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May 31, 2023
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 56574-9-II (Consol. with Respondent No. 56577-3-II and No. 56584-6-II) v.
CHRISTOPHER LEE OLSEN, PUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
LEE, J. — Christopher L. Olsen moved to withdraw his guilty pleas in three separate cases
after our Supreme Court held in State v. Blake1 that the unlawful possession of a controlled
substance statute was unconstitutional. The superior court vacated Olsen’s unlawful possession
of a controlled substance convictions but denied his motions to withdraw his guilty pleas.
Olsen appeals, arguing that he is entitled to withdraw his guilty pleas to not only the
unlawful possession of a controlled substance charges, but also his guilty pleas to the forgery and
second degree unlawful possession of a firearm charges because the pleas were part of an
indivisible plea agreement. Because Olsen is not entitled to withdraw his guilty pleas to the
unlawful possession of a controlled substance charges, the rule regarding withdrawal of indivisible
pleas is not applicable. Therefore, we affirm the superior court.
1 197 Wn.2d 170, 481 P.3d 521 (2021). For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/. No. 56574-9-II (Consol. w/Nos. 56577-3-II and 56584-6-II)
FACTS
On August 15, 2003, the State charged Olsen with forgery committed on August 13, 2003.
Then, on September 10, the State charged Olsen with unlawful possession of a controlled
substance committed on September 7. Olsen pleaded guilty to both charges on the same day.
Separate judgment and sentences, based on two separate cause numbers, were entered on each
conviction.
On October 4, 2005, the State charged Olsen with unlawful possession of a controlled
substance and second degree unlawful possession of a firearm. On January 17, 2006, Olsen
pleaded guilty to both charges.
On October 6, 2021, Olsen filed motions under CrR 7.8, seeking to withdraw his guilty
pleas in all three cases based on our Supreme Court’s decision in Blake. Olsen argued that his
motions were not time barred because his judgment and sentences were facially invalid due to the
fact that his convictions for unlawful possession of a controlled substance were unconstitutional
after the Blake decision. Olsen contended that he was entitled to withdraw his guilty pleas to the
unlawful possession of a controlled substances charges because those convictions were void.
Olsen then argued that his guilty pleas to the 2003 forgery and the 2005 second degree unlawful
possession of a firearm charges were part of indivisible plea agreements with the unlawful
possession of a controlled substance charges, and therefore, he is entitled to withdraw his pleas to
all charges.
At the show cause hearing, Olsen clarified that he was asking to vacate his unlawful
possession of a controlled substance convictions because they were void. Olsen argued that
vacating the convictions required withdrawing his guilty pleas. And because the guilty pleas to
unlawful possession of a controlled substance were indivisible from the guilty pleas to the other
2 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/. No. 56574-9-II (Consol. w/Nos. 56577-3-II and 56584-6-II)
charges, he was entitled to withdraw his guilty pleas to all charges that were part of the indivisible
plea agreements.
The State conceded that Olsen was entitled to have his convictions for unlawful possession
of a controlled substance vacated. But the State argued that vacating those convictions did not
require allowing Olsen to withdraw his guilty pleas because the pleas were valid at the time that
they were entered. Similarly, Olsen was not entitled to withdraw his guilty pleas to the forgery
and second degree unlawful possession of a firearm charges.
The superior court ruled that Olsen’s motions were not time barred because Blake was a
significant, material, retroactive change in the law under RCW 10.73.100(6). The superior court
also ruled that it was not required to allow Olsen to withdraw his voluntarily entered guilty pleas
in order to vacate the unlawful possession of a controlled substance convictions. Thus, the superior
court vacated Olsen’s unlawful possession of a controlled substance convictions, but denied
Olsen’s motions to withdraw his guilty pleas.
Olsen appeals the superior court’s orders denying his motions to withdraw his guilty pleas.
ANALYSIS
Olsen argues that because Blake rendered unlawful possession of a controlled substance a
nonexistent crime, he was entitled to withdraw his guilty pleas to the unlawful possession of a
controlled substance charges. Olsen also argues that because his other convictions were part of
indivisible plea agreements, he must be entitled to withdraw his guilty pleas in its entirety.
