IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
) STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 74824-6-1 ) Respondent, ) DIVISION ONE ) V. ) ) DANTE URELL PIGGEE, ) UNPUBLISHED ) Appellant. ) FILED: June 19, 2017 )
Cox, J. — At issue in this appeal is whether the trial court abused its
discretion in denying Dante Piggee's motion for a mistrial based on alleged
prosecutorial misconduct during opening statement at trial. Because the trial
court did not abuse its discretion, we affirm.
Police stopped Piggee while he was driving in Seattle. After he gave the
police another person's driver's license, police arrested him for driving with a
revoked license. While searching his person incident to arrest, they discovered
several plastic bags of heroin.
The State charged Piggee with violating the Uniform Controlled
Substances Act by possessing heroin, driving with a suspended or revoked
license, and identity theft.
During opening statements, the prosecutor commented on the quantity of
heroin found in Piggee's possession. The prosecutor, said that it was "not just a No. 74824-6-1/2
small amount, not just a user amount, it's about[150 grams of heroin." The
transcript has a typographical error where it states "350 grams," instead of"50
grams."2
Defense counsel moved for a mistrial, arguing that the prosecution had
implied that Piggee was guilty of possessing the heroin with intent to deliver it.
The trial court denied the motion but instructed the State not to ask witnesses
about the quantity of heroin one would possess for personal or commercial use.
In closing argument, defense counsel conceded that some of the
substance found on Piggee was heroin. The jury found Piggee guilty of violating
the Uniform Controlled Substances Act and driving with a suspended or revoked
license. The trial court entered its judgment and sentenced on the jury verdict.
Piggee appeals.
MISTRIAL MOTION
Piggee argues that he was denied his right to a fair trial when the
prosecutor argued uncharged and more serious crimes in her opening statement.
This argument is couched in terms of alleged prosecutorial misconduct that was
the basis of his unsuccessful motion for mistrial below. We hold that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in denying his motion.
A trial court may grant a new trial "when it affirmatively appears that a
substantial right of the defendant was materially affected ...[by m]isconduct of
1 Report of Proceedings(September 16, 2015) at 225.
also Clerk's Papers at 5; Report of 2 Brief of Respondent at 3 n.2; see Proceedings(September 16, 2015) at 228.
2 No. 74824-6-1/3
the prosecution."3 We review for abuse of discretion the trial court's order
denying a new trial on the basis of prosecutorial misconduct.4
To show prosecutorial misconduct, the defendant must show the
"'prosecutor's conduct was both improper and prejudicial in the context of the
entire record and the circumstances at trial.'"5
Improper Argument
Piggee argues that the prosecutor made an improper argument in opening
statements. We disagree.
The prosecution should confine opening statements "to a brief statement
of the issues of the case, an outline of the anticipated material evidence, and
reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom."6 In presenting this statement, the
prosecutor should avoid laygument and inflammatory remarks."7 The
prosecutor should instead "seek a verdict free of prejudice and based on
reason."5
A prosecutor's comment may be improperly inflammatory when it
threatens to provoke a jury's passion regarding drug crimes. State v. Echevarria9
3 CrR 7.5(a)(2).
4 State v. Dawkins, 71 Wn. App. 902, 906, 863 P.2d 124 (1993).
5 Statev. Magers, 164 Wn.2d 174, 191, 189 P.3d 126(2008)(quoting State v. Hughes, 118 Wn. App. 713, 727, 77 P.3d 681 (2003)).
6 State v. Campbell, 103 Wn.2d 1, 15-16, 691 P.2d 929 (1984).
7 State v. Kroll, 87 Wn.2d 829, 834-35, 558 P.2d 173(1976).
8 State v. Huson, 73 Wn.2d 660, 663,440 P.2d 192(1968).
9 71 Wn. App. 595, 860 P.2d 420 (1993).
3 No. 74824-6-1/4
is instructive. In that case, the State charged William Ramos Echevarria with
delivering cocaine.10 In opening statement, the prosecutor had repeatedly
referred to the war on drugs." He "remarked that the jurors knew from the news
the identities of the 'commanders' and 'generals' of the war on drugs."12 He
spoke of how the "'enlisted men" in this war "bec[a]me involved in drugs 'for the
power or the money or the greed or peer pressure."13 He made coded
references to the Vietnam and Gulf Wars, stating that the latter provided "a good
example of how to fight a war.. . (.1 The one thing we have learned is the way to
successfully fight a war is to know who your enemy is, to have a strategy and a
direct approach."14 The prosecutor implied that the anti-drug police team that
investigated Echevarria had adopted such a strategy and approach.
This court characterized such language as "egregious misconduct."15 As
"a deliberate appeal to the jury's passion and prejudice," it "set the tone for the
entire trial."16 This court concluded that the statements asked the jury to convict
I° Id. at 596.
11 Id. 12 Id.
13 Id.
14 Id. at 597.
15 Id. at 598.
16 Id.
4 No. 74824-6-1/5
"not on basis of the evidence, but, rather, on the basis of fear and repudiation of
drug dealers in general."17
It is also improper for the prosecution to reference uncharged crimes in an
opening statement. The supreme court addressed such a reference at length in
State v. O'Donne11.18 In that case, the State charged Joseph and John O'Donnell
for murdering two police officers.18 The O'Donnells had criminal records for
burglary and robbery.2° The prosecutor highlighted the uncharged crimes in
opening statement, stating that "in view of the other burglaries and the records
that will show from the evidence, the [S]tate is going to ask you to hang these
two men."21
The supreme court concluded that such language violated several basic
principles of our criminal justice system.22 It presented inadmissible propensity
evidence, invited the jury to impose death for crimes other than those charged,
and unconstitutionally required the defendants either testify or "rest under the
imputation" of the other collateral crimes.23
17 Id. at 599.
18 191 Wash. 511, 71 P.2d 571 (1937).
19 Id. at 512.
2° Id. at 513.
21 Id.
22 Id.
23 Id.
5 No. 74824-6-1/6
Here, the prosecutor, in opening statement, characterized the heroin
found on Piggee as "not just a small amount, not just a user amount, it's about
050 grams of the heroin."24
Defense counsel moved for a mistrial. She argued that such language
"suggested that Mr.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
) STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 74824-6-1 ) Respondent, ) DIVISION ONE ) V. ) ) DANTE URELL PIGGEE, ) UNPUBLISHED ) Appellant. ) FILED: June 19, 2017 )
Cox, J. — At issue in this appeal is whether the trial court abused its
discretion in denying Dante Piggee's motion for a mistrial based on alleged
prosecutorial misconduct during opening statement at trial. Because the trial
court did not abuse its discretion, we affirm.
Police stopped Piggee while he was driving in Seattle. After he gave the
police another person's driver's license, police arrested him for driving with a
revoked license. While searching his person incident to arrest, they discovered
several plastic bags of heroin.
The State charged Piggee with violating the Uniform Controlled
Substances Act by possessing heroin, driving with a suspended or revoked
license, and identity theft.
During opening statements, the prosecutor commented on the quantity of
heroin found in Piggee's possession. The prosecutor, said that it was "not just a No. 74824-6-1/2
small amount, not just a user amount, it's about[150 grams of heroin." The
transcript has a typographical error where it states "350 grams," instead of"50
grams."2
Defense counsel moved for a mistrial, arguing that the prosecution had
implied that Piggee was guilty of possessing the heroin with intent to deliver it.
The trial court denied the motion but instructed the State not to ask witnesses
about the quantity of heroin one would possess for personal or commercial use.
In closing argument, defense counsel conceded that some of the
substance found on Piggee was heroin. The jury found Piggee guilty of violating
the Uniform Controlled Substances Act and driving with a suspended or revoked
license. The trial court entered its judgment and sentenced on the jury verdict.
Piggee appeals.
MISTRIAL MOTION
Piggee argues that he was denied his right to a fair trial when the
prosecutor argued uncharged and more serious crimes in her opening statement.
This argument is couched in terms of alleged prosecutorial misconduct that was
the basis of his unsuccessful motion for mistrial below. We hold that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in denying his motion.
A trial court may grant a new trial "when it affirmatively appears that a
substantial right of the defendant was materially affected ...[by m]isconduct of
1 Report of Proceedings(September 16, 2015) at 225.
also Clerk's Papers at 5; Report of 2 Brief of Respondent at 3 n.2; see Proceedings(September 16, 2015) at 228.
2 No. 74824-6-1/3
the prosecution."3 We review for abuse of discretion the trial court's order
denying a new trial on the basis of prosecutorial misconduct.4
To show prosecutorial misconduct, the defendant must show the
"'prosecutor's conduct was both improper and prejudicial in the context of the
entire record and the circumstances at trial.'"5
Improper Argument
Piggee argues that the prosecutor made an improper argument in opening
statements. We disagree.
The prosecution should confine opening statements "to a brief statement
of the issues of the case, an outline of the anticipated material evidence, and
reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom."6 In presenting this statement, the
prosecutor should avoid laygument and inflammatory remarks."7 The
prosecutor should instead "seek a verdict free of prejudice and based on
reason."5
A prosecutor's comment may be improperly inflammatory when it
threatens to provoke a jury's passion regarding drug crimes. State v. Echevarria9
3 CrR 7.5(a)(2).
4 State v. Dawkins, 71 Wn. App. 902, 906, 863 P.2d 124 (1993).
5 Statev. Magers, 164 Wn.2d 174, 191, 189 P.3d 126(2008)(quoting State v. Hughes, 118 Wn. App. 713, 727, 77 P.3d 681 (2003)).
6 State v. Campbell, 103 Wn.2d 1, 15-16, 691 P.2d 929 (1984).
7 State v. Kroll, 87 Wn.2d 829, 834-35, 558 P.2d 173(1976).
8 State v. Huson, 73 Wn.2d 660, 663,440 P.2d 192(1968).
9 71 Wn. App. 595, 860 P.2d 420 (1993).
3 No. 74824-6-1/4
is instructive. In that case, the State charged William Ramos Echevarria with
delivering cocaine.10 In opening statement, the prosecutor had repeatedly
referred to the war on drugs." He "remarked that the jurors knew from the news
the identities of the 'commanders' and 'generals' of the war on drugs."12 He
spoke of how the "'enlisted men" in this war "bec[a]me involved in drugs 'for the
power or the money or the greed or peer pressure."13 He made coded
references to the Vietnam and Gulf Wars, stating that the latter provided "a good
example of how to fight a war.. . (.1 The one thing we have learned is the way to
successfully fight a war is to know who your enemy is, to have a strategy and a
direct approach."14 The prosecutor implied that the anti-drug police team that
investigated Echevarria had adopted such a strategy and approach.
This court characterized such language as "egregious misconduct."15 As
"a deliberate appeal to the jury's passion and prejudice," it "set the tone for the
entire trial."16 This court concluded that the statements asked the jury to convict
I° Id. at 596.
11 Id. 12 Id.
13 Id.
14 Id. at 597.
15 Id. at 598.
16 Id.
4 No. 74824-6-1/5
"not on basis of the evidence, but, rather, on the basis of fear and repudiation of
drug dealers in general."17
It is also improper for the prosecution to reference uncharged crimes in an
opening statement. The supreme court addressed such a reference at length in
State v. O'Donne11.18 In that case, the State charged Joseph and John O'Donnell
for murdering two police officers.18 The O'Donnells had criminal records for
burglary and robbery.2° The prosecutor highlighted the uncharged crimes in
opening statement, stating that "in view of the other burglaries and the records
that will show from the evidence, the [S]tate is going to ask you to hang these
two men."21
The supreme court concluded that such language violated several basic
principles of our criminal justice system.22 It presented inadmissible propensity
evidence, invited the jury to impose death for crimes other than those charged,
and unconstitutionally required the defendants either testify or "rest under the
imputation" of the other collateral crimes.23
17 Id. at 599.
18 191 Wash. 511, 71 P.2d 571 (1937).
19 Id. at 512.
2° Id. at 513.
21 Id.
22 Id.
23 Id.
5 No. 74824-6-1/6
Here, the prosecutor, in opening statement, characterized the heroin
found on Piggee as "not just a small amount, not just a user amount, it's about
050 grams of the heroin."24
Defense counsel moved for a mistrial. She argued that such language
"suggested that Mr. Piggee committed a crime greater than that which he is
charged with."25 She characterized it as "opinion testimony" suggesting that
Piggee could have been charged with the greater crime of possession with intent
to deliver.26
The trial court denied the motion but "instruct[ed] the State not to ask any
questions of witnesses regarding opinions about. . . what quantity one might
possess for personal use versus what quantity one might possess for other
reasons."27 But the court also stated that the prosecution witnesses could
describe what "they took and they can describe how it's packaged" so long as the
jury was not led to speculate about delivery.28
The prosecutor's comment is not improper because it is unlike those in
Echevarria and O'Donnell. Unlike in Echevarria, the prosecution made no
inflammatory reference to the dangers of the drug trade or the character of those
involved. And unlike in O'Donnell, the comment did not impute guilt for
24 Report of Proceedings (September 16, 2015) at 225.
25 Id. at 227.
26 Id. at 229.
27 Id. at 230. 28 id.
6 No. 74824-6-1/7
possession with intent to deliver, require Piggee to testify in response, or admit
improper evidence. It was, rather, a characterization of the amount of drugs as
neither "small" nor for a "user."
This was not misconduct.
Prejudice
Piggee next argues that the prosecutor's comment prejudiced the result at
trial. We disagree.
In order to show prejudice, the defendant must show a "substantial
likelihood exists that the improper statements affected the jury's verdict."29
Piggee does not explain why the comment was prejudicial, except to state
without elaboration that a "cautionary instruction could not have cured the
prejudice to Mr. Piggee."3° Such a remark, without more, does not satisfy his
burden.
Further, the record strongly suggests that the jury would have convicted
Piggee of possession regardless of the comment. Defense counsel conceded in
closing argument that "[s]omething in [bags belonging to Piggee] is heroin, but
not everything in here has been established to be heroin."31 The statute under
which Piggee was charged requires that the defendant possess a controlled
substance in any quantity.32 And the jury instructions did not require the jury to
29 Maciers, 164 Wn.2d at 191.
30 Appellant's Opening Brief at 7.
31 Report of Proceedings(September 17, 2015) at 411. 32 RCW 69.50.4013. No. 74824-6-1/8
find that Piggee possessed a specific quantity. In sum, Piggee cannot show a
substantial likelihood that the comment at issue affected his verdict.
We affirm the judgment and sentence.
Gux,T. WE CONCUR: