FILED OCTOBER 25, 2016 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) ) No. 33714-6-111 Respondent, ) ) V. ) ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION DALE TUCKER, JR., ) ) Appellant. )
KORSMO, J. - Dale Tucker, Jr., appeals his convictions for residential burglary
and third degree theft. He contends the trial court's failure to instruct the jury that
deliberations must include all twelve jurors at all times deprived him of a fair trial and
unanimous jury verdicts. Since Mr. Tucker shows no manifest error affecting a
constitutional right, we decline to address this issue raised for the first time on appeal and
affirm the convictions. No. 33714-6-III State v. Tucker
FACTS
The State charged Mr. Tucker with residential burglary and second degree theft.
The case proceeded to a jury trial. The State produced evidence that Mr. Tucker was
prohibited by a court order from entering his deceased grandmother Betty Durfee's
residence near Newport. On May 8, 2015, Mr. Tucker unlawfully entered the residence
and was recorded on video taking meat from a freezer in the kitchen. The video showed
Mr. Tucker pulling his shirt up over his face when he saw the cameras. Among items
missing from the residence were food, heaters, a radio, and antlers. Mr. Tucker's cousin
Robert Bradbury had set up cameras inside and outside the Durfee residence. Mr.
Bradbury and another cousin, Cheyenne Bradbury, each identified Mr. Tucker as the
person in the kitchen video and in outdoor still pictures recorded on May 8. A sheriff's I! ! deputy who had known Mr. Tucker since grade school likewise identified him as the
person in the kitchen video. The defense did not present any evidence.
There were no objections to the jury instructions or requests for additional Ii instructions. Instruction 2 provided in part:
As jurors, you have a duty to discuss the case with one another and to I deliberate in an effort to reach a unanimous verdict. Each of you must decide the case for yourself, but only after you consider the evidence impartially with your fellow jurors[.] I! I Clerk's Papers at 22. Instruction 19 set out the deliberations process and unanimity l i 1 requirement for the jury to return a verdict. l j I 2 ! 1 No. 33714-6-III State v. Tucker
The jury found Mr. Tucker guilty of residential burglary and lesser degree third degree
theft. The jury reached its verdict in approximately 51 minutes. Mr. Tucker appealed the
judgment and sentence.
ANALYSIS
1. Claimed Instructional Error
Mr. Tucker contends that by failing to instruct the jury that its deliberations must
involve all twelve jurors collectively at all times, the trial court violated his right to a fair
trial and unanimous verdicts.
Mr. Tucker did not request such an instruction below, nor did he otherwise object
to the trial court's instructions given. Thus, RAP 2.5(a) precludes him from raising this
issue for the first time on appeal unless he can show that lack of the additional instruction
is a "manifest error affecting a constitutional right." RAP 2.5(a)(3); State v. O'Hara, 167
Wn.2d 91, 98, 217 P.3d 756 (2009). In assessing whether a claimed error is "manifest,"
the trial record must be sufficiently complete for this court to determine whether the
asserted error "actual[ly] prejudice[ d]" the appellant by having "practical and identifiable
consequences [at] trial." Id. at 98-99 (citations omitted). "If the facts necessary to
adjudicate the claimed error are not in the record on appeal, no actual prejudice is shown
and the error is not manifest." State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 333, 899 P.2d 1251
(1995).
I 1 No. 33714-6-III State v. Tucker
The Washington State Constitution requires that in a criminal prosecution an
impartial jury render a unanimous verdict. Const. art. I,§§ 21, 22; State v. Lamar, 180
Wn.2d 576, 583, 327 P.3d 46 (2014). As further recognized in Lamar:
The requirement that 12 persons reach a unanimous verdict is not met unless those 12 reach their consensus through deliberations which are the common experience of all of them. It is not enough that 12 jurors reach a unanimous verdict if 1 juror has not had the benefit of the deliberations of the other 11. Deliberations provide the jury with the opportunity to review the evidence in light of the perception and memory of each member. Equally important in shaping a member's viewpoint are the personal reactions and interactions as any individual juror attempts to persuade others to accept his or her viewpoint.
Id. at 585 (quoting Peoplf! v. Collins, 17 Cal. 3d 687,693, 552 P.2d 742, 131 Cal. Rptr.
782 (1976)); see also State v. Fisch, 22 Wn. App. 381,383,588 P.2d 1389 (1979) (citing ! I 12-juror consensus requirements as stated above in Collins and finding no violation). I ' I Mr. Tucker asserts the trial court's failure to instruct the jury that deliberation may
only occur when all twelve jurors are present collectively is manifest constitutional error Il l I because it left his jurors with "not just theoretical" opportunities for improper ' I deliberations that would violate the "common experience" requirement for constitutionally ll valid unanimity. Br. of Appellant at 13. For example, he posits that because the jury l I reached verdicts on two counts in less than one hour on a summer Friday afternoon, there I is a reasonable probability the presiding juror sped up the process to finish before the I weekend by dividing the jury in two, with six jurors deciding each count and each group l l I ~ agreeing to follow the recommendation of the other. He also contends it is likely that one I 4 I I f i No. 33714-6-III State v. Tucker
or more jurors left the jury room to use the restroom while the remaining jurors continued
to discuss the case, yet the record fails to show the jury was ever properly instructed not to
engage in such improper deliberations. Finally, he contends there is a reasonable
possibility that some jurors discussed the case outside of every other juror's presence-
whether by telephone, over lunch, simply walking to and from the jury room, or even in
the jury room itself-and the court gave no admonishment against such discussions. 1
Mr. Tucker's arguments are based on pure speculation about juror conduct or what
might have occurred during deliberations. No facts in the record support his example
allegations that any juror failed to follow the court's instructions or otherwise acted
improperly, that deliberations ever lacked a jury member, or that the verdicts were not the
unanimous consensus of all twelve jurors. He thus shows no manifest error affecting a
constitutional right and we decline to address the merits of his nonpreserved claim of
error. 2
1 The record shows the trial court did give such admonishments to the jury at the outset of trial, as well as a similar instruction at the close of the first day of trial and again at the lunch recess on the second day of the two-day trial. See Suppl. Report of Proceedings at 6-15; Report of Proceedings at 149, 253-54. 2 We do observe that Mr.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
FILED OCTOBER 25, 2016 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) ) No. 33714-6-111 Respondent, ) ) V. ) ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION DALE TUCKER, JR., ) ) Appellant. )
KORSMO, J. - Dale Tucker, Jr., appeals his convictions for residential burglary
and third degree theft. He contends the trial court's failure to instruct the jury that
deliberations must include all twelve jurors at all times deprived him of a fair trial and
unanimous jury verdicts. Since Mr. Tucker shows no manifest error affecting a
constitutional right, we decline to address this issue raised for the first time on appeal and
affirm the convictions. No. 33714-6-III State v. Tucker
FACTS
The State charged Mr. Tucker with residential burglary and second degree theft.
The case proceeded to a jury trial. The State produced evidence that Mr. Tucker was
prohibited by a court order from entering his deceased grandmother Betty Durfee's
residence near Newport. On May 8, 2015, Mr. Tucker unlawfully entered the residence
and was recorded on video taking meat from a freezer in the kitchen. The video showed
Mr. Tucker pulling his shirt up over his face when he saw the cameras. Among items
missing from the residence were food, heaters, a radio, and antlers. Mr. Tucker's cousin
Robert Bradbury had set up cameras inside and outside the Durfee residence. Mr.
Bradbury and another cousin, Cheyenne Bradbury, each identified Mr. Tucker as the
person in the kitchen video and in outdoor still pictures recorded on May 8. A sheriff's I! ! deputy who had known Mr. Tucker since grade school likewise identified him as the
person in the kitchen video. The defense did not present any evidence.
There were no objections to the jury instructions or requests for additional Ii instructions. Instruction 2 provided in part:
As jurors, you have a duty to discuss the case with one another and to I deliberate in an effort to reach a unanimous verdict. Each of you must decide the case for yourself, but only after you consider the evidence impartially with your fellow jurors[.] I! I Clerk's Papers at 22. Instruction 19 set out the deliberations process and unanimity l i 1 requirement for the jury to return a verdict. l j I 2 ! 1 No. 33714-6-III State v. Tucker
The jury found Mr. Tucker guilty of residential burglary and lesser degree third degree
theft. The jury reached its verdict in approximately 51 minutes. Mr. Tucker appealed the
judgment and sentence.
ANALYSIS
1. Claimed Instructional Error
Mr. Tucker contends that by failing to instruct the jury that its deliberations must
involve all twelve jurors collectively at all times, the trial court violated his right to a fair
trial and unanimous verdicts.
Mr. Tucker did not request such an instruction below, nor did he otherwise object
to the trial court's instructions given. Thus, RAP 2.5(a) precludes him from raising this
issue for the first time on appeal unless he can show that lack of the additional instruction
is a "manifest error affecting a constitutional right." RAP 2.5(a)(3); State v. O'Hara, 167
Wn.2d 91, 98, 217 P.3d 756 (2009). In assessing whether a claimed error is "manifest,"
the trial record must be sufficiently complete for this court to determine whether the
asserted error "actual[ly] prejudice[ d]" the appellant by having "practical and identifiable
consequences [at] trial." Id. at 98-99 (citations omitted). "If the facts necessary to
adjudicate the claimed error are not in the record on appeal, no actual prejudice is shown
and the error is not manifest." State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 333, 899 P.2d 1251
(1995).
I 1 No. 33714-6-III State v. Tucker
The Washington State Constitution requires that in a criminal prosecution an
impartial jury render a unanimous verdict. Const. art. I,§§ 21, 22; State v. Lamar, 180
Wn.2d 576, 583, 327 P.3d 46 (2014). As further recognized in Lamar:
The requirement that 12 persons reach a unanimous verdict is not met unless those 12 reach their consensus through deliberations which are the common experience of all of them. It is not enough that 12 jurors reach a unanimous verdict if 1 juror has not had the benefit of the deliberations of the other 11. Deliberations provide the jury with the opportunity to review the evidence in light of the perception and memory of each member. Equally important in shaping a member's viewpoint are the personal reactions and interactions as any individual juror attempts to persuade others to accept his or her viewpoint.
Id. at 585 (quoting Peoplf! v. Collins, 17 Cal. 3d 687,693, 552 P.2d 742, 131 Cal. Rptr.
782 (1976)); see also State v. Fisch, 22 Wn. App. 381,383,588 P.2d 1389 (1979) (citing ! I 12-juror consensus requirements as stated above in Collins and finding no violation). I ' I Mr. Tucker asserts the trial court's failure to instruct the jury that deliberation may
only occur when all twelve jurors are present collectively is manifest constitutional error Il l I because it left his jurors with "not just theoretical" opportunities for improper ' I deliberations that would violate the "common experience" requirement for constitutionally ll valid unanimity. Br. of Appellant at 13. For example, he posits that because the jury l I reached verdicts on two counts in less than one hour on a summer Friday afternoon, there I is a reasonable probability the presiding juror sped up the process to finish before the I weekend by dividing the jury in two, with six jurors deciding each count and each group l l I ~ agreeing to follow the recommendation of the other. He also contends it is likely that one I 4 I I f i No. 33714-6-III State v. Tucker
or more jurors left the jury room to use the restroom while the remaining jurors continued
to discuss the case, yet the record fails to show the jury was ever properly instructed not to
engage in such improper deliberations. Finally, he contends there is a reasonable
possibility that some jurors discussed the case outside of every other juror's presence-
whether by telephone, over lunch, simply walking to and from the jury room, or even in
the jury room itself-and the court gave no admonishment against such discussions. 1
Mr. Tucker's arguments are based on pure speculation about juror conduct or what
might have occurred during deliberations. No facts in the record support his example
allegations that any juror failed to follow the court's instructions or otherwise acted
improperly, that deliberations ever lacked a jury member, or that the verdicts were not the
unanimous consensus of all twelve jurors. He thus shows no manifest error affecting a
constitutional right and we decline to address the merits of his nonpreserved claim of
error. 2
1 The record shows the trial court did give such admonishments to the jury at the outset of trial, as well as a similar instruction at the close of the first day of trial and again at the lunch recess on the second day of the two-day trial. See Suppl. Report of Proceedings at 6-15; Report of Proceedings at 149, 253-54. 2 We do observe that Mr. Tucker's cited cases involving manifest constitutional I error for unanimity violations when the court failed to instruct the jury to start deliberations anew upon seating of an alternate juror are inapposite because no alternate l I juror was seated here. See Lamar, 180 Wn.2d at 586; State v. Blancaflor, 183 Wn. App. 215, 224-25, 334 P.3d 46 (2014); State v. Ashcraft, 71 Wn. App. 444, 462-64, 859 P.2d 60 (1993). Mr. Tucker cites no other authority that manifest constitutional error occurred I if
here. t ~ 5 , f !. i i
I No. 33714-6-111 State v. Tucker
2. Appellate Costs
Mr. Tucker requests that we exercise our discretion and decline to award appellate
costs to the State ifhe does not prevail on appeal. He reasons that the trial court found he
lacks sufficient funds to prosecute an appeal and was therefore indigent and entitled to
review at public expense. Analogizing to State v. Blazina, 182 Wn.2d 827, 834, 344 P.3d
680 (2015) (trial court must make individualized findings of current and future ability to
pay before imposing legal financial obligations), he asserts his ability to pay must be
determined before appellate costs are imposed. The State has not responded to Mr.
Tucker's request.
RAP 14.2 states, "A commissioner or clerk of the appellate court will award costs
to the party that substantially prevails on review, unless the appellate court directs
otherwise in its decision terminating review." Under RCW 10.73.160(1), we have broad
discretion to grant or deny appellate costs to the prevailing party. See State v. Nolan, 141
Wn.2d 620, 626, 8 P.3d 300 (2000); State v. Sinclair, 192 Wn. App. 380, 388, 367 P.3d
612 (2016). Although Mr. Tucker has made his request in his opening brief as suggested
by Sinclair, he has not moved to extend time in order to comply with this court's June 10,
2016 general order governing requests to deny an i:i,ppellate cost award. Given the timing
of the filing of Mr. Tucker's opening brief (April 29, 2016, prior to the filing of our
general order), we deny his request without prejudice to his prompt filing of a motion to
6 No. 33714-6-III State v. Tucker
extend time and the motion and supporting updated financial disclosure required by our
general order.
Affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
WE CONCUR: