VILEti COAT OF APPEALS DIV I STATE OF WASHINGTON
2018 JUL -2 AN 11: 12
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) ) No. 75144-1-1 Respondent, ) ) DIVISION ONE v. ) ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION COREY ASTANLIVIN MANN, ) ) • Appellant, ) ) GARY BERNARD SANDERS II, ) ) Defendant. ) FILED: July 2, 2018 ) APPELWICK, C.J. — Mann was convicted of first degree felony murder. He argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to sever the trial from his
codefendant, in refusing to instruct the jury on the inferior offense of second degree
felony murder, and in denying his motions for mistrial after references to his
criminal history. He also argues that the State failed to prove first degree burglary,
one of the offered alternative predicate crimes for felony murder. And, he argues
that he received ineffective assistance of counsel, and that cumulative errors
deprived him of a fair trial. We affirm.
FACTS
In 2013, Tiana Wood-Sims reconnected with Latasha Walker, an
acquaintance from high school, and soon they began using drugs together. Walker
also sold drugs out of the apartment she shared with her boyfriend, Kenneth No. 75144-1-1/2
McGee. Wood-Sims saw drugs and money in Walker's apartment. Wood-Sims
told her cousin, Corey Mann, about the drugs and money in Walker's apartment,
and they agreed to rob Walker.
On June 3, 2013, Wood-Sims spent the day with Walker away from
Walker's apartment. Throughout the day, Wood-Sims stayed in contact with Mann,
informing him of where she and Walker were,so that Mann could rob the apartment
while they were gone. Michael Galloway testified that on that day Mann met him
at a skate park and told him about the plan to rob Walker's apartment. Mann was
also with Gary Sanders, whom Mann introduced to Galloway as his brother-in-law.
Galloway agreed to go with Mann. Galloway drove Mann and Sanders to the
apartment building for the robbery, following Mann's instructions.
At the apartment, Mann indicated for Galloway to knock on the front door.
After Galloway knocked, they saw someone coming so Galloway, Sanders, and
Mann returned to the car. Wood-Sims sent Mann a text message that she and
Walker were back at Walker's apartment. About 10 to 15 minutes later, the three
men went to the apartment door. Wood-Sims heard a knock, looked out and saw
Galloway, who claimed to be a neighbor and asked if he could use a phone. Wood-
Sims testified that Walker told Wood-Sims to open the door and allow him to use
the phone. Galloway, Mann, and Sanders then "pushed" their way into the
apartment.
Mann and Galloway went into the bedroom where Walker was located.
Wood-Sims and Sanders stayed in the living room. Galloway testified that he went
to the dresser where he believed the money and drugs were, and Mann began
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wrestling with Walker. Galloway testified that as he continued to search for money
and drugs, Sanders came into the bedroom, and he saw Mann and Sanders hold
Walker down on the bed.1 Galloway testified that before he left the bedroom he
saw Sanders hit Walker "up to four times in her stomach." Galloway went into the
second bedroom, still searching for the money and drugs, and when he returned
to the first bedroom he saw Walker on the floor with a belt around her neck.
Galloway testified that Sanders was sitting next to her holding one end of it.
Galloway grabbed everything he thought he could sell, and saw Sanders
take some things from the living room. Before the men left, Mann told Wood-Sims
that they had to make it look "legit," and then Mann hit her in the face with his open
hand. After the men left, Wood-Sims went into the bedroom and saw Walker sitting
on the floor with her eyes closed and head slouched. She saw a belt around
Walker's neck. Wood-Sims tried to wake up Walker, poured water on her, and
pushed on her chest. She heard Walker wheeze and ran outside to get help.
Wood-Sims found a woman outside who then came into the apartment, called the
police, and did CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) on Walker.
Sanders's testimony differed greatly from Galloway's. Sanders testified that, on June 3, 2013, Sanders asked Mann to take him to a store, but instead Mann drove him to an apartment in Kent. Sanders testified that he went into the apartment thinking that someone owed Mann money, or that Mann was going to sell someone something. Sanders testified that someone called him to the back room and when he got there he saw a woman on the floor. Sanders stated that he noticed a belt around the woman's neck. He stated that he never touched the belt. On cross-examination, Sanders admitted that he previously told Detective Brendan Wales that he agreed to help Mann get money and drugs from Walker's apartment in exchange for $2,000.
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When paramedics arrived, Walker had no pulse, was not breathing, and
showed a "flat line" on the cardiac monitor. Although they were able to restart her
heart with medication, Walker did not survive. The medical examiner performed
an autopsy and concluded that Walker bled to death internally, due to blunt force
trauma to her liver.
On March 12,2014,the State charged Galloway, Wood-Sims, Sanders, and
Mann with first degree felony murder. Wood-Sims and Galloway eventually
admitted their involvement, pleaded guilty to second degree murder, and testified
for the State at Sanders's and Mann's joint trial. The jury found Sanders and Mann
guilty as charged. The trial court sentenced Mann to 493 months of confinement.
Mann appeals.
DISCUSSION
Mann makes six arguments. First, he argues that the trial court erred in
denying his motion to sever his trial from his codefendant. Second, he argues that
the State failed to present sufficient evidence to prove the predicate crime of
burglary. Third, he argues that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury
on the lesser crime of second degree felony murder. Fourth, he argues that he
received ineffective assistance of counsel because counsel failed to request a
cautionary jury instruction on accomplice testimony. Fifth, he argues that repeated
references to his propensity for crime deprived him of a fair trial. Sixth, he argues
that cumulative error deprived him of a fair trial.
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I. Severance
Mann contends that the trial court should have granted his motion to sever
his trial from Sanders. He argues that he and Sanders presented antagonistic and
irreconcilable defenses. And, he claims that the massive quantity of evidence and
Sanders's incriminating out-of-court statements also necessitated the trial court to
sever the trials.
A defendant seeking severance must demonstrate that a joint trial would be
so manifestly prejudicial as to outweigh the concern for judicial economy. State v.
Sublett, 176 Wn.2d 58, 68-69, 292 P.3d 715 (2012). This court reviews a trial
court's decision on a motion to sever trials for manifest abuse of discretion. Id. at
69. On appeal, the defendant must be able to point to specific prejudice. Id. The
court infers specific prejudice from:
"(1) antagonistic defenses conflicting to the point of being irreconcilable and mutually exclusive; (2) a massive and complex quantity of evidence making it almost impossible for the jury to separate evidence as it related to each defendant when determining each defendant's innocence or guilt; (3) a co-defendant's statement inculpating the moving defendant;(4)or gross disparity in the weight of the evidence against the defendants."
State v. Jones, 93 Wn. App. 166, 171-72, 968 P.2d 888 (1998)(quoting State v.
Canedo-Astorga, 79 Wn. App. 518, 528, 903 P.2d 500 (1995)).
A. Irreconcilable Defenses
Mutually antagonistic defenses alone are insufficient to compel separate
trials. State v. Hoffman, 116 Wn.2d 51, 74, 804 P.2d 577(1991). Rather, it must
be demonstrated that the conflict is so prejudicial that defenses are irreconcilable,
and the jury will unjustifiably infer that this conflict alone demonstrates that both
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are guilty. Id. For defenses to be irreconcilable, they must be mutually exclusive
to the extent that one defense must be believed if the other defense is disbelieved.
State v. Johnson, 147 Wn. App. 276, 285, 194 P.3d 1009 (2008). The appellate
court rarely overturns a trial court's denial of a motion to sever on the basis of
mutually exclusive defenses, even when one defendant tries to blame another. Id.
And,the desire of one defendant to exculpate himself by inculpating a codefendant
is insufficient to compel separate trials. Id. at 286.
Mann moved to sever his trial from Sanders after the State rested its case.
Sanders had already moved pretrial for severance, and the court denied the
motion. When Mann moved to sever after the State rested, Sanders had not
presented evidence or testimony to the jury.
In his trial memo, Sanders described his defense as follows,
At its core, Mr. Sanders' defense is three-pronged: First, he did not know of or intend to participate in a robbery or burglary. Second, he is of good, honest, law-abiding character. Third, codefendant Corey Mann is of violent, dishonest character and has a character trait of intimidating others, character traits which bear directly upon Mr. Sanders' acts and failure to act on the day of the crime and in the police interrogations which followed.
When Sanders moved to sever, counsel described his defense as follows,
[Tjhe essential nature of Mr. Sanders' defense is that he would not have been where he was on the day of the crime were it not for the coercion of Mr. Mann, and it is Mr. Sanders' character that allows us or helps us argue that.
... Offensively, we hope to show that Mr. Mann's character is one of violence, intimidation, and dishonesty.
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Pretrial, Mann's position on Sanders's severance motion was "contingent on
whether or not the Court will allow any character evidence" against Mann.
The trial court denied Sanders's motion to sever, and excluded evidence of
"Mann's reputation for violence, manipulation, or untruthfulness." Tlie trial court
also ruled, "Sanders may not refer to any prior misconduct of Mann in opening
statement and may not cross[-]examine any state witness about prior misconduct
of Mann."
When Mann moved to sever after the State rested, the trial court stated,
And just so that the suspense is avoided, I assure you, [Sanders's counsel] is going to probably attack [Mann]. I think their interests are in opposition. He has a different theory of the case. I think that that's evident.
That in and of itself is not a reason to sever this trial. Just because they may be in opposition does not mean that this trial should be severed, and that's why this Court has denied the motions already on two occasions.
The trial court denied the severance motion.
Mann contends that he and Sanders presented irreconcilable defenses.
The court's analysis on the defendant's motion to sever in Sublett is instructive.
There, codefendants Sublett and Olsen were charged with premeditated first
degree murder and, alternatively, felony murder. Sublett,176 Wn.2d at 67. Sublett
was convicted of both premeditated first degree murder and felony murder, while
Olsen was convicted solely of felony murder. Id. Sublett's defense was a general
denial of involvement in the murder. Id. at 69. He did not testify during trial. it
Olson's defense was that he was not present for the murder, and he helped move
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the body after the fact only because Sublett threatened him. Id. Our Supreme
Court found that the trial court did not err in denying Sublett's motion to sever:
While the two defenses are irreconcilable, they do not reach the level where the jury would unjustifiably infer from the conflict that both are guilty. The jury could have believed either or neither defendant, though it could not believe both. That is, it could have believed that Sublett did not participate at all and inferred that Olsen was lying. Or it could have believed Olsen and inferred that Sublett was lying. Given the jury's verdict, it did not believe either of them, and Sublett has not shown that this was due to the conflicting defenses rather than the evidence presented during trial. Nor did Sublett cite to any evidence admissible only as to Olsen, which prejudiced his defense. The trial court, therefore, did not err in denying severance.
Id. at 69-70(footnote omitted)(internal citation omitted).
At the time the trial court denied the motion to sever, Sanders's stated
defense was that he "did not know of or did not intend to participate in a robbery
or burglary." He also claimed that "he would not have been where he was on the
day of the crime were it not for the coercion of Mr. Mann." Here, as in Sublett, the
jury could have believed either or neither defendant, but it could not have believed
both. The jury's verdict finding both Mann and Sanders guilty demonstrates that it
did not believe either defense. Mann argues that his case is distinguishable from
Sublett because evidence that would not have been admissible against Mann in a
separate trial was admitted in the joint trial. Mann asserts that had he and Sanders
been tried separately, Sanders's out-of-court statements to Detective Wales,
where he confessed that he willingly participated in the robbery in exchange for
$1,000, would not have been admissible against him. And, Mann argues further
that because of a defendant's Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination,
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Sanders could not have been compelled to testify against Mann in a separate trial,
while his own trial or direct appeal were pending.
But, in State v. Emery, 174 Wn.2d 741, 753-54, 278 P.3d 653 (2012), the
court held that a defendant could not show prejudice from a joint trial, in part
because he offered nothing to suggest that his codefendant's testimony would not
have been available and admissible against him if the trials had been severed.
The Emery court relied on United States v. Throckmorton,87 F.3d 1069, 1072(9th
Cir.1996). 174 Wn.2d at 754. In Throckmorton, the defendant argued that his
codefendant would not have testified against him in a separate trial because of his
right against self-incrimination. 87 F.3d at 1072. The court found no support for
this argument because the codefendant declined to assert his Fifth Amendment
right in the joint trial in which his own guilt was the question before the jury. Id.
Likewise, here, if Sanders had been tried separately, he could have been
available to testify in Mann's separate trial. And, the record does not support
Mann's argument that Sanders would not have testified against him in a separate
trial, since he did not assert his right against self-incrimination in the joint trial.
Our Supreme Court "has consistently held that the mere fact that evidence
admissible against one defendant would not be admissible against a codefendant
if the latter were tried alone does not necessitate severance." State v. 6N/throw,
114 Wn.2d 713, 721, 790 P.2d 154 (1990). And, in Washington cases where the
trial court instructed the jury not to consider certain evidence of one defendant,
such as a confession, against the codefendant no reversible error was found. Id.
Here, the trial court instructed the jury, "A separate crime is charged against each
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defendant. You must decide the case of each defendant separately. Your verdict
as to one defendant should not control your verdict as to the other defendant."
Mann also argues that he suffered specific prejudice when Sanders
introduced testimony from Juan Rodriguez. Rodriguez, who was in custody with
Mann, testified that Mann told him "there was supposed to be money and drugs
there, and that during the whole thing, he ended up slamming the girl to the ground
and choking her." Rodriguez also testified that Mann described Walker as "a rich,
little, white bitch." Mann argued at trial that Sanders called Rodriguez to testify to
put Mann in as "bad light as possible." But, the State identified Rodriguez as a
potential witness before trial. Though it did not call him to testify, it could have
called Rodriguez to testify had Mann been tried separately.
Mann cannot show that the jury unjustifiably inferred his guilt from the
conflict in defenses alone, because the direct and circumstantial evidence against
him was strong. Wood-Sims testified that she and Mann agreed to rob Walker's
apartment. Galloway also testified that, when Mann picked him up from the skate
park, Mann told him that they were going to rob the apartment. Therefore,
Sanders's out-of-court statement to Wales was cumulative of evidence already
before the jury. Mann has not shown that the jury found him guilty due to the
conflicting defenses rather than the evidence presented during trial. And, the trial
court gave the appropriate instruction, directing the jury to decide each defendant's
case separately, and jurors are presumed to follow their instructions. Emery, 174
Wn.2d at 754.
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B. Massive and Complex Quantity of Evidence
Mann argues next that the massive and complex quantity of evidence at
trial necessitated severance. Mann points to the "10 days of testimony,"
"complicated cell tower data,""medical and fingerprint testimony," and "[n]early 50
exhibits" as examples of the massive and complex evidence at trial.
This court will infer specific prejudice from "a massive and complex quantity
of evidence making it almost impossible for the jury to separate evidence as it
related to each defendant when determining each defendant's innocence or guilt."
Jones, 93 Wn. App. at 171-72. With the exception of Sanders's out-of-court
statement addressed above, Mann does not identify any evidence that would not
have been presented had the trials been severed. Mann has not shown that the
evidence was so massive or complex that it was impossible for the jury to
segregate the evidence relative to each codefendant.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Mann's motion to
sever.
II. Predicate Crime of Burglary
Mann argues next that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to
prove the predicate crime of burglary required to support the felony murder
conviction. The State presented to the jury two alternative means of committing
felony murder:(1)felony murder predicated on first degree robbery; and (2)felony
murder predicated on first degree burglary. Mann concedes that the State
presented sufficient evidence of the predicate crime of robbery, but argues that it
did not present sufficient evidence of burglary. Citing State v. Maupin,63 Wn. App.
11 No. 75144-1-1/12
887,822 P.2d 355(1992), Mann contends that the remedy is reversal and remand
for a new trial in which the jury is instructed only on felony murder with a predicate
crime of robbery.
The Washington Constitution guarantees criminal defendants the right to a
unanimous jury verdict. WASH. CONST. art. I, § 21. In alternative means cases,
where the criminal offense can be committed in more than one way, an expression
of jury unanimity is not required provided each alternative means presented to the
jury is supported by sufficient evidence. State v. Woodlyn, 188 Wn.2d 157, 164,
392 P.3d 1062(2017). But, when there is insufficient evidence to support one of
the alternative means and the jury does not specify that it unanimously agreed on
the other alternative, the conviction cannot stand. State v. Armstrong, 188 Wn.2d
333, 343-44, 394 P.3d 373(2017).
Sufficiency of the evidence is a question of constitutional law this court
reviews de novo. State v. Rich, 184 Wn.2d 897, 903, 365 P.3d 746 (2016). The
State bears the burden of proving the elements of a crime beyond a reasonable
doubt. Id. In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, we view the evidence
in the light most favorable to the State to determine whether any rational trier of
fact could have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Witherspoon, 180
Wn.2d 875, 883, 329 P.3d 888 (2014). A challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence admits the truth of the State's evidence and all reasonable inferences
that can be draw from such evidence. See id. We defer to the trier of fact on
issues of witness credibility. Id.
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To support the felony murder conviction based on burglary in the first
degree, the State had to prove that Mann or an accomplice entered or remained
unlawfully in a building with intent to commit a crime against a person or property
therein, and in entering or while in the building, Mann or an accomplice assaulted
any person. RCW 9A.52.020(1). A person "enters or remains unlawfully" when
he or she is not then "licensed, invited, or otherwise privileged to so enter or
remain." RCW 9A.52.010(2).
Mann contends insufficient evidence supports finding beyond a reasonable
doubt that he or an accomplice entered or remained unlawfully in Walker's
apartment, an essential element of burglary. Mann claims that neither he nor the
accomplices entered or remained unlawfully in the apartment because Walker
invited Wood-Sims to her apartment, allowed Wood-Sims to answer the door, and
told her to let the men inside.
Only the person who resides in or otherwise has authority over the property
may grant license to enter the premises. State v. Grimes, 92 Wn. App. 973, 978,
966 P.2d 394 (1998). The license to enter or remain may be limited as to time,
place, or purpose, and be revoked. State v. Lambert, 199 Wn. App. 51, 73, 395
P.3d 1080 (2017), review denied, 189 Wn.2d 1017, 404 P.3d 499 (2017), cert.
denied, 138 S. Ct. 1571 (2018); see State v. Collins, 110 Wn.2d 253, 261, 751
P.2d 837 (1988). The trier of fact may infer "a limitation on or revocation of the
privilege to be on the premises" from the circumstances of the case. Collins, 110
Wn.2d at 261.
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In Collins, the victims let the defendant, a stranger, into their home to use
the telephone and the defendant raped the victims. Id. at 254-55. The court
concluded the license to enter was limited to a specific area and purpose, to use
the telephone. Id. at 261. When the defendant exceeded the limitation to place
and purpose, his license to remain was implicitly revoked. Id.
Here, there is evidence that Walker told Wood-Sims to answer the door to
Galloway. After there was a knock on Walker's apartment door, Wood-Sims
testified,
I only seen [sic] one person, and that was Galloway, and he asked if he could use the phone, because something happened with his car; he was her neighbor.
And then Tasha was in the room, because she thought that it was Tyrrell[ Walker]. And we had cocaine out, and Tyrrell didn't know that she was doing drugs; so she kind of panicked. So she said, go get the door, and she shut the bedroom door.
And then I asked her, can I open the door? I told her that it was her neighbor, and she said, go ahead, let them use the phone.
Wood-Sims testified that she did not recognize Galloway at the time and did not
know that he was part of Mann's group. But, she also testified that when Galloway
knocked on the door she knew that the men "were going to take Tasha's money
and her pills." And, Wood-Sims testified that she lied to Walker when she told her
that somebody was there to use the phone, to accomplish the plan of robbing
Walker. Further, Sanders testified on cross-examination that when he and the
other men went to Walker's door, he heard a woman on the other side of the door
say "don't let them in." Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, this is
sufficient evidence to establish unlawful entry.
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Moreover, under Collins, the trier of fact could infer that Galloway and his
accomplices had an invitation or license only to a specific area of the home and
for the single purpose, to use the phone. As in Collins, Walker purportedly
permitted Wood-Sims to let Galloway in for that specific purpose. Once Galloway
and the other men went into the other rooms of Walker's apartment and held
Walker down as they looked for drugs and money, any privilege Galloway and the
other men had up to that time was revoked. See Collins, 110 Wn.2d at 261.
We find that the evidence was sufficient for the jury to determine that Mann
and his accomplices both entered and remained unlawfully in Walker's apartment
on June 3, 2013. Thus, the State presented sufficient evidence to prove the
predicate crime of burglary required to support the first degree felony murder
conviction.
III. Inferior Degree Jury Instruction
Next, Mann argues that the trial court erroneously refused to instruct the
jury on the inferior crime of second degree felony murder.
A crime is an inferior degree of another when
(1) the statutes for both the charged offense and the proposed inferior degree offense "proscribe but one offense"; (2) the information charges an offense that is divided into degrees, and the proposed offense is an inferior degree of the charged offense; and (3) there is evidence that the defendant committed only the inferior offense. State v. Peterson, 133 Wn.2d 885, 891, 948 P.2d 381 (1997)(quoting State v.
Foster, 91 Wn.2d 466,472,589 P.2d 789(1979 and State v. Daniels, 56 Wn. App.
646, 651, 784 P.2d 579 (1990)).
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This court reviews a trial court's decision to give a jury instruction de novo
if based upon a matter of law, or for abuse of discretion if based upon a matter of
fact. Taylor v. Intuitive Surgical, Inc., 187 Wn.2d 743, 767, 389 P.3d 517(2017).
Thus, where the parties' disagreement about an instruction is based on a factual
dispute, it is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Id. To determine whether to give
an instruction, the trial judge must merely decide whether the record contains the
kind of facts to which the doctrine applies. Id.
Mann requested the court to instruct the jury on second degree felony
murder predicated on either second degree theft or assault. The trial court
declined to give the inferior offense instruction based on the test established in
State v. Workman, 90 Wn.2d 443, 584 P.2d 382 (1978). Mann asserts the trial
court should have used the test in Peterson instead and should have found he
satisfied that test for the instruction. Our Supreme Court has pointed out that the
Workman test to determine if a crime is a lesser included offense differs from the
test to determine if a defendant is entitled to an inferior degree offense instruction.
State v. Tamalini, 134 Wn.2d 725, 732, 953 P.2d 450 (1998). The difference is in
the legal prongs of the tests. Compare Workman, 90 Wn.2d at 447-48 with
Peterson, 133 Wn.2d at 891. The difference is immaterial in this case, though,
because both the Workman test for lesser degree instruction and the Peterson test
for an inferior degree offense instruction require the same factual prong: that the
evidence in the case supports that only the lesser or inferior degree offense was
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committed.2 See State v. Condon, 182 Wn.2d 307, 316, 343 P.3d 357 (2015);
Peterson, 133 Wn.2d at 891.
Here, the evidence at trial does not support that Mann committed only
second degree felony murder predicated on second degree theft. Wood-Sims
testified that Walker purportedly permitted Wood-Sims to let Galloway in so that
he could use a phone. Once Galloway, Mann, and Sanders went into the other
rooms of Walker's apartment and held Walker down as they looked for drugs and
money, any privilege Galloway and the other men had up to that time was revoked.
See Collins, 110 Wn.2d at 261. As concluded above,there was sufficient evidence
that Mann or his accomplices entered or remained unlawfully in Walker's
apartment, a required element for burglary. There was also ample evidence that
the men took property from Walker's apartment. Therefore, the evidence does not
support that Mann and his accomplices committed only the lesser offense of theft.
The trial court reasonably determined that there was no factual support for an
instruction on second degree felony murder based on theft.
After the State responded to Mann's request for a second degree felony
murder instruction predicated on theft, Mann amended the instruction request to
include the predicate felony of assault. Under RCW 9A.32.050(1)(b), a person
commits second degree felony murder if he causes a person's death in the course
of committing a felony not enumerated under the statute for first degree felony
murder. The felonies under first degree murder include robbery in the first or
2 Because Mann's requested instruction fails the factual prong of either test, we need not reach the parties arguments over whether Mann satisfied the legal prong of the Peterson test.
17 No. 75144-1-1/18
second degree and burglary in the first degree. RCW 9A.32.030(c). Since there
was substantial evidence that Mann and his accomplices committed robbery or
burglary, the trial court did not err in finding that there was also not a factual basis
for only the inferior offense of second degree felony murder based on assault.
Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in declining to instruct
the jury on the inferior offense of second degree felony murder based on theft or
assault.
IV. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Mann argues that he was denied effective assistance of counsel because
his counsel failed to request a cautionary instruction on accomplice testimony.
The Sixth Amendment right to counsel includes the right to effective
assistance of counsel. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686, 104 S. Ct.
2052, 80 L. Ed.2d 674 (1984). In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, the defendant must demonstrate(1) deficient performance,
that his attorney's representation fell below the standard of reasonableness, and
(2) resulting prejudice, that but for the deficient performance, the result would have
been different. State v. Hassan, 151 Wn. App. 209, 216-17, 211 P.3d 441 (2009).
If a defendant fails to establish either prong, we need not inquire further. Id. at
217.
To establish deficient performance, the defendant has the heavy burden of
showing that his attorney made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning
as the counsel guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment. Id. This court
approaches an ineffective assistance of counsel argument with a strong
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presumption that counsel's representation was effective. State v. McFarland, 127
Wn.2d 322, 335, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995). The defendant has the burden to show
that based on the record, there are no legitimate strategic or tactical reasons for
the challenged conduct. Hassan, 151 Wn. App. at 217. And, to establish
ineffective assistance based on counsel's failure to request a jury instruction, the
defendant must show that he was entitled to the instruction. State v. Olson, 182
Wn. App. 362, 373, 329 P.3d 121 (2014).
It is. always the better practice for a trial court to give the cautionary
instruction whenever accomplice testimony is introduced. State v. Harris, 102
Wn.2d 148, 155, 685 P.2d 584 (1984), overruled on other grounds by State v.
McKinsey, 116 Wn.2d 911, 914, 810 P.2d 907(1991). Atrial court's failure to give
this instruction is reversible error where the State relies solely on accomplice
testimony. Id. But, it is not reversible error "[i]f the accomplice testimony was
substantially corroborated by testimonial, documentary or circumstantial
evidence." Id. Evidence sufficiently corroborates accomplice testimony if it fairly
tends to connect the accused with the commission of the crime charged. State v.
Calhoun, 13 Wn. App. 644,648, 536 P.2d 668(1975). It is not necessary that the
accomplice be corroborated in every part of his testimony. Id.
The State presented an abundance of accomplice testimony at Mann's trial.
Mann, Sanders, Galloway, and Wood-Sims were all charged with first degree
murder in the same charging document. Galloway and Wood-Sims ultimately
pleaded guilty to second degree murder and testified for the State against Mann
and Sanders.
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But, the State presented other evidence that corroborated their testimony,
such as cell phone records, cell tower records showing phone movement, medical
testimony, fingerprint data, and an autopsy report. The State presented evidence
that Galloway's fingerprints were found inside Walker's apartment. The State used
cell phone records to show that the cell phone Mann was using sent a signal to the
cell tower close to Walker's apartment in the hour before Walker was killed.
Detective Wales further corroborated testimony from Wood-Sims and Galloway.
Wales testified that he realized from Mann's phone records that Wood-Sims and
Mann had communicated extensively, and this led him to confront Wood-Sims with
the phone records. McGee testified about the items missing from his and Walker's
apartment after the robbery. The State also presented evidence that Jessica
Ozuna Mann, Mann's wife, pawned a gold watch stolen from McGee and Walker's
This is not an exhaustive summary of the corroborating evidence in this
case, but it shows that the State sufficiently corroborated the accomplice testimony
to fairly connect Mann with the commission of the crime charged. Thus, the trial
court's failure to instruct the jury on accomplice testimony is not reversible error,
and Mann was not prejudiced by his counsel's failure to request the instruction.
Mann has not shown that he received ineffective assistance of counsel.
V. References to Mann's Criminal History and Motions for Mistrial
Next, Mann contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied
his motion(s)for mistrial after repeated references to his criminal history in violation
of pretrial rulings. .
20 No. 75144-1-1/21
Following the trial court's pretrial motions, the State instructed its witnesses
not to talk about Mann's character or that Mann had ever been in jail or prison.
But, Kamela Wood,Wood-Sims mother, mentioned in her testimony that Mann had
been "locked up" and at one point that he had gotten "out of prison." During
Sanders's cross-examination he testified, about Mann,"And I know he wasn't just
going to just let me jump out [of] the car and walk away. He would probably come
look for me, and gun me down or something. So, with that type of individual, that's
what I felt like." The trial court promptly instructed the jury to disregard both Wood's
and Sanders's improper statements.
Mann moved for a mistrial after the State's opening statements in which
counsel stated that Mann had been jailed, and again moved for a mistrial after
Wood's reference to Mann's time in prison. The court denied both motions. The
court gave the defense-proposed limiting instruction, "You heard evidence that
defendant Corey Mann was in custody in 2013. You are not to consider the fact
that the defendant Corey Mann was in custody as evidence of guilty in this matter."
Mann argues that the cumulative effect of repeated references to his propensity
for crime deprived him of a fair trial.
A trial court's denial of a motion for a mistrial is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. State v. Gamble, 168 Wn.2d 161, 177, 225 P.3d 973(2010). A denial
of a motion for mistrial should be overturned only when there is a substantial
likelihood that the prejudice affected the verdict. Id. Thus, when a trial irregularity
occurs, the court must decide its prejudicial effect. Id. In determining the effect of
an irregularity, the court examines (1) its seriousness; (2) whether it involved
21 No. 75144-1-1/22
cumulative evidence; and (3) whether the trial court properly instructed the jury to
disregard it. Id. A trial court has wide discretion to cure trial irregularities resulting
from improper witness statements. Id. In the context of a given case it may be
that improper evidence did not affect the outcome of the trial, and in such situations
a trial court may deny a motion for a mistrial. Id. Although violations of pretrial
orders are generally viewed as serious irregularities, the seriousness is diminished
where the improper testimony is not intentionally elicited and is not provided by
"professional" witnesses like law enforcement officers. See id. at 178.
Here, the witnesses were not professionals, and their remarks were not
responsive to the prosecutor's questions. While the remarks at issue violated the
trial court's pretrial order, the jury was instructed to disregard both statements.
Given the curative instructions, and in the context of the trial as a whole and all the
evidence, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Mann's motions for mistrial.
VI. Cumulative Error
Finally, Mann argues that the cumulative effect of errors at his trial deprived
him of a fair trial and that this court should reverse and remand.
The cumulative error doctrine allows an appellate court to reverse a
conviction based on the combined effect of a number of errors, even if each error
was individually harmless. State v. Weber, 159 Wn.2d 252, 279, 149 P.3d 646
(2006). "The doctrine does not apply where the errors are few and have little or
no effect on the outcome of the trial." Id.
22 No. 75144-1-1/23
We found above that either the errors did not occur, or that Mann has not
demonstrated prejudice from any of the errors he alleges. Therefore, we reject
Mann's cumulative error claim.
We affirm.
WE CONCUR: