IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 74310-4-1 Respondent, DIVISION ONE V.
JAMEEL L. PADILLA, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant. FILED: April 24, 2017
SPEARMAN, J. — Jameel Padilla was convicted of two counts of viewing
depictions of a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct in the first degree and
two counts of the same offense in the second degree. On appeal, he contends
that his convictions must be reversed because the charging document and the to
convict jury instruction omitted an essential implied element of the charged
crimes. Padilla also asserts that the community custody condition imposed by the
trial court prohibiting him from frequenting places where minors congregate is
unconstitutionally vague. We accept the State's concession of error as to the
challenged community custody condition, but conclude that Padilla's remaining
arguments are without merit. We remand to strike the unlawful condition, but
otherwise affirm the judgment and sentence. No. 74310-4-1/2
FACTS
In April 2012, a mother and father reported to the Arroya Grande Police
Department that an unknown individual had sent sexually explicit messages to
their nine-year-old daughter on Facebook. The detectives were informed that the
individual used the profile name "Jim Wilcox." While the detectives were
investigating the complaint, they discovered that the Internet Protocol Address for
the computer used to access the Facebook account was associated with Jameel
Padilla of Everett, Washington.
In September 2012, Everett Police executed a search warrant at Padilla's
home. They seized a laptop computer from the home. A forensic examination of
the computer revealed approximately one hundred sexually explicit photos of
young girls in the unallocated spacel in the computer's memory. It revealed
videos of infants and children engaged in sexually explicit conduct. The
examination also revealed internet search queries that Padilla initiated including:
"child porn Frostwire,"2 "What makes you a pedophile?;" "Eleven year old raped
by 20 men;" "Little girl sucking:" and "How to delete stuff from an unallocated
space." Verbatim Report of Proceedings(VRP)(09/22/15) at 128-29.
Additionally, the examination revealed chat communications where the user was
seeking content of children engaged in sexually explicit conduct.
1 Data in unallocated space is data that has been deleted but continues to exist until it is overwritten. 2 FrostWire is a peer-to-peer file sharing program.
2 No. 74310-4-1/3
Padilla was charged with two counts of viewing depictions of a minor
engaged in sexually explicit conduct in the first degree, and two counts of the
same offense in the second degree.3 The charging document alleged that Padilla
intentionally viewed over the internet pictures of minors engaged in sexually
explicit conduct.4 The jury instructions for these counts mirrored this language.5
3 Padilla was also charged with one count of communication with a minor for immoral purposes via electronic communication which was severed from the other charges and tried separately. 4 The charging document alleged as follows: That the defendant. . . did intentionally view over the internet, in an internet session ... visual or printed matter that depicted a minor engaged in [sexually explicit conduct (first degree) or display of unclothed genitals or female breasts (second degree)]. ... Clerk's Papers(CP)at 104-05. 5 The to convict instruction for the first viewing count explained that:
To convict the defendant of the crime of Viewing Depictions of a Minor Engaged in Sexually Explicit Conduct in the First Degree as charged in Count I, each of the following elements of the crime must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt:
(1) That on or about the 1st day of January 2011 through the12th day of September, 2012, in an internet session separate and distinct from that alleged in Counts II, Ill, and IV, the defendant intentionally viewed over the internet visual or printed matter depicting a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct;
(2)That the viewing was initiated by the defendant; and
(3) That the viewing of the visual or printed material occurred in the State of Washington.
If you find from the evidence that each of these elements has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, then it will be your duty to return a verdict of guilty.
On the other hand, if, after weighing all the evidence, you have a reasonable doubt as to any one of these elements, then it will be your duty to return a verdict of not guilty.
CP at 86. The remaining counts were charged similarly, with different definitions of sexually explicit conduct given for the first and second degree charges.
3 No. 74310-4-1/4
The charging document did not specifically allege, nor did the jury instructions
expressly require the State to prove, that Padilla knew he was viewing minors.
Padilla did not object to the information or jury instructions on this, or any other,
basis. The jury convicted him on all four counts.
The sentencing court imposed several conditions of community custody
including prohibiting Padilla from frequenting areas where minor children are
known to congregate. Padilla appeals.
DISCUSSION
Padilla makes three assignments of error on appeal. The first two concern
whether we should read into the statute defining the crime of viewing depictions
of a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct(the viewing statute) an additional
element of knowledge that the person depicted is a minor. Padilla claims that
such knowledge is an essential element of the crime and that the charging
document and the to-convict instructions given in this case were deficient
because of its omission. Padilla's third claim challenges a community custody
condition as unconstitutionally vague. We first decide whether Padilla is correct
that a defendant's knowledge that the person viewed is a minor is an essential
element of the charged crimes.
Padilla rests his argument in large part on our decision in State v. Rosul,
95 Wn. App. 175, 974 P.2d 916(1999). In Rosul, we considered the statute
criminalizing the possession of child pornography (the possession statute). The
statute provided, in relevant part, that a person is guilty of possessing child
pornography when that person "knowingly possesses visual or printed matter
4 No. 74310-4-1/5
depicting a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct. . . ." Id. at 180; RCW
9.68A.070. We concluded the statute was impermissibly overbroad because, for
example, a person delivering a package containing child pornography could
knowingly possess the package and yet be unaware of its contents. Id. at 182.
Thus, applying the statute as written, a person engaged in "clearly innocent
conduct" could be in violation of it. Id. at 183. Accordingly, we construed the
statute to require "a showing that the defendant was aware not only of
possession, but also of the general nature of the material he or she possessed."
Id. at 185.
Padilla argues that the possession statute and the viewing statute are
similar and that, as with the possession statute, in order to save the viewing
statute from being impermissibly overbroad, we must imply an element of
knowledge that the person depicted was a minor. But, as we observed in Rosul,
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 74310-4-1 Respondent, DIVISION ONE V.
JAMEEL L. PADILLA, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant. FILED: April 24, 2017
SPEARMAN, J. — Jameel Padilla was convicted of two counts of viewing
depictions of a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct in the first degree and
two counts of the same offense in the second degree. On appeal, he contends
that his convictions must be reversed because the charging document and the to
convict jury instruction omitted an essential implied element of the charged
crimes. Padilla also asserts that the community custody condition imposed by the
trial court prohibiting him from frequenting places where minors congregate is
unconstitutionally vague. We accept the State's concession of error as to the
challenged community custody condition, but conclude that Padilla's remaining
arguments are without merit. We remand to strike the unlawful condition, but
otherwise affirm the judgment and sentence. No. 74310-4-1/2
FACTS
In April 2012, a mother and father reported to the Arroya Grande Police
Department that an unknown individual had sent sexually explicit messages to
their nine-year-old daughter on Facebook. The detectives were informed that the
individual used the profile name "Jim Wilcox." While the detectives were
investigating the complaint, they discovered that the Internet Protocol Address for
the computer used to access the Facebook account was associated with Jameel
Padilla of Everett, Washington.
In September 2012, Everett Police executed a search warrant at Padilla's
home. They seized a laptop computer from the home. A forensic examination of
the computer revealed approximately one hundred sexually explicit photos of
young girls in the unallocated spacel in the computer's memory. It revealed
videos of infants and children engaged in sexually explicit conduct. The
examination also revealed internet search queries that Padilla initiated including:
"child porn Frostwire,"2 "What makes you a pedophile?;" "Eleven year old raped
by 20 men;" "Little girl sucking:" and "How to delete stuff from an unallocated
space." Verbatim Report of Proceedings(VRP)(09/22/15) at 128-29.
Additionally, the examination revealed chat communications where the user was
seeking content of children engaged in sexually explicit conduct.
1 Data in unallocated space is data that has been deleted but continues to exist until it is overwritten. 2 FrostWire is a peer-to-peer file sharing program.
2 No. 74310-4-1/3
Padilla was charged with two counts of viewing depictions of a minor
engaged in sexually explicit conduct in the first degree, and two counts of the
same offense in the second degree.3 The charging document alleged that Padilla
intentionally viewed over the internet pictures of minors engaged in sexually
explicit conduct.4 The jury instructions for these counts mirrored this language.5
3 Padilla was also charged with one count of communication with a minor for immoral purposes via electronic communication which was severed from the other charges and tried separately. 4 The charging document alleged as follows: That the defendant. . . did intentionally view over the internet, in an internet session ... visual or printed matter that depicted a minor engaged in [sexually explicit conduct (first degree) or display of unclothed genitals or female breasts (second degree)]. ... Clerk's Papers(CP)at 104-05. 5 The to convict instruction for the first viewing count explained that:
To convict the defendant of the crime of Viewing Depictions of a Minor Engaged in Sexually Explicit Conduct in the First Degree as charged in Count I, each of the following elements of the crime must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt:
(1) That on or about the 1st day of January 2011 through the12th day of September, 2012, in an internet session separate and distinct from that alleged in Counts II, Ill, and IV, the defendant intentionally viewed over the internet visual or printed matter depicting a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct;
(2)That the viewing was initiated by the defendant; and
(3) That the viewing of the visual or printed material occurred in the State of Washington.
If you find from the evidence that each of these elements has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, then it will be your duty to return a verdict of guilty.
On the other hand, if, after weighing all the evidence, you have a reasonable doubt as to any one of these elements, then it will be your duty to return a verdict of not guilty.
CP at 86. The remaining counts were charged similarly, with different definitions of sexually explicit conduct given for the first and second degree charges.
3 No. 74310-4-1/4
The charging document did not specifically allege, nor did the jury instructions
expressly require the State to prove, that Padilla knew he was viewing minors.
Padilla did not object to the information or jury instructions on this, or any other,
basis. The jury convicted him on all four counts.
The sentencing court imposed several conditions of community custody
including prohibiting Padilla from frequenting areas where minor children are
known to congregate. Padilla appeals.
DISCUSSION
Padilla makes three assignments of error on appeal. The first two concern
whether we should read into the statute defining the crime of viewing depictions
of a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct(the viewing statute) an additional
element of knowledge that the person depicted is a minor. Padilla claims that
such knowledge is an essential element of the crime and that the charging
document and the to-convict instructions given in this case were deficient
because of its omission. Padilla's third claim challenges a community custody
condition as unconstitutionally vague. We first decide whether Padilla is correct
that a defendant's knowledge that the person viewed is a minor is an essential
element of the charged crimes.
Padilla rests his argument in large part on our decision in State v. Rosul,
95 Wn. App. 175, 974 P.2d 916(1999). In Rosul, we considered the statute
criminalizing the possession of child pornography (the possession statute). The
statute provided, in relevant part, that a person is guilty of possessing child
pornography when that person "knowingly possesses visual or printed matter
4 No. 74310-4-1/5
depicting a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct. . . ." Id. at 180; RCW
9.68A.070. We concluded the statute was impermissibly overbroad because, for
example, a person delivering a package containing child pornography could
knowingly possess the package and yet be unaware of its contents. Id. at 182.
Thus, applying the statute as written, a person engaged in "clearly innocent
conduct" could be in violation of it. Id. at 183. Accordingly, we construed the
statute to require "a showing that the defendant was aware not only of
possession, but also of the general nature of the material he or she possessed."
Id. at 185.
Padilla argues that the possession statute and the viewing statute are
similar and that, as with the possession statute, in order to save the viewing
statute from being impermissibly overbroad, we must imply an element of
knowledge that the person depicted was a minor. But, as we observed in Rosul,
a statute is only impermissibly overbroad if it "will significantly compromise
recognized First Amendment protections of persons not before the court." Id. at
182 (citing Members of City Council of City of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for
Vincent, 466 U.S. 789, 801, 104 S. Ct. 2118, 80 L. Ed. 2d 772(1984)). To
support his claim that the viewing statute is substantially overbroad, Padilla must
"demonstrate from the text of[the challenged law] and from actual fact that a
substantial number of instances exist in which the Maw cannot be applied
constitutionally." New York State Club Ass'n, Inc. v. City of New York, 487 U.S. 1,
14, 108 S. Ct. 2225, 101 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1988). He fails to carry this burden.
5 No. 74310-4-1/6
The viewing statute states, in relevant part:
(1) A person who intentionally views over the internet visual or printed matter depicting a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct as defined in RCW 9.68A.011(4)(a) through (e) is guilty of viewing depictions of a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct in the first degree. . . .
(2) A person who intentionally views over the internet visual or printed matter depicting a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct as defined in RCW 9.68A.011(4) (f) or (g) is guilty of viewing depictions of a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct in the second degree ... .
(3). . . The state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the viewing was initiated by the user of the computer where the viewing occurred.
RCW 9.68A.075.6 Thus, in order to sustain a conviction, this statute requires the
prosecution to prove that a defendant:(1) intentionally viewed visual or printed
material over the internet;(2)that the material viewed depicted a minor engaged
in sexually explicit conduct; and (3)that the viewing was initiated by the
defendant.
6 Subsections (1) and (2) refer to RCW 9.68A.011(4) which reads as follows: (4)"Sexually explicit conduct" means actual or simulated: (a) Sexual intercourse, including genital-genital, oral-genital, anal-genital, or oral-anal, whether between persons of the same or opposite sex or between humans and animals; (b) Penetration of the vagina or rectum by any object; (c) Masturbation; (d) Sadomasochistic abuse; (e) Defecation or urination for the purpose of sexual stimulation of the viewer; (f) Depiction of the genitals or unclothed pubic or rectal areas of any minor, or the unclothed breast of a female minor, for the purpose of sexual stimulation of the viewer. For the purposes of this subsection (4)(f), it is not necessary that the minor know that he or she is participating in the described conduct, or any aspect of it; and (g) Touching of a person's clothed or unclothed genitals, pubic area, buttocks, or breast area for the purpose of sexual stimulation of the viewer.
6 No. 74310-4-1/7
Under a plain reading of the statute's language, we cannot see how the statute
impermissibly jeopardizes First Amendment protections. Nor does Padilla explain
how the statute criminalizes innocent conduct when it only reaches individuals
who initiate an Internet session intending to view material that depicts a minor
engaged in explicit sexual conduct and who, then, in fact, view the very material
sought. Unlike the possession statute, the viewing statute presents no identifiable
risk of sweeping within its prohibitions innocent persons engaged in
constitutionally protected activities.
We conclude that Padilla has not shown that the statute is impermissibly
overbroad and reject his argument that we must imply an additional knowledge
element to the viewing statute. And because his claims that the charging
document and the to convict instructions are deficient hinge on the success of his
overbreadth argument, they also fail. We affirm Padilla's convictions.
Padilla challenges the community custody condition prohibiting him from
frequenting areas where minor children are known to congregate because it is
unconstitutionally vague. The State concedes, and we agree, that the community
custody condition is void for vagueness and should be stricken. In Irwin, we
found that an identical prohibition was an unconstitutionally vague community
custody condition. State v. Irwin, 191 Wn. App. 644, 652-53, 364 P.3d 830
(2015). We therefore remand to the sentencing court with instructions to strike
the vague condition.
Padilla also asks that no costs be awarded on appeal. Appellate costs are
generally awarded to the substantially prevailing party on review. RAP 14.2.
7 No. 74310-4-1/8
However, when a trial court makes a finding of indigency, that finding remains
throughout review "unless the commissioner or clerk determines by a
preponderance of the evidence that the offender's financial circumstances have
significantly improved since the last determination of indigency." RAP 14.2. Here,
Padilla was found indigent by the trial court. If the State has evidence indicating
that Padilla's financial circumstances have significantly improved since the trial
court's finding, it may file a motion for costs with the commissioner.
Remanded to strike the unlawful condition but otherwise affirmed.
Y-ezt WE CONCUR: