence of the handgun and ammunition found in his home. Assuming
without deciding that defense counsel acted deficiently, we hold that Ohnemus fails to meet his
burden in showing prejudice.
Ohnemus contends that once the jury knew he had access to multiple guns by way of
Moss’ testimony, they were more likely to infer that he was intending to harm Helman, rather
than merely trying to damage his property. To support this proposition, he cites State v. Rupe,
101 Wn.2d 664, 703-04, 707-08, 683 P.2d 571 (1984), where the court held that the defendant
was prejudiced when the State introduced the defendant’s gun collection, had experts testify that
the guns were not suitable for hunting or sport, and argued in opening statement and closing
argument that the defendant was a dangerous person because of the guns.
In contrast to Rupe, however, the State here was not able to make the handgun and
ammunition evidence a central point to their case because defense counsel successfully objected
to admission of the exhibits. Furthermore, defense counsel mitigated possible harm stemming
from Moss’ testimony by eliciting on Ohnemus’ direct examination that the handgun was not
functional. Because of defense counsel’s actions, Moss’ short testimony on the handgun and
ammunition was not reasonably likely to affect the outcome of trial.2
2 Ohnemus also relies on State v. Freeburg, 105 Wn. App. 492, 500-01, 20 P.3d 984 (2001), which held that the admission of evidence that the defendant possessed a firearm at the time of his arrest was prejudicial error. The circumstances in Freeburg, however, differ in significant respects from those here, specifically in that Freeburg’s arrest occurred more than two years after the shooting for which he was charged and no evidence was recovered at the time of arrest to link Freeburg to the death from that shooting. Id. at 500.
4 No. 47445-0-II
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Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
June 21, 2016
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 47445-0-II
Respondent, UNPUBLISHED OPINION v.
JEREMY OHNEMUS,
Appellant.
BJORGEN, C.J. — Jeremy Ohnemus appeals his convictions and sentence for drive-by
shooting and second degree assault. The second degree assault conviction was subject to a
firearm enhancement.1 Ohnemus contends that his defense counsel was ineffective in two ways:
(1) for not moving in limine before trial to exclude evidence of a handgun and ammunition found
in Ohnemus’s home and (2) for not arguing to the sentencing court that his two convictions
encompassed the same criminal conduct. We disagree and affirm his convictions and sentence.
FACTS
Ohnemus had known Michael Helman for over 10 years. In the past, Ohnemus had done
labor on Helman’s residence, and he believed that Helman still owed him money for that work.
1 Each conviction was also subject to a domestic violence enhancement, which has no relevance to this appeal. No. 47445-0-II
On July 10, 2014, Ohnemus was “hurting for money” and called Helman early in the morning.
Report of Proceedings (RP) at 69-70. Helman answered the call, stated, “I don’t take calls,” and
hung up on him. RP at 70. Feeling disregarded, Ohnemus drove to Helman’s residence.
When Ohnemus arrived, he backed his vehicle onto Helman’s front yard and knocked on
the door of Helman’s residence. Before Helman answered, Ohnemus returned to his vehicle to
retrieve his shotgun out of the trunk. About the time Helman came to the door, Ohnemus fired
two shots from his shotgun into Helman’s residence. At the time of this incident, Ohnemus’
mother was present and living in the residence with Helman.
After arresting Ohnemus at his home, Pierce County Sheriff’s Deputy Darren Moss,
along with other police officers, performed a protective sweep and search of the home. Moss
testified at trial that officers recovered a handgun, a box of ammunition, and a single bullet for
the handgun under the couch. Defense counsel did not object to this testimony. However, once
the State offered each of these items as exhibits, defense counsel objected. The trial court
admitted the individual bullet, but after a hearing outside the presence of the jury, it ruled that the
handgun and box of ammunition were irrelevant and excluded that evidence. At trial, Ohnemus
testified in his own defense that he was shooting at the house to damage property, not to harm
anyone.
At the end of trial, the jury returned verdicts finding Ohnemus guilty of drive-by shooting
and second degree assault—each with a domestic violence enhancement and with a firearm
enhancement on the second degree assault conviction. At sentencing, the State proposed a
calculation of Ohnemus’ offender score, counting each current conviction as a prior offense.
Ohnemus’ counsel did not attempt to argue that the two convictions constituted the same
criminal conduct and thus could not be counted as prior convictions for calculating his offender
2 No. 47445-0-II
score. RCW 9.94A.589(1)(a). Rather, defense counsel stipulated as to the form of the State’s
calculation, but made clear that he wanted to preserve for appeal a challenge to the calculation of
the offender score. The sentencing court adopted the State’s calculation of the offender score,
and Ohnemus was sentenced to the high range on each conviction. He appeals.
ANALYSIS
I. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
1. Legal Principles
We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo. State v. Sutherby, 165
Wn.2d 870, 883, 204 P.3d 916 (2009). To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim,
the defendant must show both that (1) defense counsel’s representation was deficient and (2) the
deficient representation prejudiced the defendant. State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 32-33, 246 P.3d
1260 (2011), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 153 (2014). If a defendant fails to establish either prong,
we need not inquire further. State v. Hendrickson, 129 Wn.2d 61, 78, 917 P.2d 563 (1996).
We begin with a strong presumption that counsel’s representation was effective. In re
Pers. Restraint of Davis, 152 Wn.2d 647, 673, 101 P.3d 1 (2004). However, the defendant can
“‘rebut this presumption by proving that his attorney’s representation was unreasonable under
prevailing professional norms and that the challenged action was not sound strategy.’” Id.
(quoting Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 384, 106 S. Ct. 2574, 91 L. Ed. 2d 305 (1986)).
Prejudice exists if there is a reasonable probability that except for counsel’s errors, the result of
the proceeding would have differed. Grier, 171 Wn.2d at 34.
3 No. 47445-0-II
2. Failure to Exclude Irrelevant Evidence Before Trial
Ohnemus argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for not moving in limine before
trial to exclude any evidence of the handgun and ammunition found in his home. Assuming
without deciding that defense counsel acted deficiently, we hold that Ohnemus fails to meet his
burden in showing prejudice.
Ohnemus contends that once the jury knew he had access to multiple guns by way of
Moss’ testimony, they were more likely to infer that he was intending to harm Helman, rather
than merely trying to damage his property. To support this proposition, he cites State v. Rupe,
101 Wn.2d 664, 703-04, 707-08, 683 P.2d 571 (1984), where the court held that the defendant
was prejudiced when the State introduced the defendant’s gun collection, had experts testify that
the guns were not suitable for hunting or sport, and argued in opening statement and closing
argument that the defendant was a dangerous person because of the guns.
In contrast to Rupe, however, the State here was not able to make the handgun and
ammunition evidence a central point to their case because defense counsel successfully objected
to admission of the exhibits. Furthermore, defense counsel mitigated possible harm stemming
from Moss’ testimony by eliciting on Ohnemus’ direct examination that the handgun was not
functional. Because of defense counsel’s actions, Moss’ short testimony on the handgun and
ammunition was not reasonably likely to affect the outcome of trial.2
2 Ohnemus also relies on State v. Freeburg, 105 Wn. App. 492, 500-01, 20 P.3d 984 (2001), which held that the admission of evidence that the defendant possessed a firearm at the time of his arrest was prejudicial error. The circumstances in Freeburg, however, differ in significant respects from those here, specifically in that Freeburg’s arrest occurred more than two years after the shooting for which he was charged and no evidence was recovered at the time of arrest to link Freeburg to the death from that shooting. Id. at 500.
4 No. 47445-0-II
For these reasons, Ohnemus has not shown that he was prejudiced by Moss’ testimony.
Consequently, his claim of ineffective assistance fails.
3. Failure to Argue Convictions Constitute Same Criminal Conduct at Sentencing
Ohnemus next contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for not arguing at
sentencing that his drive-by shooting and second degree assault convictions encompassed the
same criminal conduct. We disagree.
In calculating an offender score, a sentencing court may count current convictions as if
they were prior convictions, unless “some or all of the current offenses encompass the same
criminal conduct.” RCW 9.94A.589(1)(a).3 In that event, “those current offenses shall be
counted as one crime.” Id. “Same criminal conduct . . . means two or more crimes that require
the same criminal intent, are committed at the same time and place, and involve the same
victim.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). If any of the elements are not present, the
offenses must be counted separately. State v. Chenoweth, 185 Wn.2d 218, 220, ___ P.3d ___
(2016).
The parties do not dispute that Ohnemus’ second degree assault and drive-by shooting
offenses were committed at the same time and place. Although the parties do dispute whether
each offense targeted the same victim, we do not reach that issue. Instead, we hold that a
straightforward analysis of the statutory criminal intent for the two offenses identifies two
separate and distinct mens rea elements.
In determining whether two criminal offenses require the same criminal intent, we “first
look to the underlying statutes to determine whether the intents of each statute, if any, are the
same or different for each count.” State v. Polk, 187 Wn. App. 380, 396, 348 P.3d 1255 (2015).
3 RCW 9.94A.589 was amended in 2015. This amendment does not affect the issues in this case. 5 No. 47445-0-II
If the mens rea elements are different, then our inquiry ends, and the current convictions can be
counted as prior offenses for calculating the defendant’s offender score. Id.; RCW
9.94A.589(1)(a); see Chenoweth, 185 Wn.2d at 221, 223.
Here, Ohnemus’ two criminal offenses require different mens rea elements. Drive-by
shooting requires recklessness. RCW 9A.36.045(1). Second degree assault with a deadly
weapon, as charged in Ohnemus’ case, requires the “specific intent either to create apprehension
of bodily harm or to cause bodily harm.” State v. Byrd, 125 Wn.2d 707, 712-13, 887 P.2d 396
(1995); RCW 9A.36.021(1)(c). Since recklessness and a specific intent to create apprehension of
bodily harm or to cause bodily harm are separate and distinct mental states, we hold that drive-by
shooting and second degree assault with a deadly weapon are not the same criminal conduct.
Ohnemus argues, however, that these crimes involved the same criminal intent because
the jury was instructed, and the prosecutor contended in closing argument, that intentional
conduct as related to the assault necessarily established the recklessness element as to the drive-
by shooting. These contentions fail, however, because the statutory inquiry is dispositive. Only
if the two offenses have the same required statutory intent do we reach the second step of
evaluating whether the specific facts indicate “whether a particular defendant’s intent was the
same or different with respect to each count.” Polk, 187 Wn. App. at 396.
Because drive-by shooting and second degree assault do not constitute the “same criminal
conduct,” Ohnemus’ defense counsel was not deficient to forego raising this argument at
sentencing. Accordingly, we hold that this claim fails.
6 No. 47445-0-II
CONCLUSION
We hold that Ohnemus’ claims of ineffective assistance of counsel fail. We therefore
affirm his convictions and sentence.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
BJORGEN, C.J. We concur:
WORSWICK, J.
LEE, J.