Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
November 2, 2021
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 54067-3-II
Respondent,
v.
DARREN RONELL SMITH, JR., UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
VELJACIC, J. — The trial court convicted Darren Smith Jr. of failure to register as a sex
offender. On appeal, he argues that the application of the sex offender registration statutes in this
case violated the ex post facto clauses of the Washington and United States Constitutions. He also
argues that his conviction violates due process because it resulted from a mandatory sex offender
registration requirement imposed on a juvenile without a hearing. We affirm, but remand to the
trial court to strike the community custody supervision fee.
FACTS
In January 2001, Smith committed indecent liberties with forcible compulsion. He pleaded
guilty in juvenile court to the charge at the age of fifteen. Smith is classified as a level one
offender. As a result of that offense, Smith was required to register as a sex offender with the
county sheriff’s office. Smith repeatedly failed to register with the sheriff’s office and has been
convicted of failure to register at least four times, one of which occurred after the present case. In
September 2018, Smith informed the sheriff that he was living without a fixed address. As a result,
he was required to report in person to the sheriff’s office weekly and provide a list of where he 54067-3-II
stayed for the prior week as required by RCW 9A.44.130(6)(b). Smith’s prior convictions for
failure to register prevented him from petitioning for relief from the registration and reporting
requirements under RCW 9A.44.143(3). Under this statute, he could petition for relief from the
registration requirement once he lived in the community for 24 consecutive months without
committing a disqualifying sex offense or failing to register. RCW 9A.44.143(3). Smith was
unable to meet this requirement.
Smith failed to report weekly from September 24, 2018 to January 1, 2019. He was charged
with failing to register as a sex offender and the trial court convicted him after a bench trial. This
was Smith’s third conviction for failure to register as a sex offender.
ANALYSIS
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review constitutional issues de novo. State v. Boyd, 1 Wn. App. 2d 501, 507, 408 P.3d
362 (2017). A statute is presumed constitutional and the party challenging it has the burden to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the statute is unconstitutional. State v. Ward, 123 Wn.2d
488, 496, 869 P.2d 1062 (1994).
II. EX POST FACTO
Smith argues that the registration requirements imposed after he was sentenced for indecent
liberties violate the ex post facto clause because they are punishment. We disagree.
A. Statutory Sections
Under RCW 9A.44.130(6)(b), sex offenders without a fixed address must report in person
weekly with the county sheriff’s office. This subsection was modified in May 2001 to require
weekly reporting for all offender levels. LAWS OF 2001, ch. 169, § 1. It now states:
A person who lacks a fixed residence must report weekly, in person, to the sheriff of the county where he or she is registered. The weekly report shall be on a day
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specified by the county sheriff’s office, and shall occur during normal business hours. The person must keep an accurate accounting of where he or she stays during the week and provide it to the county sheriff upon request. The lack of a fixed residence is a factor that may be considered in determining an offender’s risk level and shall make the offender subject to disclosure of information to the public at large pursuant to RCW 4.24.550.
RCW 9A.44.130(6)(b).
Failure to comply with RCW 9A.44.130(6)(b) may lead to public notice under RCW
4.24.550. Under RCW 4.24.550, different levels of offender are subject to different public
disclosures. For level I offenders, RCW 4.24.550(3)(a) states:
Except for the information specifically required under subsection (5) of this section, local law enforcement agencies shall consider the following guidelines in determining the extent of a public disclosure made under this section: (a) For offenders classified as risk level I, the agency shall share information with other appropriate law enforcement agencies and, if the offender is a student, the public or private school regulated under Title 28A RCW or chapter 72.40 RCW which the offender is attending, or planning to attend. The agency may disclose, upon request, relevant, necessary, and accurate information to any victim or witness to the offense, any individual community member who lives near the residence where the offender resides, expects to reside, or is regularly found, and any individual who requests information regarding a specific offender.
Subsection (5) of RCW 4.24.550 also requires the publication of level I offenders on a website
when they are out of compliance with RCW 9A.44.130.
B. Constitutional Principles
The ex post facto clauses of the federal and state constitutions forbid the State from
punishing an act which was not a crime when committed and from retroactively increasing the
punishment of a crime after it was committed. U.S. CONST. art. 1, § 10; WASH. CONST. art. 1, §
23; Ward, 123 Wn.2d at 496. The ex post facto clause guarantees “‘fair notice and government
restraint’” when the State increases punishment for crimes. Ward, 123 Wn.2d at 496 (quoting In
re Pers. Restraint of Powell, 117 Wn.2d 175, 185, 814 P.2d 635 (1991)). The ex post facto clause
applies only to laws inflicting criminal punishment. Ward, 123 Wn.2d at 499.
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Over a series of cases, the United States Supreme court created a framework for evaluating
ex post facto claims, which has also been adopted to evaluate the same claims under the
Washington Constitution. Id. at 497-98. “‘A [criminal] law violates the ex post facto clause if it:
(1) is substantive, as opposed to merely procedural; (2) is retrospective (applies to events which
occurred before its enactment); and (3) disadvantages the person affected by it.’” Id. at 498
(emphasis omitted) (quoting Powell, 117 Wn.2d at 185). If the court determines that the law is
substantive and retrospective, it must determine whether it is disadvantageous. Ward, 123 Wn.2d
at 498. A disadvantageous law increases the standard of punishment which existed prior to its
enactment. Id. at 498.
To determine whether a law increases the standard of punishment for purposes of the third
Ward factor above, Ward instructs that we examine the law under Kennedy v. Mendoza–Martinez,
372 U.S. 144, 83 S. Ct. 554, 9 L. Ed. 2d 644 (1963). Ward, 123 Wn.2d at 499. First1, we examine
the legislature’s intent to determine whether the legislature was punishing or regulating conduct.
Ward, 123 Wn.2d at 499. Even if the legislature stated a law was intended to regulate conduct, we
must determine whether “the actual effect of the law is so punitive as to negate the Legislature’s
regulatory intent.” Id. (emphasis omitted). We do this by evaluating the law under four factors,
determining (1) “‘[w]hether the sanction involves an affirmative disability or restraint’”; (2)
“‘whether it has historically been regarded as a punishment’”; (3) “‘whether its operation will
promote the traditional aims of punishment—retribution and deterrence’”; and (4) “‘whether it
appears excessive in relation to the alternative purpose assigned.’” Id. (quoting Mendoza-
Martinez, 372 U.S. at 168-69. If after examining the legislature’s intent and the effect of the law
1 The reader will note that this analysis is conducted within the third Ward factor.
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under the four factors above, we conclude the law increases the standard of punishment, it would
then be disadvantageous under the third Ward factor.
In Ward, the court analyzed an earlier version of RCW 9A.44.130 and concluded that the
law did not violate the ex post facto clause. 123 Wn.2d at 499. Following the United States
Supreme Court’s example in Mendoza-Martinez, the court first determined the legislature’s intent
was to regulate conduct, not punish. Ward, 123 Wn.2d at 499. Next, under the ex post facto
framework, the court determined that registration requirements are substantive and assumed the
requirements are retrospective. Id. at 498-99. However, the court determined that while the law
did burden released sex offenders, it did not increase the standard of punishment under the
Mendoza-Martinez factors and was therefore not disadvantageous to Ward. Id. at 499.
Two cases of this court addressed the current version of RCW 9A.44.130. See State v.
Enquist, 163 Wn. App. 41, 256 P.3d 1277 (2011); Boyd, 1 Wn. App. 2d 501. Boyd examined the
reporting and disclosure requirements by conducting an analysis under the Mendoza-Martinez
factors. Boyd, 1 Wn. App. 2d 510-13. The court relied on the analysis in Ward and concluded
that the increased reporting and disclosure requirements did not increase the standard of
punishment and therefore did not violate the ex post facto clauses of the United States or
Washington Constitutions. Id. at 513.2
C. Analysis
Smith ask us to distinguish Boyd by arguing that unlike the offender in that case, Smith
was a juvenile offender. Smith cites to extensive evidence that such requirements have a
disproportionate impact on juvenile offenders. Contrary to Smith’s argument, Boyd unequivocally
2 Enquist also concluded the amended RCW 9A.44.130(6)(b) did not violate the ex post facto clause but did not analyze the issue under the Mendoza-Martinez factors, instead relying on Ward. See Enquist, 163 Wn. App. at 49.
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holds that the amended reporting and disclosure requirements do not violate the ex post facto
clauses of the United States and Washington Constitutions. 1 Wn. App. 2d at 513. However,
because Boyd did not involve a juvenile offender, we address Smith’s claim that Boyd is
inapplicable here because Smith was sentenced as a juvenile.
Smith cites to ample legal authority that addresses juvenile criminal culpability and
punishment. See Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 578-79, 125 S. Ct. 1183, 161 L. Ed. 2d 1 (2005)
(holding capital punishment against minors is unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment to
the United States Constitution); State v. O'Dell, 183 Wn.2d 680, 695-98, 358 P.3d 359 (2015)
(holding youthfulness may mitigate a defendant’s culpability and therefore is an acceptable
mitigating factor justifying sentences below standard range under the sentencing statutes); Miller
v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 479, 132 S. Ct. 2455, 183 L. Ed. 2d 407 (2012) (holding sentencing a
minor to prison without the possibility of parole violates the Eighth Amendment’s probation on
cruel and unusual punishment).
Those cases are inapplicable here both legally and factually because they addressed claims
under the Eighth Amendment, Fourteenth Amendment, or various other sentencing statutes not at
issue here. In this case, Smith did not bring his challenges under the Eighth and Fourteenth
Amendments. That is, he does not ask us to hold that registration is cruel and unusual punishment
as applied to juvenile offenders. While the issue here does address a sentencing statute, O’Dell is
inapplicable because the present case does not involve discretionary factors, such as youth. Here,
the registration requirement is mandatory and therefore youthfulness is not and cannot be
considered when the post-release registration requirement is imposed. The circumstances from
the cases Smith cites are also considerably different than those present with a sex offender
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registration requirement. Most notably, the weekly registration requirement does not rise to the
level of capital punishment or prison without the possibility of parole.
Smith spends much of his briefing exploring how registration affects juvenile offenders
and why its purpose conflicts with juvenile justice. Indeed, he observes that the Washington
Supreme Court has recognized the general impact that publicly available juvenile court records
have “‘objectively observable negative consequences, including denial of housing, employment,
and education opportunities.’” Br. of Appellant at 17 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting
State v. S.J.C., 183 Wn.2d 408, 432, 352 P.3d 749 (2015)). The effect of public safety notices on
juvenile offenders may be something that would cause the legislature to revisit this topic. But
Smith provides no authority for the proposition that youthfulness or any characteristic of the
defendant is relevant to an ex post facto analysis, the legal argument raised here. None of the law
Smith cites overcomes the holdings in Boyd.
We recognize that the weekly reporting requirement arising from Smith’s homelessness
has had a tremendously negative impact on Smith’s life and capacity to rehabilitate. Still, under
Ward and Boyd, RCW 9A.44.130(6)(b) does not violate the ex post facto clause of the United
States or Washington Constitution.
III. DUE PROCESS
Smith argues that he was deprived of due process because the registration requirement does
not serve the rehabilitative function of the juvenile court system. He also argues that because
juvenile court has fewer constitutional protections than adult court, the juvenile court violated his
right to due process when it convicted him of a crime that included mandatory registration. We
disagree.
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Under the Juvenile Justice Act, juvenile offenders are afforded fewer constitutional
protections than adults because the purpose of juvenile court is to rehabilitate rather than punish.
State v. Chavez, 163 Wn.2d 262, 267-68, 180 P.3d 1250 (2008). The rehabilitative function of
juvenile court is reinforced by the more lenient punishments juveniles receive compared to their
adult counterparts. Id. at 271. This leniency provides a counterbalance to the fewer constitutional
protections afforded juvenile offenders.
Juvenile offenders are afforded due process protections, but the requirements to satisfy
such protections are flexible. State v. Watkins, 191 Wn.2d 530, 537, 423 P.3d 830 (2018). The
extent of the procedural requirements depend on the particular situation at issue. Id. “Compliance
with procedural due process requires the court to identify the private interest affected by the official
action, the risk of erroneous deprivation, the probable value of additional safeguards, and the
State’s interests.” Id.
In Washington, adult sex offenders may petition the court to relieve them of the registration
requirement after 10 or 15 years without committing a disqualifying offense, depending on the
offense. See RCW 9A.44.142(1)(b), (c). By contrast, juvenile offenders may petition the court
after only two years. RCW 9A.44.143(3).
Smith argues that he has an interest in not being subject to adult criminal laws. However,
he was not subject to adult criminal laws. Smith had the opportunity to petition for relief after two
years, eight years sooner than a comparable adult offender. See RCW 9A.44.142(1)(b), (c); RCW
9A.44.143(3). His argument fails.
Smith next argues that there is a high risk that he will be erroneously deprived of the
rehabilitative guarantees of juvenile court by being subject to mandatory registration. Again, as a
juvenile, he was subject to a considerably less lengthy registration duration than an adult offender.
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The difference between being subject to registration for two years as a juvenile versus 10 as an
adult recognizes the counterbalancing leniency of the juvenile justice system. Here, again, Smith’s
argument fails.
Smith also argues that the impact on the state would be minimal because his proposed
procedure could be simple.3 However, there is already a procedure by which a juvenile may seek
relief from registration. See RCW 9A.44.143(3).
Lastly, Smith argues that the imposition of the registration requirement on juvenile
offenders violates substantive due process. He goes on to argue that the registration requirement
does not recognize the reduced criminal culpability of juvenile offenders. But his argument fails
because the registration requirement here does recognize the reduced culpability of juveniles by
imposing a significantly lessened registration duration of two years, versus 10 to 15 years for
adults.
We conclude that the registration requirement did not violate Smith’s right to due process.
IV. LEGAL FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS
Smith argues that the court erred when it imposed community custody supervision fees
after determining he was indigent. The State concedes to striking the fees. It is within the State’s
discretion to decide not to pursue these fees from an indigent defendant. See State v. Spaulding,
15 Wn. App. 2d 526, 537, 476 P.3d 205 (2020) (acknowledging community supervision fees are
discretionary). We therefore accept the State’s concession.
3 Smith recommends that each juvenile sex offender have a hearing before being placed on the sex offender registry.
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CONCLUSION
The sex offender registration statutes do not violate the ex post facto clauses of the
Washington and United States Constitutions. Nor does Smith’s conviction violate due process.
We affirm, but remand to the trial court to strike the community supervision fees from Smith’s
judgment and sentence.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
Veljacic, J.
We concur:
Sutton, J.P.T.
Glasgow, A.C.J.