IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, NO. 68736-1-1
Respondent, DIVISION ONE
v.
JAMES RICHARD ALLEN, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant. FILED: September 23, 2013 •—j
Lau, J. — James Allen appeals two third degree assault convictions, arguing the
trial court erred in failing to require jury unanimity as to which act of spitting on police
officers proved each charge. He also contends the court erred in allowing trial
witnesses to repeat the racial epithets he used shortly before the assaults. Because the
acts of spitting formed a continuing course of conduct, we hold that no unanimity
instruction was required. We also hold that any error in allowing the challenged
testimony was harmless given the overwhelming evidence of guilt. We affirm.
FACTS
On the evening of October 19, 2011, Allen attended an "Occupy Seattle" event at
Westlake Park in downtown Seattle. Police officers watching the crowd witnessed Allen 68736-1-1/2
fight with another person and yell racial epithets. Allen fled the crowd and collided with
one of the officers. He then turned and ran for the street. After running about 10 feet,
he turned to face the officers, yelled another racial epithet, and, with a "jumping lunge,"
spit at two of the officers. Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) (Apr. 10, 2012) at 39.
Neither officer was hit.1
Officers Gabriel Shank and Timothy Jones tackled Allen as he continued to flee.
Each wore a full police uniform. Officer Matthew Pasquan handcuffed Allen and helped
escort him to a patrol car. On the way to the car, Allen became combative and spit at
Jones. Shank testified, "[Hje's still screaming and yelling derogatory statements, things
about the police, the clowns, African-Americans, Hispanics. And then he—he just
turned right at Officer Jones and spit at him." VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 129. Jones
testified he was not hit. When asked how he avoided the spit, he said, "[Allen's] head
[was] turning and I could hear him, you know, getting the spit ready." VRP (Apr. 10,
2012) at 189. Shank held Allen's hood over his face as they continued walking to the
car. He explained, "I immediately reached up and grabbed the hoodie of his sweatshirt
and pulled it over his face so he couldn't spit on me." VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 130.
At the car, Allen resumed his combative behavior. He spit at Shank and Jones
as they tried to search him. Shank testified the spit hit him on his left cheek. Jones said
he was not hit. Shank and Jones forced Allen to the ground. An officer placed a mesh
bag, known as a "spit sock," over Allen's head. Shank testified the bag was designed to
"limit large spittle and stop it from projecting at us." VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 134.
1The State did not charge Allen with a crime based on this conduct. 68736-1-1/3
Officer Terry Bailey helped Shank and Jones maneuver Allen into the patrol car.
Allen continued to struggle. After the spit sock fell off, Allen spit once more at both
Shank and Jones. Bailey testified, "[H]e leaned forward and spit a couple times in
Officer Jones' and Shank's face." VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 95. Shank testified, "This
time he got it in my eyes and my mouth." VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 138. Jones said, "I
looked up to see where the spit sock was to see if I could get it back on, and as I did
that—I would say my face was probably about five inches away from Mr. Allen's face—
he spit in my eye and in my mouth." VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 197.
The State charged Allen with two counts of third degree assault, alleging he
assaulted Shank and Jones when he spit at them. At trial, the prosecutor did not
specify which instance of spitting it relied on for each count. The jury returned a general
verdict finding Allen guilty on both counts. Allen appeals his convictions.
ANALYSIS
Allen contends the trial court erred in failing to require jury unanimity as to which
act of spitting supported each conviction. He also contends the court erred in allowing
witnesses to repeat the specific racial epithets he yelled at Westlake Park. He argues
this evidence was either irrelevant or unduly prejudicial. We affirm.
Unanimous Jury Verdict
We review alleged instructional errors de novo. State v. Sibert. 168 Wn.2d 306,
311, 230 P.3d 142 (2010). "Criminal defendants in Washington have a right to a
unanimous jury verdict." State v. Ortega-Martinez. 124 Wn.2d 702, 707, 881 P.2d 231
(1994). Accordingly, when the State presents evidence of multiple acts that could each
form the basis of one charged crime, "either the State must elect which of such acts is
-3- 68736-1-1/4
relied upon for a conviction or the court must instruct the jury to agree on a specific
criminal act [,i.e., give a Petrich2 instruction]." State v. Coleman, 159Wn.2d 509, 511, 150 P.3d 1126 (2007). This requirement "assures a unanimous verdict on one criminal
act" by "avoidfing] the risk that jurors will aggregate evidence improperly." Coleman.
159 Wn.2d at 512. "Where there is neither an election nor a unanimity instruction in a
multiple acts case, omission of the unanimity instruction is presumed to result in
prejudice." Coleman. 159 Wn.2d at 512. Reversal is required unless we determine the
error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Coleman, 159 Wn.2d at 512.
The necessity for a prosecutorial election or Petrich instruction arises only in
multiple acts cases. It does not arise "where the evidence indicates a 'continuing
course of conduct.'" State v. Handran. 113Wn.2d 11, 17, 775 P.2d 453 (1989) (quoting
State v. Petrich. 101 Wn.2d 566, 571, 683 P.2d 173 (1984), overruled on other grounds
by State v. Kitchen, 110 Wn.2d 403, 405-06, 756 P.2d 105 (1988)). "To determine
whether there is a continuing course of conduct, we evaluate the facts in a
commonsense manner considering (1) the time separating the criminal acts and (2)
whether the criminal acts involved the same parties, location, and ultimate purpose."
State v. Brown, 159 Wn. App. 1, 14, 248 P.3d 518 (2010). "[Evidence that a defendant
engages in a series of actions intended to secure the same objective supports the
characterization of those actions as a continuing course of conduct rather than several
distinct acts." State v. Fiallo-Lopez, 78 Wn. App. 717, 724, 899 P.2d 1294 (1995).
2State v. Petrich, 101 Wn.2d 566, 683 P.2d 173 (1984), overruled on other grounds by State v. Kitchen, 110 Wn.2d 403, 405-06, 756 P.2d 105 (1988). -4- 68736-1-1/5
Allen argues the evidence establishes "three independent episodes" of spitting
involving Officers Shank and Jones—first, when he spit at Jones on the way to the
patrol car; second, when he spit at Shank and Jones as they tried to search him; and
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, NO. 68736-1-1
Respondent, DIVISION ONE
v.
JAMES RICHARD ALLEN, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant. FILED: September 23, 2013 •—j
Lau, J. — James Allen appeals two third degree assault convictions, arguing the
trial court erred in failing to require jury unanimity as to which act of spitting on police
officers proved each charge. He also contends the court erred in allowing trial
witnesses to repeat the racial epithets he used shortly before the assaults. Because the
acts of spitting formed a continuing course of conduct, we hold that no unanimity
instruction was required. We also hold that any error in allowing the challenged
testimony was harmless given the overwhelming evidence of guilt. We affirm.
FACTS
On the evening of October 19, 2011, Allen attended an "Occupy Seattle" event at
Westlake Park in downtown Seattle. Police officers watching the crowd witnessed Allen 68736-1-1/2
fight with another person and yell racial epithets. Allen fled the crowd and collided with
one of the officers. He then turned and ran for the street. After running about 10 feet,
he turned to face the officers, yelled another racial epithet, and, with a "jumping lunge,"
spit at two of the officers. Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) (Apr. 10, 2012) at 39.
Neither officer was hit.1
Officers Gabriel Shank and Timothy Jones tackled Allen as he continued to flee.
Each wore a full police uniform. Officer Matthew Pasquan handcuffed Allen and helped
escort him to a patrol car. On the way to the car, Allen became combative and spit at
Jones. Shank testified, "[Hje's still screaming and yelling derogatory statements, things
about the police, the clowns, African-Americans, Hispanics. And then he—he just
turned right at Officer Jones and spit at him." VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 129. Jones
testified he was not hit. When asked how he avoided the spit, he said, "[Allen's] head
[was] turning and I could hear him, you know, getting the spit ready." VRP (Apr. 10,
2012) at 189. Shank held Allen's hood over his face as they continued walking to the
car. He explained, "I immediately reached up and grabbed the hoodie of his sweatshirt
and pulled it over his face so he couldn't spit on me." VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 130.
At the car, Allen resumed his combative behavior. He spit at Shank and Jones
as they tried to search him. Shank testified the spit hit him on his left cheek. Jones said
he was not hit. Shank and Jones forced Allen to the ground. An officer placed a mesh
bag, known as a "spit sock," over Allen's head. Shank testified the bag was designed to
"limit large spittle and stop it from projecting at us." VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 134.
1The State did not charge Allen with a crime based on this conduct. 68736-1-1/3
Officer Terry Bailey helped Shank and Jones maneuver Allen into the patrol car.
Allen continued to struggle. After the spit sock fell off, Allen spit once more at both
Shank and Jones. Bailey testified, "[H]e leaned forward and spit a couple times in
Officer Jones' and Shank's face." VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 95. Shank testified, "This
time he got it in my eyes and my mouth." VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 138. Jones said, "I
looked up to see where the spit sock was to see if I could get it back on, and as I did
that—I would say my face was probably about five inches away from Mr. Allen's face—
he spit in my eye and in my mouth." VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 197.
The State charged Allen with two counts of third degree assault, alleging he
assaulted Shank and Jones when he spit at them. At trial, the prosecutor did not
specify which instance of spitting it relied on for each count. The jury returned a general
verdict finding Allen guilty on both counts. Allen appeals his convictions.
ANALYSIS
Allen contends the trial court erred in failing to require jury unanimity as to which
act of spitting supported each conviction. He also contends the court erred in allowing
witnesses to repeat the specific racial epithets he yelled at Westlake Park. He argues
this evidence was either irrelevant or unduly prejudicial. We affirm.
Unanimous Jury Verdict
We review alleged instructional errors de novo. State v. Sibert. 168 Wn.2d 306,
311, 230 P.3d 142 (2010). "Criminal defendants in Washington have a right to a
unanimous jury verdict." State v. Ortega-Martinez. 124 Wn.2d 702, 707, 881 P.2d 231
(1994). Accordingly, when the State presents evidence of multiple acts that could each
form the basis of one charged crime, "either the State must elect which of such acts is
-3- 68736-1-1/4
relied upon for a conviction or the court must instruct the jury to agree on a specific
criminal act [,i.e., give a Petrich2 instruction]." State v. Coleman, 159Wn.2d 509, 511, 150 P.3d 1126 (2007). This requirement "assures a unanimous verdict on one criminal
act" by "avoidfing] the risk that jurors will aggregate evidence improperly." Coleman.
159 Wn.2d at 512. "Where there is neither an election nor a unanimity instruction in a
multiple acts case, omission of the unanimity instruction is presumed to result in
prejudice." Coleman. 159 Wn.2d at 512. Reversal is required unless we determine the
error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Coleman, 159 Wn.2d at 512.
The necessity for a prosecutorial election or Petrich instruction arises only in
multiple acts cases. It does not arise "where the evidence indicates a 'continuing
course of conduct.'" State v. Handran. 113Wn.2d 11, 17, 775 P.2d 453 (1989) (quoting
State v. Petrich. 101 Wn.2d 566, 571, 683 P.2d 173 (1984), overruled on other grounds
by State v. Kitchen, 110 Wn.2d 403, 405-06, 756 P.2d 105 (1988)). "To determine
whether there is a continuing course of conduct, we evaluate the facts in a
commonsense manner considering (1) the time separating the criminal acts and (2)
whether the criminal acts involved the same parties, location, and ultimate purpose."
State v. Brown, 159 Wn. App. 1, 14, 248 P.3d 518 (2010). "[Evidence that a defendant
engages in a series of actions intended to secure the same objective supports the
characterization of those actions as a continuing course of conduct rather than several
distinct acts." State v. Fiallo-Lopez, 78 Wn. App. 717, 724, 899 P.2d 1294 (1995).
2State v. Petrich, 101 Wn.2d 566, 683 P.2d 173 (1984), overruled on other grounds by State v. Kitchen, 110 Wn.2d 403, 405-06, 756 P.2d 105 (1988). -4- 68736-1-1/5
Allen argues the evidence establishes "three independent episodes" of spitting
involving Officers Shank and Jones—first, when he spit at Jones on the way to the
patrol car; second, when he spit at Shank and Jones as they tried to search him; and
third, when he spit at Shank and Jones after his spit sock fell off. Br. of Appellant at 9.
He argues, "[T]he three acts of spitting were at different times and different locations,
thus requiring a unanimity instruction."3 Br. ofAppellant at 10. Viewed in a commonsense manner, the evidence fails to support Allen's
argument. The three acts of spitting occurred at the same location. Although Allen
accurately observes that he spit on the way to the patrol car, at the car, and again inside
the car, commonsense tells us that each act occurred in the near vicinity of Westlake
Park. We likewise reject Allen's claim that the acts occurred at different times. All three
acts occurred on the same evening, with only a brief gap between each. And while this
case technically involves multiple victims, we note that Shank and Jones worked as
partners on the evening in question. Each took one of Allen's arms while escorting him
to the car. No evidence indicates that Allen viewed the officers as discrete victims. To
the contrary, each act of spitting furthered a single criminal objective: to assault the
arresting officers. The trial court did not err in failing to give a Petrich instruction.
Content of Racial Epithets
Allen next argues the trial court erred in denying his pretrial motion to exclude
testimony regarding the specific racial epithets he used at the park. The ruling
permitted the State to present testimony that when the police first saw Allen flee the
3Allen may raise this claim for the first time on appeal. State v. Furseth, 156 Wn. App. 516, 519 n.3, 233 P.3d 902 (2010). -5- 68736-1-1/6
crowd, he yelled, "Fuck all those niggers and spies, they are all fucking clowns."
VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 56. Allen contends this testimony was irrelevant and,
alternatively, that the danger of unfair prejudice outweighed its probative value. He
argues the trial court should have sanitized the evidence by requiring witnesses to use
the term "racial epithet" in lieu of the specific language quoted above.
Evidence is relevant if it has "any tendency to make the existence of any fact that
is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable
than it would be without the evidence." ER 401. Stated differently, "[r]elevance means
that a logical nexus exists between the evidence and the fact to be established." State
v. Peterson, 35 Wn. App. 481, 484, 667 P.2d 645 (1983). "All relevant evidence is
admissible, except as limited by constitutional requirements or as otherwise provided by
statute, by [the Rules of Evidence], or by other rules or regulations applicable in the
courts of this state." ER 402. Relevant evidence "may be excluded if its probative value
is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or
misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless
presentation of cumulative evidence." ER 403.
Because the admission of evidence rests within the sound discretion of the trial
court, we will reverse the trial court's decision only if it is manifestly unreasonable or
based on untenable grounds or reasons. State v. Atsbeha, 142 Wn.2d 904, 914, 16
P.3d 626 (2001); State v. Powell, 126 Wn.2d 244, 258, 893 P.2d 615 (1995). "[T]he
threshold for relevance is extremely low under ER 401 . . . ." City of Kennewick v. Day,
142 Wn.2d 1, 8, 11 P.3d 304 (2000). 68736-1-1/7
Citing no authority, the State asserts that testimony regarding the content of
Allen's racial epithets was relevant to show his "intent to further offend the officers with
his conduct."4 Resp't's Br. at 6. It also suggests the testimony was "necessary to provide the jury a full sense of the scene and circumstances." Resp't's Br. at 6. We
need not address these claims. Even if we assume without deciding that the court
erroneously allowed the testimony, we conclude the error was harmless.
The improper admission of evidence constitutes harmless error if, "'within
reasonable probabilities, the outcome of the trial would have been materially affected
had the error not occurred.'" State v. Bourgeois, 133 Wn.2d 389, 403, 945 P.2d 1120
(1997) (quoting State v. Tharp, 96 Wn.2d 591, 599, 637 P.2d 961 (1981)). Stated
differently, we need not remand for a new trial if we determine the improperly admitted
evidence was "of minor significance in reference to the overall, overwhelming evidence
as a whole." Bourgeois. 133 Wn.2d at 403.
To convict Allen of third degree assault, the State had to prove he assaulted "a
law enforcement officer or other employee of a law enforcement agency who was
performing his or her official duties at the time of the assault." RCW 9A.36.031(1)(g).
"In order to commit assault, a person must have specific intent to cause bodily harm or
to create an apprehension of bodily harm." State v. Williams, 159 Wn. App. 298, 307,
244 P.3d 1018 (2011). Specific intent can be "inferred as a logical probability from all
the facts and circumstances." State v. Pedro, 148 Wn. App. 932, 951, 201 P.3d 398
(2009). The State need not prove the defendant knew the victim was a law
4 Neither party argues we should apply ER 404's rules regarding character evidence.
-7- 68736-1-1/8
enforcement officer at the time of the assault. State v. Brown, 140 Wn.2d 456, 468, 998
P.2d 321 (2000).
Allen never denied spitting at Shank and Jones. He testified, "I admit that I was
spitting, but it was not intentional. It was not directed towards the officers directly."
VRP (Apr. 11, 2012) at 53. He also testified, "I was spitting because I had saliva in my
mouth and it was a scuffle." VRP (Apr. 11, 2012) at 65. In sum, Allen merely disputed
whether he possessed the requisite intent to commit assault.
The State offered ample evidence from which the jury could infer Allen's intent to
commit assault "as a logical probability." Pedro, 148 Wn. App. at 951. Jones testified
Allen "turned" and spit at him on the way to the patrol car. VRP (Apr. 11, 2012) at 34.
He noted he could hear Allen "getting the spit ready" as he turned. VRP (Apr. 10, 2012)
at 189. Shank corroborated this testimony, stating Allen "just turned right at Officer
Jones and spit at him." VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 129. Both Shank and Jones testified
Allen spit at them outside the patrol car. Officer Pasquan testified, "[W]hen they tried to
put him back in the patrol car, he spat at Officers Jones and Shank . . . right in their
faces." VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 45. Pasquan noted Allen was "resistive and yelling" at
the time. VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 45. Finally, both Shank and Jones testified Allen spit
at them after the spit sock fell off in the car. Officer Bailey testified, "[T]he spit sock
came off his face, just through him struggling and lifting up and me trying to pull back."
VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 94. Allen spit when Bailey's hand slipped. Bailey testified, "[H]e
leaned forward and spit a couple times in Officer Jones' and Shank's face." VRP (Apr.
10, 2012) at 95. On the way to the precinct, Shank asked Allen, "[W]hat do you have
against us?" VRP (Apr. 10, 2012) at 140. Allen stated he blamed the police for the
-8- 68736-1-1/9
shooting death of a wood carver earlier that year. He acknowledged his behavior
responded in part to "crooked cop behavior." VRP (Apr. 11, 2012) at 62.
This testimony amply establishes Allen's intent to commit assault. It strongly
suggests he acted out of anger or defiance, not inadvertence. Accordingly, even if the
trial court erroneously admitted the challenged testimony, overwhelming evidence
supports Allen's convictions. Because any error was harmless, we affirm.
WE CONCUR: