Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
July 7, 2021
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 54354-1-II
Respondent,
v. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
CYRUS NELSON PLUSH, II
Appellant.
MAXA, J. – Cyrus Plush appeals the imposition of certain legal financial obligations
(LFOs) following his 2019 conviction of failure to register as a sex offender. In a statement of
additional grounds (SAG), he challenges his conviction and sentence.
We exercise our discretion to consider the LFO challenges and hold that (1) community
custody supervision fees as determined by the Department of Corrections (DOC) can be imposed
on an indigent defendant because those fees are not “costs” as defined in RCW 10.01.160(2); (2)
as the State concedes, the trial court erred in imposing supervision fees without conducting an
adequate inquiry into Plush’s ability to pay them; and (3) as the State concedes, the income-
withholding provision in the judgment and sentence must clarify that LFOs cannot be satisfied
out of any funds subject to 42 U.S.C. § 407(a). We also reject Plush’s SAG claims.
Accordingly, we affirm Plush’s conviction, but we remand for the trial court to
reconsider the imposition of community custody supervision fees and to amend the income- No. 54354-1-II
withholding provision in the judgment and sentence to reflect that no LFOs may be satisfied out
of any funds subject to 42 U.S.C. § 407(a).
FACTS
In September 2019, Plush was convicted after a bench trial of failure to register as a sex
offender. The trial court sentenced him to 55 months in confinement and 36 months in
community custody.
The trial court imposed a $500 crime victim penalty assessment, and as a condition of
community custody required Plush to “pay supervision fees as determined by DOC.” Clerk’s
Papers (CP) at 26. However, the court made no oral or written finding regarding whether Plush
was indigent and did not determine if Plush had the present or future ability to pay supervision
fees. The judgment and sentence also included a “Notice of Income-Withholding Action”
section, which consisted of boilerplate language that allowed DOC or the court clerk to impose a
payroll deduction or take other income-withholding action if Plush failed to make timely LFO
payments. CP at 30. Plush did not object to the imposition of supervision fees or to the income-
withholding provision.
Plush appeals the imposition of LFOs and challenges his conviction in his SAG.
ANALYSIS
A. IMPOSITION OF COMMUNITY CUSTODY SUPERVISION FEES
Plush argues that the trial court erred in imposing community custody supervision fees as
an LFO because (1) they are costs that cannot be imposed on an indigent defendant and (2) the
court did not inquire into his ability to pay his discretionary LFO. We conclude that the trial
court was not precluded from imposing supervision fees, but that the court erred in failing to
inquire into Plush’s ability to pay before imposing those fees.
2 No. 54354-1-II
1. Failure to Object in Trial Court
Initially, the State argues that Plush is precluded from challenging the imposition of
community custody supervision fees because he is raising the objection for the first time on
appeal.
Plush does not explain why he failed to object in the trial court to the imposition of
supervision fees. Defense counsel had an obligation here to raise the issue so the trial court
could clarify whether it intended to impose those fees. Our inclination is to decline to consider
Plush’s unpreserved challenge to the imposition of supervision fees.
However, under State v. Blazina, we may exercise our discretion under RAP 2.5(a) to
consider an indigent defendant’s ability to pay LFOs. 182 Wn.2d 827, 834-35, 344 P.3d 680
(2015). And the Supreme Court repeatedly has indicated that courts should exercise their
discretion to address LFO issues. See State v. Lee, 188 Wn.2d 473, 501-02, 396 P.3d 316
(2017). Accordingly, we exercise our discretion to consider Plush’s challenge to the imposition
of supervision fees.
2. Supervision Fees
Plush argues that the trial court erred in imposing community custody supervision fees as
determined by DOC because he is indigent. We disagree.
RCW 9.94A.703(2)(d) provides that “[u]nless waived by the court, as part of any term of
community custody, the court shall order an offender to . . . [p]ay supervision fees as determined
by the [DOC].” “Community custody supervision fees are discretionary LFOs because they are
waivable by the court.” State v. Spaulding, 15 Wn. App. 2d 526, 536, 476 P.3d 205 (2020).
Plush relies on RCW 10.01.160(3), which states, “The court shall not order a defendant to
pay costs if the defendant at the time of sentencing is indigent as defined in RCW
3 No. 54354-1-II
10.101.010(3)(a) through (c).” (Emphasis added.) But RCW 10.01.160(2) defines “cost” as an
expense specifically incurred by the State from prosecuting the defendant, administering a
deferred prosecution program, or administering pretrial supervision. A community custody
supervision fee does not fall within this definition of “cost.” Spaulding, 15 Wn. App. 2d at 537.
Therefore, RCW 10.01.160(3) does not preclude a court from imposing community custody
supervision fees on an indigent defendant. Id.
We hold that community custody supervision fees could be imposed as an LFO here even
though Plush was indigent.
3. Inquiry into Ability to Pay
Plush argues, and the State concedes, that the trial court failed to make on the record a
particularized, individualized inquiry into his ability to pay discretionary LFOs.
In Blazina, the Supreme Court held that the trial court must conduct an individualized
inquiry on the record about a defendant’s current and future ability to pay before imposing
discretionary LFOs. 182 Wn.2d at 839. There are several factors that the court must consider:
(1) incarceration, (2) other debts, including other court costs and restitution, (3) income, (4)
assets and other financial resources, (5) monthly living expenses, (6) employment history, (7)
health care costs, and (8) the ways of proving indigency under the comment to GR 34. State v.
Ramirez, 191 Wn.2d 732, 742-44, 426 P.3d 714 (2018). Whether the trial court failed to make
an adequate inquiry under Blazina before imposing a discretionary LFO is a question of law that
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Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
July 7, 2021
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 54354-1-II
Respondent,
v. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
CYRUS NELSON PLUSH, II
Appellant.
MAXA, J. – Cyrus Plush appeals the imposition of certain legal financial obligations
(LFOs) following his 2019 conviction of failure to register as a sex offender. In a statement of
additional grounds (SAG), he challenges his conviction and sentence.
We exercise our discretion to consider the LFO challenges and hold that (1) community
custody supervision fees as determined by the Department of Corrections (DOC) can be imposed
on an indigent defendant because those fees are not “costs” as defined in RCW 10.01.160(2); (2)
as the State concedes, the trial court erred in imposing supervision fees without conducting an
adequate inquiry into Plush’s ability to pay them; and (3) as the State concedes, the income-
withholding provision in the judgment and sentence must clarify that LFOs cannot be satisfied
out of any funds subject to 42 U.S.C. § 407(a). We also reject Plush’s SAG claims.
Accordingly, we affirm Plush’s conviction, but we remand for the trial court to
reconsider the imposition of community custody supervision fees and to amend the income- No. 54354-1-II
withholding provision in the judgment and sentence to reflect that no LFOs may be satisfied out
of any funds subject to 42 U.S.C. § 407(a).
FACTS
In September 2019, Plush was convicted after a bench trial of failure to register as a sex
offender. The trial court sentenced him to 55 months in confinement and 36 months in
community custody.
The trial court imposed a $500 crime victim penalty assessment, and as a condition of
community custody required Plush to “pay supervision fees as determined by DOC.” Clerk’s
Papers (CP) at 26. However, the court made no oral or written finding regarding whether Plush
was indigent and did not determine if Plush had the present or future ability to pay supervision
fees. The judgment and sentence also included a “Notice of Income-Withholding Action”
section, which consisted of boilerplate language that allowed DOC or the court clerk to impose a
payroll deduction or take other income-withholding action if Plush failed to make timely LFO
payments. CP at 30. Plush did not object to the imposition of supervision fees or to the income-
withholding provision.
Plush appeals the imposition of LFOs and challenges his conviction in his SAG.
ANALYSIS
A. IMPOSITION OF COMMUNITY CUSTODY SUPERVISION FEES
Plush argues that the trial court erred in imposing community custody supervision fees as
an LFO because (1) they are costs that cannot be imposed on an indigent defendant and (2) the
court did not inquire into his ability to pay his discretionary LFO. We conclude that the trial
court was not precluded from imposing supervision fees, but that the court erred in failing to
inquire into Plush’s ability to pay before imposing those fees.
2 No. 54354-1-II
1. Failure to Object in Trial Court
Initially, the State argues that Plush is precluded from challenging the imposition of
community custody supervision fees because he is raising the objection for the first time on
appeal.
Plush does not explain why he failed to object in the trial court to the imposition of
supervision fees. Defense counsel had an obligation here to raise the issue so the trial court
could clarify whether it intended to impose those fees. Our inclination is to decline to consider
Plush’s unpreserved challenge to the imposition of supervision fees.
However, under State v. Blazina, we may exercise our discretion under RAP 2.5(a) to
consider an indigent defendant’s ability to pay LFOs. 182 Wn.2d 827, 834-35, 344 P.3d 680
(2015). And the Supreme Court repeatedly has indicated that courts should exercise their
discretion to address LFO issues. See State v. Lee, 188 Wn.2d 473, 501-02, 396 P.3d 316
(2017). Accordingly, we exercise our discretion to consider Plush’s challenge to the imposition
of supervision fees.
2. Supervision Fees
Plush argues that the trial court erred in imposing community custody supervision fees as
determined by DOC because he is indigent. We disagree.
RCW 9.94A.703(2)(d) provides that “[u]nless waived by the court, as part of any term of
community custody, the court shall order an offender to . . . [p]ay supervision fees as determined
by the [DOC].” “Community custody supervision fees are discretionary LFOs because they are
waivable by the court.” State v. Spaulding, 15 Wn. App. 2d 526, 536, 476 P.3d 205 (2020).
Plush relies on RCW 10.01.160(3), which states, “The court shall not order a defendant to
pay costs if the defendant at the time of sentencing is indigent as defined in RCW
3 No. 54354-1-II
10.101.010(3)(a) through (c).” (Emphasis added.) But RCW 10.01.160(2) defines “cost” as an
expense specifically incurred by the State from prosecuting the defendant, administering a
deferred prosecution program, or administering pretrial supervision. A community custody
supervision fee does not fall within this definition of “cost.” Spaulding, 15 Wn. App. 2d at 537.
Therefore, RCW 10.01.160(3) does not preclude a court from imposing community custody
supervision fees on an indigent defendant. Id.
We hold that community custody supervision fees could be imposed as an LFO here even
though Plush was indigent.
3. Inquiry into Ability to Pay
Plush argues, and the State concedes, that the trial court failed to make on the record a
particularized, individualized inquiry into his ability to pay discretionary LFOs.
In Blazina, the Supreme Court held that the trial court must conduct an individualized
inquiry on the record about a defendant’s current and future ability to pay before imposing
discretionary LFOs. 182 Wn.2d at 839. There are several factors that the court must consider:
(1) incarceration, (2) other debts, including other court costs and restitution, (3) income, (4)
assets and other financial resources, (5) monthly living expenses, (6) employment history, (7)
health care costs, and (8) the ways of proving indigency under the comment to GR 34. State v.
Ramirez, 191 Wn.2d 732, 742-44, 426 P.3d 714 (2018). Whether the trial court failed to make
an adequate inquiry under Blazina before imposing a discretionary LFO is a question of law that
we review de novo. Id. at 741-42.
As noted above, community custody supervision fees are discretionary LFOs. Spaulding,
15 Wn. App. 2d at 536. Therefore, Blazina and Ramirez apply here.
4 No. 54354-1-II
Here, the trial court made no inquiry on the record into Plush’s financial circumstances
besides the acknowledgement that Plush had no fixed residence. The court also made no specific
inquiry into Plush’s ability to pay the supervision fees. And the State concedes that the court’s
inquiry was inadequate. Therefore, we remand for the trial court to reconsider the imposition of
community custody supervision fees.
B. INCOME-WITHHOLDING PROVISION
Plush argues, and the State concedes, that the judgment and sentence must make clear
that no LFOs may be satisfied out of any funds subject to 42 U.S.C. § 407(a), including Social
Security benefits. See State v. Dillon, 12 Wn. App. 2d 133, 153, 456 P.3d 1199, review denied,
195 Wn.2d 1022 (2020). We agree and remand for the trial court to amend the income-
withholding language in the judgment and sentence to state that no LFOs may be satisfied out of
any funds subject to 42 U.S.C. § 407(a).
C. SAG CLAIMS
Plush makes several assertions in his SAG. We reject these assertions because they
either rely on matters outside the record or have no merit.
1. Matters Outside the Record
Plush argues that (1) he received ineffective assistance of counsel throughout the course
of his proceedings because defense counsel would not talk to him, failed to file requested
motions, and failed to put on a case; (2) the trial court erred when it denied his motion before
trial to discharge his defense counsel; and (3) he was prosecuted in a selective and vindictive
manner.
We reject these claims because they rely on matters outside the record. The record is
insufficient to evaluate the ineffective assistance of counsel claims. In addition, the record
5 No. 54354-1-II
contains no indication that Plush moved before trial to fire defense counsel or that the court ruled
on any such motion. And Plush’s allegations regarding vindictive prosecution are outside the
record. Plush did submit a sworn statement addressing some of these issues that he attached to
his SAG, but that statement also is outside the record.
As a result, we cannot consider these assertions in this direct appeal. State v. Alvarado,
164 Wn.2d 556, 569, 192 P.3d 345 (2008). Instead, they must be raised in a personal restraint
petition. Id.
2. Other Claims
First, Plush argues that his right to a speedy trial was violated. Under CrR 3.3(b) and (c),
a defendant who is detained in jail must be brought to trial within 60 days of arraignment.
However, a defendant waives this right under court rules if he or she fails to timely object to the
violation. State v. Harris, 130 Wn.2d 35, 44-45, 921 P.2d 1052 (1996). Here, the record shows
that Plush did not make an objection within 10 days after notice of the trial date. Accordingly,
we hold that Plush waived his time to trial right under CrR 3.3(b).
Second, Plush argues that his sentence is excessive and constitutes cruel and unusual
punishment. He claims that he was sentenced to 90 months, but the judgment and sentence
shows that he was sentenced to 55 months in confinement and 36 months on community custody.
Plush had an offender score of 17 with a seriousness level of II, and his sentence fell within the
standard range of 43 to 57 months in confinement. RCW 9.94A.510. Therefore, his sentence
was not excessive. In addition, a standard range sentence does not constitute cruel and unusual
punishment. See State v. Farmer, 116 Wn.2d 414, 434, 805 P.2d 200, 812 P.2d 858 (1991) (a
sentence that is within the guidelines as provided by law is not arbitrary or shocking to the sense
6 No. 54354-1-II
of justice to constitute cruel and unusual punishment). Accordingly, we reject Plush’s challenge
to his sentence.
CONCLUSION
We affirm Plush’s conviction, but we remand for the trial court to reconsider the
imposition of community custody supervision fees and to amend the income-withholding
provision in the judgment and sentence to reflect that no LFOs may be satisfied out of any funds
subject to 42 U.S.C. § 407(a).
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
MAXA, J.
We concur:
LEE, C.J.
SUTTON, J.