FILED MAY 4, 2021 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 37229-4-III ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) EDWARD V. LASHKEY, ) ) Appellant. )
PENNELL, C.J. — Edward Lashkey1 appeals his conviction for first degree trespass.
He argues (1) insufficient evidence supports his conviction, (2) the trial court erroneously
failed to answer a jury question, (3) counsel was ineffective for not objecting on the jury
question issue, and (4) the court improperly imposed a criminal filing fee. We affirm
Mr. Lashkey’s conviction but reverse imposition of the filing fee.
1 We note that Mr. Lashkey has several known aliases: Edward V. Lashkay, Anatoliy V. Lashkay and Eduard V. Lashkay. We use the name on his information and note that he signed the judgment and sentence as “Eduard Lashkey.” No. 37229-4-III State v. Lashkey
FACTS
The State charged Edward Lashkey with residential burglary after officers found
his fingerprint on the exterior of a burgled home’s backdoor. The backdoor, exiting into a
fenced backyard accessible only through a closed gate, was broken-in, items were missing
from the home, and a box of tacks was spread over the bedroom floor.
At trial, Mr. Lashkey admitted he was at the residence on the afternoon of the
burglary, but claimed he did nothing more than enter the yard and knock on the back
door. According to Mr. Lashkey, he was intoxicated at the time and mistakenly thought
the property was that of a friend.
During deliberations, the jury asked the court whether first degree criminal
trespass included unlawful entrance into the fenced backyard. With the agreement of
the parties, the trial court directed the jury back to their instructions. Mr. Lashkey was
acquitted of burglary, but convicted of first degree criminal trespass. After the verdict,
several jurors made comments to the prosecutor and trial court that they felt the State
had failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt Mr. Lashkey entered the burgled home.
Mr. Lashkey was given a suspended sentence with credit for time served. The court also
imposed a $200 criminal filing fee.
2 No. 37229-4-III State v. Lashkey
Mr. Lashkey appeals.
ANALYSIS
Sufficiency of the evidence
Mr. Lashkey contends the State failed to produce sufficient evidence to justify his
trespass conviction. First degree trespass requires proof that the defendant entered the
interior portion of a residence. RCW 9A.52.070(1). Mr. Lashkey claims the evidence only
showed he entered the back yard.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, State v. Larson, 184
Wn.2d 843, 854-55, 365 P.3d 740 (2015), the jury had ample evidence to justify a first
degree trespass conviction. According to the State’s witnesses and exhibits, the door to
the residence had been pried open and approximately $2,000 worth of property had been
stolen. Fingerprint evidence and Mr. Lashkey’s own admission placed Mr. Lashkey at
the residence on the afternoon of the burglary. The jury was not required to accept Mr.
Lashkey’s testimony that he did not go inside. The State’s evidence was sufficient.
Mr. Lashkey argues that a jury question and comments made after the verdict are
evidence that the State failed to prove its case. This argument rests on a flawed premise.
The test for evidentiary sufficiency is objective, focusing on whether rational jurors could
3 No. 37229-4-III State v. Lashkey
have found sufficient evidence to convict. “The individual or collective thought processes
leading to a verdict ‘inhere in the verdict’ and cannot be used to impeach a jury verdict.”
State v. Ng, 110 Wn.2d 32, 43, 750 P.2d 632 (1988) (quoting State v. Crowell, 92 Wn.2d
143, 146, 594 P.2d 905 (1979)). The jury’s question and comments are irrelevant to Mr.
Lashkey’s argument.
Due process
At trial, the court instructed the jury that a conviction for first degree criminal
trespass required the State to prove Mr. Lashkey entered or remained in a “building.” The
court also defined “building” as follows: “For purposes of the crime of criminal trespass
first degree, the term building means a building in its ordinary sense.” Clerk’s Papers
(CP) at 48. During deliberations, the court received a jury question that read, “Is criminal
trespass unlawfully getting into the backyard without permission?” Report of Proceedings
(RP) (Nov. 7, 2019) at 356; CP at 32. In response, the trial court told the jury to refer to
their instructions. Mr. Lashkey’s attorney agreed with this response.
Mr. Lashkey contends his due process rights were violated by the trial court’s
failure to provide an additional instruction defining “building.” He argues we should
4 No. 37229-4-III State v. Lashkey
review this issue under RAP 2.5(a)(3) as a manifest constitutional error. The State
counters that Mr. Lashkey has not met the standard for review under RAP 2.5(a)(3). We
agree with the State.
Under RAP 2.5(a), the Court of Appeals may generally refuse to review a claim of
error that was not preserved at trial. An exception applies for a “manifest error affecting a
constitutional right.” RAP 2.5(a)(3). A manifest error is an “‘error that is plain and
indisputable, and that amounts to a complete disregard of the controlling law or the
credible evidence in the record.’” State v. O’Hara, 167 Wn.2d 91, 100 n.1, 217 P.3d 756
(2009) (quoting BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 622 (9th ed. 2009).
Mr. Lashkey has not shown manifest error. The trial court’s instructions advised
the jury on all elements of first degree trespass, including the requirement of entry into an
ordinary building. See State v. Joseph, 189 Wn.2d 645, 653, 405 P.3d 993 (2017).
Posttrial feedback suggests some jurors may have been confused about the difference
between a fenced area and an ordinary building. But any such confusion was not the fault
of the court or the court’s instructions. As our Supreme Court has held, the explanation
that first degree trespass requires unlawful entry into an ordinary building is “a descriptor
that needs no further definition.” Id.
5 No. 37229-4-III State v. Lashkey
We decline review of Mr. Lashkey’s unpreserved due process claim under
RAP 2.5(a)(3).
Assistance of counsel
Mr. Lashkey contends his trial attorney was ineffective in failing to request an
instruction clarifying the definition of “building.” Our response to this argument is
essentially the same as that discussed above. The trial court’s instructions were as clear as
what was contemplated by the Supreme Court’s analysis in Joseph. It would have been
futile for defense counsel to demand further explanation. Defense counsel did not behave
deficiently in failing to object. See State v. Trujillo, 153 Wn. App. 454, 460-61, 222 P.3d
129 (2009) (no ineffective assistance where objection would have been futile).
Court costs
Mr. Lashkey contends he is indigent, and therefore RCW
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FILED MAY 4, 2021 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 37229-4-III ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) EDWARD V. LASHKEY, ) ) Appellant. )
PENNELL, C.J. — Edward Lashkey1 appeals his conviction for first degree trespass.
He argues (1) insufficient evidence supports his conviction, (2) the trial court erroneously
failed to answer a jury question, (3) counsel was ineffective for not objecting on the jury
question issue, and (4) the court improperly imposed a criminal filing fee. We affirm
Mr. Lashkey’s conviction but reverse imposition of the filing fee.
1 We note that Mr. Lashkey has several known aliases: Edward V. Lashkay, Anatoliy V. Lashkay and Eduard V. Lashkay. We use the name on his information and note that he signed the judgment and sentence as “Eduard Lashkey.” No. 37229-4-III State v. Lashkey
FACTS
The State charged Edward Lashkey with residential burglary after officers found
his fingerprint on the exterior of a burgled home’s backdoor. The backdoor, exiting into a
fenced backyard accessible only through a closed gate, was broken-in, items were missing
from the home, and a box of tacks was spread over the bedroom floor.
At trial, Mr. Lashkey admitted he was at the residence on the afternoon of the
burglary, but claimed he did nothing more than enter the yard and knock on the back
door. According to Mr. Lashkey, he was intoxicated at the time and mistakenly thought
the property was that of a friend.
During deliberations, the jury asked the court whether first degree criminal
trespass included unlawful entrance into the fenced backyard. With the agreement of
the parties, the trial court directed the jury back to their instructions. Mr. Lashkey was
acquitted of burglary, but convicted of first degree criminal trespass. After the verdict,
several jurors made comments to the prosecutor and trial court that they felt the State
had failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt Mr. Lashkey entered the burgled home.
Mr. Lashkey was given a suspended sentence with credit for time served. The court also
imposed a $200 criminal filing fee.
2 No. 37229-4-III State v. Lashkey
Mr. Lashkey appeals.
ANALYSIS
Sufficiency of the evidence
Mr. Lashkey contends the State failed to produce sufficient evidence to justify his
trespass conviction. First degree trespass requires proof that the defendant entered the
interior portion of a residence. RCW 9A.52.070(1). Mr. Lashkey claims the evidence only
showed he entered the back yard.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, State v. Larson, 184
Wn.2d 843, 854-55, 365 P.3d 740 (2015), the jury had ample evidence to justify a first
degree trespass conviction. According to the State’s witnesses and exhibits, the door to
the residence had been pried open and approximately $2,000 worth of property had been
stolen. Fingerprint evidence and Mr. Lashkey’s own admission placed Mr. Lashkey at
the residence on the afternoon of the burglary. The jury was not required to accept Mr.
Lashkey’s testimony that he did not go inside. The State’s evidence was sufficient.
Mr. Lashkey argues that a jury question and comments made after the verdict are
evidence that the State failed to prove its case. This argument rests on a flawed premise.
The test for evidentiary sufficiency is objective, focusing on whether rational jurors could
3 No. 37229-4-III State v. Lashkey
have found sufficient evidence to convict. “The individual or collective thought processes
leading to a verdict ‘inhere in the verdict’ and cannot be used to impeach a jury verdict.”
State v. Ng, 110 Wn.2d 32, 43, 750 P.2d 632 (1988) (quoting State v. Crowell, 92 Wn.2d
143, 146, 594 P.2d 905 (1979)). The jury’s question and comments are irrelevant to Mr.
Lashkey’s argument.
Due process
At trial, the court instructed the jury that a conviction for first degree criminal
trespass required the State to prove Mr. Lashkey entered or remained in a “building.” The
court also defined “building” as follows: “For purposes of the crime of criminal trespass
first degree, the term building means a building in its ordinary sense.” Clerk’s Papers
(CP) at 48. During deliberations, the court received a jury question that read, “Is criminal
trespass unlawfully getting into the backyard without permission?” Report of Proceedings
(RP) (Nov. 7, 2019) at 356; CP at 32. In response, the trial court told the jury to refer to
their instructions. Mr. Lashkey’s attorney agreed with this response.
Mr. Lashkey contends his due process rights were violated by the trial court’s
failure to provide an additional instruction defining “building.” He argues we should
4 No. 37229-4-III State v. Lashkey
review this issue under RAP 2.5(a)(3) as a manifest constitutional error. The State
counters that Mr. Lashkey has not met the standard for review under RAP 2.5(a)(3). We
agree with the State.
Under RAP 2.5(a), the Court of Appeals may generally refuse to review a claim of
error that was not preserved at trial. An exception applies for a “manifest error affecting a
constitutional right.” RAP 2.5(a)(3). A manifest error is an “‘error that is plain and
indisputable, and that amounts to a complete disregard of the controlling law or the
credible evidence in the record.’” State v. O’Hara, 167 Wn.2d 91, 100 n.1, 217 P.3d 756
(2009) (quoting BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 622 (9th ed. 2009).
Mr. Lashkey has not shown manifest error. The trial court’s instructions advised
the jury on all elements of first degree trespass, including the requirement of entry into an
ordinary building. See State v. Joseph, 189 Wn.2d 645, 653, 405 P.3d 993 (2017).
Posttrial feedback suggests some jurors may have been confused about the difference
between a fenced area and an ordinary building. But any such confusion was not the fault
of the court or the court’s instructions. As our Supreme Court has held, the explanation
that first degree trespass requires unlawful entry into an ordinary building is “a descriptor
that needs no further definition.” Id.
5 No. 37229-4-III State v. Lashkey
We decline review of Mr. Lashkey’s unpreserved due process claim under
RAP 2.5(a)(3).
Assistance of counsel
Mr. Lashkey contends his trial attorney was ineffective in failing to request an
instruction clarifying the definition of “building.” Our response to this argument is
essentially the same as that discussed above. The trial court’s instructions were as clear as
what was contemplated by the Supreme Court’s analysis in Joseph. It would have been
futile for defense counsel to demand further explanation. Defense counsel did not behave
deficiently in failing to object. See State v. Trujillo, 153 Wn. App. 454, 460-61, 222 P.3d
129 (2009) (no ineffective assistance where objection would have been futile).
Court costs
Mr. Lashkey contends he is indigent, and therefore RCW 36.18.020(2)(h)
prohibited the trial court from imposing a $200 criminal filing fee. The State counters that
Mr. Lashkey was not indigent, based on the trial court’s findings. We agree with Mr.
Lashkey.
At sentencing, the court engaged Mr. Lashkey in the following colloquy:
[THE COURT:] Sir, are you presently employed? When was the last time you were employed? THE DEFENDANT: Couple years back.
6 No. 37229-4-III State v. Lashkey
THE COURT: Why is it that you would not be able to work? THE DEFENDANT: Just haven’t found a job yet. THE COURT: But you are capable of working? THE DEFENDANT: Yeah. THE COURT: All right. You’re not receiving any Social Security benefits or any disability? THE DEFENDANT: No. THE COURT: I’m not going to make a finding of indigency in this case based on the conversation and colloquy. It appears he has the ability to work, so I will impose the $700 . . . .
RP (Nov. 19, 2019) at 378.
RCW 36.18.020(2)(h) prohibits the trial court from imposing a $200 filing fee
on a defendant who is indigent as that term is defined by RCW 10.101.010(3)(a)-(c).
Included in the definition of indigence is someone who has “an annual income, after
taxes, of one hundred twenty-five percent or less of the current federally established
poverty level.” RCW 10.101.010(3)(c). A defendant who meets the criteria set forth at
RCW 10.01.010(3)(a)-(c) must be considered indigent regardless of voluntary
unemployment or ability to work.
The trial court’s colloquy revealed Mr. Lashkey was not working at the time of
sentencing and that he had not been working for a couple of years. He therefore qualified
as indigent under RCW 10.101.010(3)(c) regardless of ability to work. Imposition of the
$200 fee must be stricken.
7 No. 37229-4-III State v. Lashkey
CONCLUSION
The judgment of conviction is affirmed. This matter is remanded with instructions
to strike the $200 criminal filing fee.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
_____________________________ Pennell, C.J.
WE CONCUR:
_____________________________ Staab, J.
_____________________________ Fearing, J.