State Of Washington, V Gabriel Indelicio Nevarez

• Court: Court of Appeals of Washington
• Decided: October 25, 2022
• Docket: 54259-5
• Status: Published

Opinion

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October 25, 2022

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 54259-5-II

Respondent,

v.

GABRIEL INDELICIO NEVAREZ, PUBLISHED OPINION

Appellant.

CRUSER, A.C.J. – Gabriel Indelicio Nevarez appeals his sentence following his guilty plea

to first degree murder with a firearm enhancement. The conviction arose from an incident in which

Nevarez shot and killed a bystander while shooting at someone else. Nevarez was 18 years old at

the time of the offense. The trial court imposed a sentence that was 36 months above the joint

recommendation of the parties but was within the standard range.

Nevarez filed a CrR 7.8(b) motion seeking to withdraw his guilty plea based on ineffective

assistance of counsel1 or, in the alternative, to obtain resentencing because the sentencing court

failed to consider the mitigating qualities of youth. After conducting a hearing, the trial court

denied Nevarez’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea. Nevarez appeals, arguing that resentencing

is necessary because under State v. Houston-Sconiers, 188 Wn.2d 1, 391 P.3d 409 (2017), and

State v. O’Dell, 183 Wn.2d 680, 358 P.3d 359 (2015), the trial court erroneously failed to consider

1 Nevarez withdrew this claim during the pendency of this appeal. For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.

No. 54259-5-II

the mitigating qualities of youth when presented with a sentence jointly recommended by the

parties.

We hold that the trial court did not err in denying Nevarez’s CrR 7.8 motion to withdraw

his guilty plea because Nevarez was 18 years old at the time of the murder, and the trial court,

therefore, was permitted but not required to consider the mitigating qualities of Nevarez’s youth

when sentencing him. Accordingly, we affirm.

FACTS

I. BACKGROUND

Nevarez held a grudge against Juan Carlos Ruiz and had previously threatened to harm

him. On February 21, 2007, Nevarez drove by Ruiz, who was standing next to Kyle Grinnell, and

fired multiple shots in Ruiz and Grinnell’s direction. One of the shots hit and killed Grinnell.

Nevarez was 18 years old at the time of the shooting.

The State charged Nevarez with first degree murder with a firearm enhancement, first

degree assault with a firearm enhancement, and second degree unlawful possession of a firearm.

However, Nevarez fled to Mexico shortly after the shooting and did not return until extradited to

Washington in August 2016.

Nevarez entered a plea of guilty to first degree murder with a firearm enhancement in May

2018. As part of the plea agreement, the State filed an amended information dismissing the first

degree assault and second degree unlawful possession of a firearm charges. Nevarez and the State

agreed to a sentencing recommendation of 271 months of confinement, which was the low end of

the standard range, plus a 60-month firearm enhancement. Defense counsel, the State, and the trial

2 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.

court explained to Nevarez that the court was not required to accept the joint recommendation and

that it could sentence him to any term within the standard sentencing range of 271 to 361 months.

II. SENTENCING

The parties asked the trial court to adopt the joint recommendation of 271 months plus 60

months for the firearm enhancement. Defense counsel did not ask the court to impose an

exceptional sentence below the standard range and did not ask the court to consider his youth at

the time he committed the offense.

At sentencing, immediately following a statement from Nevarez, the trial court asked how

old Nevarez was at the time of the shooting, and the parties confirmed that he was 18.

The trial court then gave its reasoning and stated:

Having reviewed all of these letters and the criminal history of Mr. Nevarez, I am not going to adopt the joint recommendation of the parties, which is my normal course. But I am going to add to the 271 low-end recommendation an additional 36 months, plus the 60 months of firearm sentencing enhancement, 36 months of community custody.

Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) (June 29, 2018) at 38.

III. MOTIONS TO WITHDRAW GUILTY PLEA

Nevarez filed several pro se motions to withdraw his guilty plea. One of these motions,

filed in May 2019 under CrR 7.8, sought to withdraw Nevarez’s plea on the basis that he was

denied effective assistance of counsel or, alternatively, requested resentencing because the trial

court did not consider the mitigating qualities of youth when it imposed his sentence. The trial

court ordered a merits hearing on Nevarez’s motion. Regarding the issue of Nevarez’s age as a

mitigating factor, the court stated that it confirmed Nevarez’s age at sentencing and continued:

3 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.

So the Court had no legal obligation under the case law in the State of Washington to go through any type of Houston-Sconiers analysis. At the time of the offense he was three months shy of his 19th birthday, and we confirmed the age at the time.

With regard to the -- any obligation of [defense counsel], I suppose she could have argued for the low end, used it to argue for the low end. Although, what I heard from the testimony today was that really wasn’t the basis for the parties reaching the agreement that they reached . . .

So I’m not sure that that would have made -- well, I can tell you it wouldn’t have made any difference in my opinion, but I don’t think she had a duty or an obligation to argue age at the time of the offense as a factor in requesting the low end.

VRP (Nov. 18, 2019) 70.

The court denied Nevarez’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea and entered extensive

findings of fact and conclusions of law. The court made a finding that it inquired of Nevarez’s age

at the time of the shooting before accepting his guilty plea, and stated that “the court understood

the defendant was three months shy of his 19th birthday and the defendant’s [sic] knowledge of

the defendant’s youth was factored into the court’s ultimate sentence it imposed on him.” Clerk’s

Papers at 126.

Nevarez appeals the court’s order denying his motion to withdraw his guilty plea and the

associated findings of fact and conclusions of law.2

DISCUSSION

Nevarez argues that we should remand for resentencing because the trial court failed to

fully consider the mitigating qualities of his youth based on the fact that he was 18 years old at the

time he committed the offense. Specifically, Nevarez argues that the trial court “erroneously

2 We issued an opinion in this case on November 16, 2021, which we withdrew on reconsideration. 4 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.

believed it had no obligation to conduct such [an] analysis before sentencing” him. Br. of Appellant

at 35. We disagree.

YOUTH AS A MITIGATING FACTOR

In general, a defendant cannot appeal a sentence that is within the standard range. RCW

9.94A.585(1); State v. Osman, 157 Wn.2d 474, 481, 139 P.3d 334 (2006). “However, a defendant

may appeal the process by which a trial court imposes a sentence.” In re Pers. Restraint of

Marshall, 10 Wn. App. 2d 626, 635, 455 P.3d 1163 (2019) (emphasis omitted). This allows the

defendant to challenge the trial court’s refusal to exercise its discretion or the legal conclusions

underlying the trial court’s decision. State v. McFarland, 189 Wn.2d 47, 56, 399 P.3d 1106 (2017).

Nevarez challenges the trial court’s process in imposing a sentence that was within the

standard range but above the joint recommendation. See Marshall, 10 Wn. App. 2d at 635-36. He

relies in part on the directive in Houston-Sconiers that trial courts must consider the mitigating

qualities of youth when sentencing a juvenile defendant. 188 Wn.2d at 21. When sentencing an

adult defendant, however, trial courts are merely “allowed to consider youth as a mitigating

factor.” O’Dell, 183 Wn.2d at 696 (emphasis added). O’Dell does not compel a trial court, to do

so, however. Therefore, Nevarez’s assertion that O’Dell and Houston-Sconiers required the trial

court to consider the mitigating qualities of youth at his sentencing is without merit.

Notably, in In re Personal Restraint of Monschke, 197 Wn.2d 305, 306, 482 P.3d 276

(2021) (plurality opinion), defendants who were 19 and 20 years old were convicted of aggravated

first degree murder and given mandatory sentences of life without the possibility of parole

(LWOP) under RCW 10.95.030. The lead opinion by our supreme court concluded that the

aggravated murder statute was unconstitutional as applied to defendants between the ages of 18

5 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.

and 20 years old because it required a LWOP sentence for all defendants with no discretion for the

trial court to consider individual characteristics at sentencing. Monschke, 197 Wn.2d at 326. The

court reasoned “that no meaningful neurological bright line exists between age 17 and age 18.” Id.

A more recent supreme court decision explained the fractured nature of the Monschke opinion and

cabined its holding (“if Monschke’s lead opinion could be read as announcing a holding of this

court”) to 18 to 20-year-old perpetrators convicted of aggravated first degree murder and sentenced

to a mandatory LWOP under RCW 10.95.030. In re Pers. Restraint of Kennedy, 200 Wn.2d 1, 24,

513 P.3d 769 (2022). Because Nevarez did not receive a mandatory LWOP sentence, the court’s

conclusion in Monschke is inapplicable here. Id. at 23-24.3

Nevarez did not request an exceptional sentence below the standard range based on his

youth. Rather, he and the State submitted a joint recommendation. The court was not required, on

its own, to consider the mitigating qualities of youth because Nevarez was 18 years old at the time

of the murder. See O’Dell, 183 Wn.2d at 696 (trial court “allowed to consider youth as a mitigating

factor” for defendants 18 and older). Therefore, we reject Nevarez’s challenge to the trial court’s

order denying his CrR 7.8 motion.

3 We note that we stayed Nevarez’s appeal pending the supreme court’s decision in In re Personal Restraint of Davis, __ Wn.2d __, 514 P.3d 653 (2022). In that case, however, Davis was 21 at the time of the offenses. Davis, 514 P.3d at 658. Accordingly, Monschke was not material to Davis’ sentence both because Davis was not between the ages of 18 to 20 and because he was not faced with a mandatory LWOP sentence, but was sentenced under a statute that afforded discretion to the trial court to impose an exceptional sentence downward. Id. at 657-58. 6 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.

CONCLUSION

We affirm the trial court’s order denying Nevarez’s request for resentencing under CrR

7.8.

CRUSER, A.C.J. I concur:

LEE, J.

7 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.

MAXA, J. (dissenting) – I believe that State v. Houston-Sconiers, 188 Wn.2d 1, 391 P.3d

409 (2017), which requires trial courts to consider the mitigating qualities of youth when

sentencing juveniles, applies to Nevarez as an 18-year-old. Therefore, I dissent.

In Houston-Sconiers, the Supreme Court held that the Eighth Amendment to the United

States Constitution requires the trial court to consider a juvenile defendant’s youth in sentencing,

even for statutorily mandated sentences. 188 Wn.2d at 18-20. The court stated, “Trial courts

must consider mitigating qualities of youth at sentencing and must have discretion to impose any

sentence below the otherwise applicable SRA range and/or sentence enhancements.” Id. at 21

(emphasis added). Houston-Sconiers established that a trial court must consider mitigating

qualities of youth, even when imposing a standard range sentence. See In re Pers. Restraint of

Ali, 196 Wn.2d 220, 234-35, 474 P.3d 507 (2020), cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 1754 (2021).

The court’s holding in Houston-Sconiers that consideration of the mitigating qualities of

youth is mandatory was expressly limited to the sentencing of juveniles in adult court. 188

Wn.2d at 34. But Nevarez was not a juvenile when he committed his crime – he was 18 years

old. Therefore, the question here is whether the mandatory consideration of mitigating qualities

of youth applies to the sentencing of an 18-year-old offender.

In State v. Bassett, the Supreme Court held that sentencing juvenile offenders to life

without parole or release (LWOP) constitutes cruel punishment in violation of article I, section

14 of the Washington Constitution. 192 Wn.2d 67, 91, 428 P.3d 343 (2018). As in Houston-

Sconiers, the court’s holding was expressly limited to the sentencing of juveniles. Id. at 73, 91.

8 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.

Subsequently, in a split decision4 the Supreme Court in In re Personal Restraint of

Monschke held that the mandatory imposition of LWOP sentences also was unconstitutional for

offenders who were 18 to 20 years old. 197 Wn. 2d 305, 326, 329, 482 P.3d 276 (2021). The

lead opinion noted the holdings of Bassett and Houston-Sconiers regarding juvenile offenders.

Id. at 311. The lead opinion then agreed with the petitioners’ argument that “the protection

against mandatory LWOP for juveniles should extend to them because they were essentially

juveniles in all but name at the time of their crimes.” Id. at 312.

The lead opinion emphasized that neuroscience does not support a distinction between

17- and 18-year-olds. Id. at 312-13. The lead opinion stated, “The petitioners have shown that

many youthful defendants older than 18 share the same developing brains and impulsive

behavioral attributes as those under 18. Thus, we hold that these 19- and 20-year-old petitioners

must qualify for some of the same constitutional protections as well.” Id. at 313 (emphasis

added). Later, the lead opinion noted that the same factors that supported extension of

constitutional protection to juveniles – “juveniles’ lack of maturity and responsibility, their

vulnerability to negative influences, and their transitory and developing character” – “weigh[ed]

in favor of offering similar constitutional protections to older offenders, also, because

neurological science recognizes no meaningful distinction between 17- and 18-year-olds as a

class.” Id. at 321.

4 In his concurring opinion, Chief Justice González agreed with the lead opinion that “the petitioners are entitled to a new sentencing hearing to determine whether their ages at the time of their crimes are a mitigating factor justifying a downward departure from the standard sentence.” Monschke, 197 Wn.2d at 329 (González, C.J. concurring). He disagreed only with the lead opinion’s conclusion that RCW 10.73.100(2) allowed the petitioners to pursue their otherwise untimely PRPs. 9 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.

The lead opinion concluded that because “no meaningful neurological bright line exists

between age 17 and age 18[,] . . . sentencing courts must have discretion to take the mitigating

qualities of youth – those qualities emphasized in . . . Houston-Sconiers – into account for

defendants younger and older than 18.” Id. at 326.

Regarding whether a personal restraint petition is timely, Monschke is not material for

petitioners subject to LWOP sentences. In re Pers. Restraint of Davis, 200 Wn.2d 75, 83-84,

514 P.3d 653 (2022); In re Pers. Restraint of Kennedy, 200 Wn.2d 1, 24-25, 513 P.3d 769

(2022). However, our case involves a direct appeal, not a PRP, so timeliness is not at issue. And

the reasoning of the lead opinion in Monschke clearly supports extending the holding in

Houston-Sconiers to the sentencing of an 18-year-old.

The foundation of the holding in Monschke was the lead opinion’s conclusion that there

is no meaningful distinction between 17-year-olds and 18-year-olds regarding brain

development. 197 Wn.2d at 313, 321, 326. Based on this conclusion, the lead opinion

emphasized that 19- and 20-year-olds are entitled to the same constitutional protections as

juveniles. Id. And the lead opinion expressly referenced Houston-Sconiers when discussing

those constitutional protections and stating that trial courts must be allowed to consider the

mitigating qualities of youth for offenders older than 18. Id. at 311, 326. Monschke compels the

conclusion that if a trial court is required to consider the mitigating qualities of youth when

sentencing a 17-year-old offender, a trial court must be required to consider the offender’s youth

when sentencing an 18-year-old.

Conversely, requiring a trial court to consider the mitigating qualities of youth for a

juvenile offender but not for an 18-year-old offender would create a bright line distinction

10 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/.

between 17- and 18-year-olds regarding sentencing. Allowing that distinction would be

inconsistent with the lead opinion’s insistence in Monschke that “no meaningful neurological

bright line exists between age 17 and age 18.” Id. at 326.

I conclude that under Houston-Sconiers and Monschke, a trial court must consider the

mitigating qualities of youth when sentencing an 18-year-old offender. And here, the trial court

failed to meaningfully consider the mitigating qualities of Nevarez’s youth as outlined in

Houston-Sconiers. Therefore, I would reverse and remand for resentencing.

MAXA, J.