When a defendant is entitled to withdraw a guilty plea to one charge in an indivisible plea
agreement, the defendant may move to withdraw the entire plea agreement. State v. Turley, 149
Wn.2d 395, 400, 69 P.3d 338 (2003). But here, Olsen was not entitled to withdraw his guilty pleas
3 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/. No. 56574-9-II (Consol. w/Nos. 56577-3-II and 56584-6-II)
to the unlawful possession of a controlled substance charges; therefore, he also is not entitled to
withdraw his pleas to the forgery and second degree unlawful possession of a firearm charges.
A. OLSEN NOT ENTITLED TO WITHDRAW PLEAS TO UNLAWFUL POSSESSION OF A CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE
We review a trial court’s order on a motion to withdraw a guilty plea for an abuse of
discretion. State v. Lamb, 175 Wn.2d 121, 127, 285 P.3d 27 (2012). “A trial court abuses its
discretion if its decision ‘is manifestly unreasonable or based upon untenable grounds or reasons.’”
Id. (quoting State v. Powell, 126 Wn.2d 244, 258, 893 P.2d 615 (1995)). A decision is based on
untenable reasons if the court relies on an incorrect standard or the facts do not satisfy the correct
standard. Id. A decision is based on untenable grounds if the superior court’s factual findings are
unsupported by the record. Id.
1. Knowing and Voluntary Plea
Olsen contends that he was entitled to withdraw his guilty pleas to the unlawful possession
of a controlled substance charges because (1) the holding in Blake that the unlawful possession of
a controlled substance statute was unconstitutional means that unlawful possession of a controlled
substance was a nonexistent crime at the time he entered his guilty pleas and (2) his guilty pleas
to the unlawful possession of a controlled substance charges were invalid because a defendant
cannot knowingly and voluntarily plead guilty to a nonexistent crime. Therefore, according to
Olsen, the superior court erred in denying his motions to withdraw his guilty pleas to the unlawful
possession of a controlled substance charges. We disagree.
“Due process requires that a guilty plea be knowing, voluntary, and intelligent.” In re Pers.
Restraint of Mayer, 128 Wn. App. 694, 703, 117 P.3d 353 (2005). A guilty plea to a nonexistent
crime is not knowing, voluntary, or intelligent. Id. at 705.
4 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/. No. 56574-9-II (Consol. w/Nos. 56577-3-II and 56584-6-II)
However, a conviction under a statute that is later determined to be unconstitutional is not
the same as a conviction for a nonexistent crime. Rather, a nonexistent crime is conduct which,
as charged, does not violate any criminal statute that existed at the time of the conviction. For
example, in In re Personal Restraint of Andress, our Supreme Court held that second degree felony
murder predicated on an assault was a nonexistent crime because the specific language of the
second degree felony murder statute demonstrated that the Legislature did not intend for assault to
be a predicate felony for felony murder. 147 Wn.2d 602, 611, 56 P.3d 981 (2002) (“The ‘in
furtherance of’ language is strong indication that the Legislature does not intend that assault should
serve as a predicate felony for second degree felony murder.”). Similarly, in In re Personal
Restraint of Richey, our Supreme Court held that the crime of attempted first degree felony murder
does not exist in Washington because attempt is a specific intent crime and a person cannot intend
to commit a crime that does not have an element of intent. 162 Wn.2d 865, 869, 175 P.3d 585
(2008) (“In electing to charge first degree felony murder, the State relieves itself of the burden to
prove an intent to kill or, indeed, any mental element as to the killing itself. It follows that a charge
of attempted felony murder is illogical in that it burdens the State with the necessity of proving
that the defendant intended to commit a crime that does not have an element of intent.”). When a
defendant is convicted of a nonexistent crime, their conduct, as charged, simply does not actually
violate any criminal statute that existed at the time of the plea.
In contrast, Olsen’s conduct in 2003 and 2005 did violate a then existing criminal statute—
unlawful possession of a controlled substance. Unlawful possession of a controlled substance was
not a nonexistent crime; instead, it was a valid crime that was later invalidated.
Moreover, the reasoning underlying why pleading guilty to a nonexistent crime is not
knowing, voluntary, and intelligent does not support Olsen’s contention that his pleas to the
5 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/. No. 56574-9-II (Consol. w/Nos. 56577-3-II and 56584-6-II)
unlawful possession of a controlled substance charges were involuntary. A guilty plea to a
nonexistent crime is invalid because the defendant is unaware of the elements of the offense and
that their conduct fails to satisfy the elements of an offense. See Mayer, 128 Wn. App. at 703-95
(explaining that a guilty plea to a nonexistent crime is not knowing and intelligent because a
defendant is misinformed about the elements of an offense and is unable to evaluate the evidence
or the strength of the State’s case); cf. In re Pers. Restraint of Thompson, 141 Wn.2d 712, 721, 10
P.3d 380 (2000) (plea invalid when defendant did not know that the charge to which he pleaded
was enacted after his criminal conduct). Here, Olsen does not argue that at the time he pleaded
guilty to unlawful possession of a controlled substance, he was misinformed as to the elements of
the charge or that he was unable to determine whether his conduct violated the elements of that
charge.
Also, a subsequent change in the law generally does not render a guilty plea not knowing,
voluntary, or intelligent.2 In Lamb, our Supreme Court held that a guilty plea could not be
withdrawn because of a subsequent change in the law making a juvenile conviction for second
degree burglary an offense that resulted in the loss of right to possess firearms. 175 Wn.2d at 129
(“Whether a plea is voluntary is determined by ascertaining whether the defendant was sufficiently
informed of the direct consequences of the plea that existed at the time of the plea.”) (emphasis in
2 At the time Olsen pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of a controlled substance in 2003 and 2006, the statute making unlawful possession of a controlled substance a criminal offense was deemed constitutional. State v. Cleppe, 96 Wn.2d 373, 380, 635 P.2d 435 (1981) (holding it was within the legislature’s authority to omit an intentional or knowing element to simple possession), cert. denied, 456 U.S. 1006 (1982); State v. Bradshaw, 152 Wn.2d 528, 537, 98 P.3d 1190 (2004) (holding a knowledge element is unnecessary when the legislature intentionally omits a mens rea element), cert. denied, 544 U.S. 922 (2005); State v. Schmeling, 191 Wn. App. 795, 801-02, 365 P.3d 202 (2015) (holding possession as a strict liability crime does not violate due process). It was not until years later, in 2021, that our Supreme Court declared the unlawful possession of a control substance statute unconstitutional. Blake, 197 Wn.2d at 186, 195.
6 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/. No. 56574-9-II (Consol. w/Nos. 56577-3-II and 56584-6-II)
original); see also In re Pers. Restraint of Newlun, 158 Wn. App. 28, 35, 240 P.3d 795 (2010)
(“But, Broce makes it clear that ‘a voluntary plea of guilty intelligently made in the light of the
then applicable law does not become vulnerable because later judicial decisions indicate that the
plea rested on a faulty premise.’” (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States v.
Broce, 488 U.S. 563, 572, 109 S. Ct. 757, 102 L. Ed. 2d 927 (1989))).
Here, Olsen does not argue that he was not aware of the elements of unlawful possession
of a controlled substance or that his conduct failed to satisfy the elements of that offense when he
pleaded guilty in 2003 and 2006. And there is nothing in the record that shows Olsen was
misinformed as to the elements of unlawful possession of a controlled substance nor is there
anything in the record that shows Olsen was not able to determine whether his conduct violated
the elements of the unlawful possession of a controlled substance charge. Therefore, Olsen’s
guilty pleas to the unlawful possession of a controlled substance charges were knowing, voluntary,
and intelligent.
2. Actual and Substantial Prejudice
Even if we agreed with Olsen that his guilty pleas to the unlawful possession of a controlled
substance charges were not knowing, voluntary, and intelligent, the superior court did not err in
denying Olsen’s motion to withdraw his guilty pleas because he cannot show actual and substantial
prejudice.
“A motion to withdraw a plea after judgment has been entered is a collateral attack.” State
v. Buckman, 190 Wn.2d 51, 60, 409 P.3d 193 (2018). To obtain relief in a collateral attack, a
petitioner must show both error and that they were actually and substantially prejudiced. Id.
Therefore, Olsen also needs to show actual and substantial prejudice to be entitled to withdraw his
guilty pleas to the unlawful possession of a controlled substance charges.
7 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/. No. 56574-9-II (Consol. w/Nos. 56577-3-II and 56584-6-II)
“Prejudice at the guilty plea stage means that the defendant would more likely than not
have refused to plead guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.” Id. at 65. To show actual
and substantial prejudice, the petitioner must show that it would have been rational to reject the
plea agreement and proceed to trial under the circumstances. Id. at 66.
“In evaluating claimed prejudice, we engage in an objective, rational person inquiry, rather
than a subjective analysis.” Id. at 66. “‘[A] bare allegation that a petitioner would not have pleaded
guilty if he had known all the consequences of the plea is not sufficient to establish prejudice.’”
Id. at 67 (alterations in original) (quoting In re Pers. Restraint of Riley, 122 Wn.2d 772, 782, 863
P.2d 554 (1993)).
Here, Olsen makes no argument and presents no evidence to support a claim that he was
actually and substantially prejudiced. At the time that Olsen pleaded guilty, there is no reason
supported by the record that a rational person would have rejected the guilty pleas and gone to trial
on the unlawful possession of a controlled substance charges. Olsen does not even offer the bare
assertion that he would have refused to plead guilty and proceeded to trial. Accordingly, Olsen
cannot establish actual and substantial prejudice.
In sum, Olsen fails to show that his guilty pleas to unlawful possession of a controlled
substance were not knowing, voluntary, and intelligent. Olsen also cannot establish actual and
substantial prejudice resulting from his guilty pleas to the unlawful possession of a controlled
substance charges. Therefore, Olsen has failed to show that he was entitled to relief in his CrR 7.8
motion, and the superior court did not abuse its discretion in denying his motion to withdraw his
guilty pleas to the unlawful possession of a controlled substance charges.
8 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/. No. 56574-9-II (Consol. w/Nos. 56577-3-II and 56584-6-II)
B. WITHDRAWAL OF GUILTY PLEAS TO OTHER CHARGES – INDIVISIBILITY OF PLEAS
Olsen also argues that because his pleas to the 2003 forgery and 2005 second degree
unlawful possession of a firearm charges were indivisible from the pleas to the unlawful possession
of a controlled substance charges, he is entitled to withdraw those pleas as well. We disagree.
Olsen relies on Turley. In Turley, the defendant pleaded guilty to one count of first degree
escape and one count of conspiracy to manufacture methamphetamine. 149 Wn.2d at 396. Three
years after the defendant entered his plea, the State moved to amend the judgment and sentence to
include a mandatory term of community custody that was not included in the original plea
agreement or judgment and sentence. Id. at 396-97. After the superior court entered an amended
judgment and sentence, the defendant moved to withdraw his plea agreement. Id. at 397. The
superior court found that the guilty plea to the conspiracy to manufacture methamphetamine was
involuntary because the defendant was not informed of the direct consequences of his plea. Id.
The superior court also found that there was no error in the plea to escape because there was no
mandatory community custody term on that charge. Id. at 397-98. The superior court granted the
defendant’s motion to withdraw his plea to the conspiracy to manufacture methamphetamine
charge but not to the first degree escape charge. Id. at 398.
On appeal, our Supreme Court agreed that Turley had demonstrated that there was a
manifest injustice under CrR 4.2(f)3 and allowed Turley to withdraw the guilty plea to conspiracy
to manufacture methamphetamine. Id. at 398-99. The court then held that “[w]hen the defendant
can show manifest injustice as to one count or charge in an indivisible agreement, the defendant
3 CrR 4.2(f) provides, “The court shall allow a defendant to withdraw the defendant’s plea of guilty whenever it appears that the withdrawal is necessary to correct a manifest injustice.”
9 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/. No. 56574-9-II (Consol. w/Nos. 56577-3-II and 56584-6-II)
may move to withdraw the plea agreement or have specific performance of the agreement.” Id. at
400.
Following Turley, a defendant is entitled to withdraw all pleas in an indivisible plea
agreement when they have demonstrated that they are entitled to withdraw at least one guilty plea
in the indivisible plea agreement. As explained above, Olsen has failed to show that he is entitled
to withdraw his guilty pleas to the unlawful possession of a controlled substance charges. Other
than relying on the argument that he is entitled to withdraw his guilty pleas to the unlawful
possession of a controlled substance charges, Olsen makes no argument that there is an error
entitling him to withdraw his guilty pleas to the 2003 forgery or 2005 second degree unlawful
possession of a firearm charges separate from them being part of an indivisible plea with the
unlawful possession of a controlled substance pleas.
Also, to the extent Olsen is arguing that the Turley holding applies simply because his
convictions for unlawful possession of a controlled substance must be vacated (as opposed to he
should be allowed to withdraw his guilty pleas to unlawful possession of a controlled substance),
the analysis in Turley does not support such an extension of the holding in Turley. The holding in
Turley was based explicitly on the withdrawal of guilty pleas under CrR 4.2. And the court
reasoned that a manifest injustice in one plea justified withdrawal of the other pleas that were part
of an indivisible plea agreement—in other words, a defendant is entitled to withdraw guilty pleas
to all charges in the plea agreement if the defendant shows that they are entitled to withdraw their
guilty plea to at least one charge in an indivisible plea agreement. There is nothing in Turley that
supports extending its holding to situations where a defendant has failed to show that they are
entitled to withdraw at least one of their guilty pleas. Accordingly, Turley’s indivisible plea rule
10 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/. No. 56574-9-II (Consol. w/Nos. 56577-3-II and 56584-6-II)
does not apply here because Olsen has not shown that he is entitled to withdraw any of his guilty
pleas.
Even if the rule in Turley were to be extended to a situation in which some convictions are
vacated (as opposed to allowing the defendant to withdraw the guilty plea), Olsen is not entitled
to withdraw his guilty pleas to the 2003 forgery and 2005 second degree unlawful possession of a
firearm charges. As explained below, the plea to the 2003 forgery charge was not part of an
indivisible plea agreement; therefore, Olsen is not entitled to withdraw his guilty plea to the 2003
forgery charge. With regard to the 2005 second degree unlawful possession of a firearm guilty
plea, while that guilty plea was part of an indivisible plea with the unlawful possession of a
controlled substance guilty plea, Olsen fails to show actual and substantial prejudice; therefore,
Olsen is not entitled to withdraw his guilty plea to the 2005 second degree unlawful possession of
a firearm charge.
1. 2003 and 2005 Pleas
Olsen argues that his 2003 and 2005 plea agreements were indivisible plea agreements.
We disagree with regard to the 2003 guilty plea on the forgery charge, but agree with regard to the
2005 guilty plea on the second degree unlawful possession of a firearm charge.
“A plea agreement is essentially a contract made between a defendant and the State.” Id.
When a defendant is entitled to withdraw one count or charge in an indivisible plea agreement, the
defendant may withdraw the entire plea agreement. Id. “[A] trial court must treat a plea agreement
as indivisible when pleas to multiple counts or charges were made at the same time, described in
one document, and accepted in a single proceeding.” Id.
Here, the 2003 forgery charge was not part of an indivisible plea agreement. Although the
guilty pleas to the forgery and unlawful possession of a controlled substance charges were entered
11 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/. No. 56574-9-II (Consol. w/Nos. 56577-3-II and 56584-6-II)
at the same time and in the same proceeding, the offenses were committed at separate times,
charged in separate informations, and resolved in separate documents. Therefore, the 2003 forgery
charge was not part of an indivisible plea agreement with the 2003 unlawful possession of a
controlled substance charge. Accordingly, even if we extend Turley to circumstances where one
conviction is vacated, Olsen is not entitled to withdraw his guilty plea to the 2003 forgery charge
because it was not part of an indivisible plea agreement.
In contrast, the 2005 unlawful possession of a controlled substance charge and the 2005
second degree unlawful possession of a firearm charge were committed on the same day, charged
in the same information, pleaded guilty to on the same day and in the same document, and resolved
in the same judgment and sentence from the same proceeding. Therefore, Olsen’s guilty plea to
the 2005 charges were part of an indivisible plea agreement. However, although the 2005 guilty
plea to second degree unlawful possession of a firearm was part of an indivisible plea agreement,
Olsen must still show actual and substantial prejudice to be entitled to relief.
As explained above, to obtain relief in a collateral attack, a petitioner must show both error
and that they were actually and substantially prejudiced. Buckman, 190 Wn.2d at 60.4 Thus, to
4 In In re Personal Restraint of Bradley, our Supreme Court applied the indivisible plea rule from Turley and held the petitioner was entitled to withdraw both pleas in an indivisible plea agreement because of an error in one of the pleas without requiring a showing of actual and substantial prejudice. 165 Wn.2d 934, 941-43, 205 P.3d 123 (2009).
Although Bradley appears to support Olsen’s argument, our Supreme Court later disavowed Bradley in Buckman. In Buckman, the court explained:
[W]e briefly veered from [the] clear standard in In re Personal Restraint of Isadore, 151 Wn.2d 294, 296, 88 P.3d 390 (2004), and in In re Personal Restraint of Bradley, 165 Wn.2d 934, 205 P.3d 123 (2009), both of which failed to require the petitioner to show actual and substantial prejudice of any kind. We subsequently
12 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/. No. 56574-9-II (Consol. w/Nos. 56577-3-II and 56584-6-II)
be entitled to relief, Olsen must show that it is more likely than not that he would have refused to
plead guilty and would have gone to trial. See id. at 65. A bare allegation that he would not have
pleaded guilty to the 2005 second degree unlawful possession of a firearm charge is insufficient;
Olsen must show that it would have been rational to reject the plea agreement. See id. at 65-66.
Here, Olsen makes no argument attempting to show actual and substantial prejudice. Olsen
does not even offer a bare assertion that he would not have pleaded guilty or entered the 2005 plea
agreement. Based on the record before us, we can conceive of no argument that shows Olsen was
prejudiced in any way from pleading guilty as charged to the 2005 second degree unlawful
possession of a firearm charge. Therefore, Olsen has failed to meet his burden to show actual and
substantial prejudice, and he is not entitled to withdraw his 2005 guilty plea to the second degree
unlawful possession of a firearm charge.
CONCLUSION
Olsen fails to show that his guilty pleas to unlawful possession of a controlled substance
charges were not entered into knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently. Therefore, although he is
entitled to having his guilty pleas to unlawful possession of a controlled substance vacated
pursuant to Blake, Olsen is not entitled to withdraw his guilty pleas to those charges.
corrected this detour. We have explained that “Isadore did not require the petitioner to show actual and substantial prejudice because the unique circumstances of the case compelled the court to apply the direct appeal standard rather than the personal restraint petition standard.” [In re Pers. Restraint of] Yates, 180 Wn.2d [33,] 40, 321 P.3d 1195 (citing [In re Pers. Restraint of] Stockwell, 179 Wn.2d 588, 316 P.3d 1007 [(2014)]). We further explained that Bradley, by citing Isadore, mistakenly applied that same direct appeal standard.
190 Wn.2d at 63 n.9. Thus, Buckman was clear that to obtain relief from a collateral attack, the petitioner must demonstrate actual and substantial prejudice. Id. at 65.
13 For the current opinion, go to https://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/wareports/. No. 56574-9-II (Consol. w/Nos. 56577-3-II and 56584-6-II)
Because Olsen is not entitled to withdraw his pleas to the unlawful possession of a
controlled substance charges, Turley does not apply. And even if we extend the holding in Turley
to circumstances where a conviction is vacated, there remains no basis to allow Olsen to vacate
his 2003 forgery and 2005 second degree unlawful possession of a firearm guilty pleas. The 2003
guilty plea to forgery was not part of an indivisible plea, and although the 2005 guilty plea to
second degree unlawful possession of a firearm was part of an indivisible plea, Olsen fails to show
actual and substantial prejudice. Therefore, we affirm the superior court’s orders denying Olsen’s
motions to withdraw his guilty pleas.
Lee, J. We concur:
Maxa, P.J.
Che, J.