State of Washington v. Christopher Almaral
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Opinion
FILED APRIL 14, 2022 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) ) No. 37411-4-III Respondent, ) ) v. ) ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION CHRISTOPHER ALMARAL, ) ) Appellant. )
FEARING, J. — Christopher Almaral appeals his convictions for possession of a
controlled substance, unlawful possession of a firearm, and first degree murder. He also
challenges his community custody conditions. Pursuant to State v. Blake, we vacate his
conviction for possession of a controlled substance. We vacate his guilty plea for
unlawful possession of a firearm because the record does not show that Almaral
intelligently pled guilty to the crime. We affirm his conviction for first degree murder.
We remand for resentencing, during which the superior court should further delineate
some of the community custody conditions. No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
FACTS
We draw the facts primarily from trial testimony, including a jail interview of
Appellant Christopher Almaral played to the jury. The prosecution arises from the death
of Stephanie Curtis during the early morning of January 7, 2018. Christopher Almaral
concedes he shot Curtis, but claims self-defense.
Christopher Almaral joined the North Side Varrio (NSV) street gang when twelve
years old. NSV is an affiliate of the nationwide Norteño gang. “Norteño” translates to
“northerner.” The Soreños are a rival nationwide gang. “Soreño” translates to
“southerner.” Norteños wear the color red and Soreños the color blue.
The story of the prosecution begins on the night of January 6, 2018, in Yakima
County. On that evening, Christopher Almaral and his friend Pedro Garcia de la Cruz
patronized a casino in Toppenish. Almaral wore all red, the colors of the NSV gang.
Due to Almaral’s attire, Garcia de la Cruz initially isolated from him because of worry of
a gang-related altercation. After this initial sequestering, the two played near one another
on slot machines.
Stephanie Curtis was in the wrong place at the wrong time. Inside the casino,
Curtis approached Pedro Garcia de la Cruz and Christopher Almaral. She had not known
them before. Curtis left the casino with Almaral and Garcia de la Cruz. Almaral drove,
Garcia de la Cruz sat in the front passenger seat, and Curtis rested in the middle of the
rear seat. The trio drove to a residence in Mill Pond, outside of Ellensburg, to party at the
2 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
home of two of Almaral’s friends. On the way, the group stopped at a Toppenish gas
station to purchase beer. The three also stopped twice in Yakima respectively to procure
condoms and a bottle of wine. Later, the triad stopped on the side of the road for
Stephanie Curtis to relieve herself. During this stop, Almaral plucked a handgun from his
jacket and shot it into the air, before redepositing it into his jacket. The group stopped
one more time so that the men could also relieve themselves.
Christopher Almaral testified that, during the final rest stop before arriving at Mill
Pond and after he used restroom facilities, he saw Stephanie Curtis standing and
shivering outside. Almaral spoke of a blanket in his vehicle’s trunk. When Almaral
accessed the trunk, Curtis spied a short-barreled shotgun within the trunk. A curious
Curtis questioned Almaral about the firearm. Almaral explained that the object was a
shotgun, and he demonstrated how it functioned. Thereafter, Garcia de la Cruz returned
from the restroom, at which time Almaral and Curtis reentered the car, while leaving the
blanket and shotgun in the trunk.
On reaching the party site in Mill Pond, Christopher Almaral, Stephanie Curtis,
and Pedro Garcia de la Cruz entered the residential trailer. Almaral intook cocaine, and
Curtis drank alcohol. Almaral planned to spend the night at his friends’ Mill Pond
residence and take Curtis to her Yakima home the following day. Almaral’s friends,
however, did not feel comfortable with Curtis spending the night in the trailer. They
informed Almaral that he alone could stay the night.
3 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
During the party, Pedro Garcia de la Cruz and Stephanie Curtis left to purchase
tacos from a Jack in the Box restaurant. Based on the restaurant security footage, the two
frequented the restaurant at 3:08 a.m. While in the Taco Bell drive-through, to the
surprise of Garcia de la Cruz, Curtis kissed him. Not long after the duad returned, the
partygoers indulged themselves in tacos, and Garcia de la Cruz stepped outside to smoke
a cigarette. While Garcia de la Cruz remained outside, Christopher Almaral and Curtis
drove from the trailer. When Garcia de la Cruz returned to the residence, one reveler
informed him that Almaral mentioned, “‘They’ll be back.’” Report of Proceedings (RP)
(Dec. 6, 2019) at 634.
Pedro Garcia de la Cruz, realizing he had left his keys in Christopher Almaral’s
vehicle, texted Almaral, at 3:29 a.m., to return to the trailer. At 3:33 a.m., Almaral
replied via text, “‘I’m just about ready to come back[.]’” RP (Dec. 6, 2019) at 647.
Soon after, Almaral informed Garcia de la Cruz that he “‘just wanted to talk to her
[Curtis] about something.’” RP (Dec. 6, 2019) at 647. Almaral sent Garcia de la Cruz
an additional message stating “‘Just let me do this thing and I’ll go.’” RP (Dec. 6, 2019)
at 647. From this message, Garcia de la Cruz interpreted that Almaral desired sex with
Curtis.
During trial, Christopher Almaral testified that he killed Stephanie Curtis in self-
defense. According to Almaral, en route to Yakima along the old route on Canyon Road,
he concluded that he could not drive, presumably due to his use of alcohol and cocaine.
4 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
Thus, Almaral stopped the car, awoke Stephanie Curtis, and explained to Curtis that he
could not drive to Yakima. While the two stood outside the car, Almaral told Curtis that
she needed to return home alone. Almaral offered to give Curtis cash and his blanket.
According to Almaral, once Curtis realized she would be left alone in the middle of the
cold night, an angry Curtis attempted to reenter Almaral’s vehicle. Almaral blocked her
from entering the car. Curtis attempted to push him away and hit him twice in the chest.
Christopher Almaral further testified at trial that Stephanie Curtis approached
close enough to him to grab his handgun from his jacket pocket. He stepped back and
held his hands in front of her to prevent her from nearing him. Almaral then walked to
the back of his car to retrieve his blanket for Curtis. As he reached into the trunk for the
blanket, Curtis rushed him and pushed him two feet from the car. Almaral heard a click
and turned toward his vehicle to witness Curtis wielding the shotgun she had retrieved
from the car’s trunk.
According to Christopher Almaral’s trial testimony, he slowly approached
Stephanie Curtis with his left arm stretched. He placed his hand on the top of the gun and
pointed it away. As Almaral attempted to disarm Curtis, she pulled away from him.
Almaral apologized by commenting he felt guilty for leaving her alone in the cold, but
that he could not finish the drive. Curtis drew nearer Almaral, put her forehead to his
chest, gazed at his face, and kissed him. Suddenly Curtis kicked Almaral’s crotch with
her left knee.
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FILED APRIL 14, 2022 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) ) No. 37411-4-III Respondent, ) ) v. ) ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION CHRISTOPHER ALMARAL, ) ) Appellant. )
FEARING, J. — Christopher Almaral appeals his convictions for possession of a
controlled substance, unlawful possession of a firearm, and first degree murder. He also
challenges his community custody conditions. Pursuant to State v. Blake, we vacate his
conviction for possession of a controlled substance. We vacate his guilty plea for
unlawful possession of a firearm because the record does not show that Almaral
intelligently pled guilty to the crime. We affirm his conviction for first degree murder.
We remand for resentencing, during which the superior court should further delineate
some of the community custody conditions. No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
FACTS
We draw the facts primarily from trial testimony, including a jail interview of
Appellant Christopher Almaral played to the jury. The prosecution arises from the death
of Stephanie Curtis during the early morning of January 7, 2018. Christopher Almaral
concedes he shot Curtis, but claims self-defense.
Christopher Almaral joined the North Side Varrio (NSV) street gang when twelve
years old. NSV is an affiliate of the nationwide Norteño gang. “Norteño” translates to
“northerner.” The Soreños are a rival nationwide gang. “Soreño” translates to
“southerner.” Norteños wear the color red and Soreños the color blue.
The story of the prosecution begins on the night of January 6, 2018, in Yakima
County. On that evening, Christopher Almaral and his friend Pedro Garcia de la Cruz
patronized a casino in Toppenish. Almaral wore all red, the colors of the NSV gang.
Due to Almaral’s attire, Garcia de la Cruz initially isolated from him because of worry of
a gang-related altercation. After this initial sequestering, the two played near one another
on slot machines.
Stephanie Curtis was in the wrong place at the wrong time. Inside the casino,
Curtis approached Pedro Garcia de la Cruz and Christopher Almaral. She had not known
them before. Curtis left the casino with Almaral and Garcia de la Cruz. Almaral drove,
Garcia de la Cruz sat in the front passenger seat, and Curtis rested in the middle of the
rear seat. The trio drove to a residence in Mill Pond, outside of Ellensburg, to party at the
2 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
home of two of Almaral’s friends. On the way, the group stopped at a Toppenish gas
station to purchase beer. The three also stopped twice in Yakima respectively to procure
condoms and a bottle of wine. Later, the triad stopped on the side of the road for
Stephanie Curtis to relieve herself. During this stop, Almaral plucked a handgun from his
jacket and shot it into the air, before redepositing it into his jacket. The group stopped
one more time so that the men could also relieve themselves.
Christopher Almaral testified that, during the final rest stop before arriving at Mill
Pond and after he used restroom facilities, he saw Stephanie Curtis standing and
shivering outside. Almaral spoke of a blanket in his vehicle’s trunk. When Almaral
accessed the trunk, Curtis spied a short-barreled shotgun within the trunk. A curious
Curtis questioned Almaral about the firearm. Almaral explained that the object was a
shotgun, and he demonstrated how it functioned. Thereafter, Garcia de la Cruz returned
from the restroom, at which time Almaral and Curtis reentered the car, while leaving the
blanket and shotgun in the trunk.
On reaching the party site in Mill Pond, Christopher Almaral, Stephanie Curtis,
and Pedro Garcia de la Cruz entered the residential trailer. Almaral intook cocaine, and
Curtis drank alcohol. Almaral planned to spend the night at his friends’ Mill Pond
residence and take Curtis to her Yakima home the following day. Almaral’s friends,
however, did not feel comfortable with Curtis spending the night in the trailer. They
informed Almaral that he alone could stay the night.
3 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
During the party, Pedro Garcia de la Cruz and Stephanie Curtis left to purchase
tacos from a Jack in the Box restaurant. Based on the restaurant security footage, the two
frequented the restaurant at 3:08 a.m. While in the Taco Bell drive-through, to the
surprise of Garcia de la Cruz, Curtis kissed him. Not long after the duad returned, the
partygoers indulged themselves in tacos, and Garcia de la Cruz stepped outside to smoke
a cigarette. While Garcia de la Cruz remained outside, Christopher Almaral and Curtis
drove from the trailer. When Garcia de la Cruz returned to the residence, one reveler
informed him that Almaral mentioned, “‘They’ll be back.’” Report of Proceedings (RP)
(Dec. 6, 2019) at 634.
Pedro Garcia de la Cruz, realizing he had left his keys in Christopher Almaral’s
vehicle, texted Almaral, at 3:29 a.m., to return to the trailer. At 3:33 a.m., Almaral
replied via text, “‘I’m just about ready to come back[.]’” RP (Dec. 6, 2019) at 647.
Soon after, Almaral informed Garcia de la Cruz that he “‘just wanted to talk to her
[Curtis] about something.’” RP (Dec. 6, 2019) at 647. Almaral sent Garcia de la Cruz
an additional message stating “‘Just let me do this thing and I’ll go.’” RP (Dec. 6, 2019)
at 647. From this message, Garcia de la Cruz interpreted that Almaral desired sex with
Curtis.
During trial, Christopher Almaral testified that he killed Stephanie Curtis in self-
defense. According to Almaral, en route to Yakima along the old route on Canyon Road,
he concluded that he could not drive, presumably due to his use of alcohol and cocaine.
4 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
Thus, Almaral stopped the car, awoke Stephanie Curtis, and explained to Curtis that he
could not drive to Yakima. While the two stood outside the car, Almaral told Curtis that
she needed to return home alone. Almaral offered to give Curtis cash and his blanket.
According to Almaral, once Curtis realized she would be left alone in the middle of the
cold night, an angry Curtis attempted to reenter Almaral’s vehicle. Almaral blocked her
from entering the car. Curtis attempted to push him away and hit him twice in the chest.
Christopher Almaral further testified at trial that Stephanie Curtis approached
close enough to him to grab his handgun from his jacket pocket. He stepped back and
held his hands in front of her to prevent her from nearing him. Almaral then walked to
the back of his car to retrieve his blanket for Curtis. As he reached into the trunk for the
blanket, Curtis rushed him and pushed him two feet from the car. Almaral heard a click
and turned toward his vehicle to witness Curtis wielding the shotgun she had retrieved
from the car’s trunk.
According to Christopher Almaral’s trial testimony, he slowly approached
Stephanie Curtis with his left arm stretched. He placed his hand on the top of the gun and
pointed it away. As Almaral attempted to disarm Curtis, she pulled away from him.
Almaral apologized by commenting he felt guilty for leaving her alone in the cold, but
that he could not finish the drive. Curtis drew nearer Almaral, put her forehead to his
chest, gazed at his face, and kissed him. Suddenly Curtis kicked Almaral’s crotch with
her left knee. Almaral pushed Curtis. Curtis aimed at Almaral with the shotgun.
5 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
Almaral quickly drew his handgun and twice discharged the weapon.
Christopher Almaral testified that he approached Stephanie Curtis’ body and
tapped her foot with his. When Curtis did not respond, he recovered the shotgun and
placed it in his car’s trunk. Almaral returned to his friends’ trailer to retrieve Pedro
Garcia de la Cruz and take him home.
Christopher Almaral returned to Mill Pond without Stephanie Curtis. Almaral
explained to Pedro Garcia de la Cruz that he had already left Curtis at her home. Almaral
drove Garcia de la Cruz home without further mention of Curtis.
Between 7:00 and 7:30 a.m. on a snowy, freezing January 7, 2018, Jon Tollman
observed a “flash of color” on the side of the road as he drove to work. RP (Dec. 4,
2019) at 321. Tollman stopped to look. Tollman found the body of Stephanie Curtis.
Tollman called law enforcement.
At 7:44 a.m., Kittitas County Sheriff’s Office Corporal James Woody arrived at
the location of Stephanie Curtis’ body. Corporal Woody surmised that Curtis did not die
due to natural causes. Law enforcement identified Curtis by a Toppenish hospital
bracelet she wore on her right wrist. The bracelet, dated January 5, 2018, listed her name
and birthdate. Sheriff deputies confirmed Curtis’ identity by her driver’s license
photograph viewed on a patrol car’s computer.
6 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
Law enforcement transported Stephanie Curtis’ remains for X-rays. The resulting
radiographs revealed two bullets resting within Curtis’ body, one in her head and the
other in her torso.
On January 9, 2018, Stanley Adams, M.D. performed an autopsy on Stephanie
Curtis’ corpse. Dr. Adams concluded that a gunshot wound to her head killed her.
Adams further opined that a first gunshot wound to Curtis’ chest would have led to her
death within a few minutes if the second bullet had not intervened.
Dr. Stanley Adams determined that the two bullets entered Stephanie Curtis at a
sharp, downward angle. The bullet to the chest entered at a height of 54.5 inches from
Curtis’ left heel and exited from the back of her torso 46 inches from her left heel. Dr.
Adams opined that the shot to Curtis’ chest occurred from two inches to three feet away
and that the shot to her head occurred within two feet away.
Law enforcement had yet to identify anyone who participated in the death of
Stephanie Curtis. In Curtis’ left jacket pocket, law enforcement located a Wapato Dollar
Tree receipt dated January 6, 2018, and timestamped at 8:43 p.m. The Wapato Police
Department obtained video surveillance footage from the Dollar Tree. The footage
confirmed that Curtis visited the store with an individual later identified as Valentine
Romero Ramirez.
On January 10, 2018, Wapato police contacted and interviewed Valentine Romero
Ramirez, who informed detectives that he dropped Stephanie Curtis at the Toppenish
7 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
casino between 10:00 p.m. and midnight on the evening of January 6, 2018. Surveillance
footage from the casino captured Curtis meeting Christopher Almaral and Pedro Garcia
de la Cruz, although neither the casino nor law enforcement knew the two men’s identity.
The footage showed the trio leaving the casino in a 2016 red Mercedes-Benz. The
footage did not display the vehicle’s license plate.
On January 11, 2018, Kittitas County Sheriff’s Office Detective Jerry Shuart saw a
vehicle that matched the description of the Mercedes-Benz from the casino surveillance
footage. Detective Shuart noticed the license plate number for the vehicle and identified
the car’s owner as Christopher Almaral’s father, Dennis Almaral. Dennis registered the
vehicle at a Benton City address. The Benton County Sheriff’s Office told Kittitas
County detectives that Dennis and Christopher Almaral resided in Benton City.
Detectives compared Christopher’s driver’s license photo and photos from his Facebook
account to the Toppenish casino security footage, after which they concluded that
Christopher had driven the red Mercedes on the night of January 6, 2018.
After obtaining a search warrant, law enforcement searched Christopher Almaral’s
Ellensburg residence, where he lived with his mother and brother. Police seized, from
the home, a modified, short-barreled shotgun and red pants matching those seen on the
casino surveillance footage. During a search of Almaral’s red Mercedes-Benz, detectives
seized a red bandana and red jacket Almaral wore at the casino and a handgun later
identified to have caused Curtis’ death. The handgun had been stolen.
8 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
Christopher Almaral testified that, after ending Stephanie Curtis’ life, he sought
self-medication through drugs. He got high on drugs every day until law enforcement
interviewed him on January 16, 2018.
On January 16, 2018, law enforcement detained Christopher Almaral and
interviewed him. Detectives with the Kittitas County Sheriff’s Office suspected that
Stephanie Curtis’ murder may have been gang-related. Accordingly, the detectives
sought the assistance of Yakima Police Department Detective David Cortez, an expert in
street gang culture. Detective Cortez attended the Kittitas County Sheriff’s Office’s
interview of Christopher Almaral. At trial, the court declared Detective Cortez to be an
expert in street gang culture. Cortez’ trial testimony shed luminous light on gang culture,
clothing, and language.
During the jail interview, Christopher Almaral acknowledged that he socialized
with Stephanie Curtis at the Toppenish casino on January 6, 2018. Detective David
Cortez asked Almaral whether he was a Norteño or whether he was involved with any
street gangs that go by NSV.
Christopher Almaral responded to Detective David Cortez’ questioning by
identifying himself as a “Varrio.” According to Detective Cortez, “varrio” like “barrio,”
in Spanish, means “neighborhood.” RP at 702. Later in the interview, Almaral identified
himself as a Norteño. Almaral explained that, when he met Curtis, he felt suspicious of
9 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
her. He ruminated that Curtis was “scrap” and may have wished to lead him to calamity.
“Scrap” is a derogatory term used by Norteños for Soreños. RP (Dec. 10, 2019) at 705.
During the custodial interview, Christopher Almaral commented about being
“flamed up” while at the casino, meaning that he bore only red clothes and accessories.
Br. of Resp’t at 19. Stephanie Curtis wore a blue jacket, a fact that worried Almaral that
she worked for the Soreños. As a result of his suspicions, Almaral scrutinized his
environs while at the casino. During the interview, Almaral added that Curtis approached
him and stated she wanted to get drunk. An otherwise suspicious Almaral departed from
the casino with Curtis and Pedro Garcia de la Cruz.
During the jail interview, Detective David Cortez asked Christopher Almaral what
led to Stephanie Curtis’ death. Almaral responded that Curtis disclosed that she was
raised in foster homes and had no family in the Yakima Valley. Curtis’ comment
unnerved Almaral and caused him again to suspect a ruse. According to Almaral, after
Curtis made this comment, she repeatedly requested Almaral’s phone, which made
Almaral more wary. At one point, Almaral told her:
[Y]ou need to calm down. This shit ain’t right. If it’s a set up . . . fuck then, I don’t know. . . . I don’t know what to say, you fucked up.
Exhibit 125.
During the interview, Christopher Almaral commented that “honestly . . . I pretty
much made myself out there,” by going into the casino “[a]ll [flamed] up.” RP (Dec. 10,
10 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
2019) at 732. Stephanie Curtis interrogated him throughout the night. She asked
Almaral why he wore all red. He responded that red was his favorite color. While in the
car, Curtis also asked Almaral why he had a red bandana on his car’s review mirror.
Curtis remarked:
Oh well now it all makes sense, . . . [y]ou’re a gangster, huh[?]
RP (Dec. 10, 2019) at 748.
Christopher Almaral told detectives that he left his friend, Pedro Garcia de la
Cruz, in Mill Pond and informed him that he intended to leave with Stephanie Curtis to
speak to her alone. Almaral wanted to determine why Curtis kept asking to access his
phone. On the trip to Yakima, Almaral stopped his car and conversed with Curtis
outside. Almaral intended to leave Curtis by the side of the road, but did not intend to
hurt her. Curtis then stepped closer to Almaral and began hugging him. Curtis reached
for his handgun. In response, Almaral shoved Curtis.
Christopher Almaral continued his narrative during the custodial questioning.
Almaral and Stephanie Curtis argued while standing near the back of Almaral’s car.
Curtis attempted to reenter Almaral’s vehicle, but he blocked her access. Almaral ask her
about why she befriended him at the casino. Curtis did not answer, went to hug Almaral
again, told him that she felt cold, and stated she wanted to return inside the car. While
she hugged him, Curtis reached for his firearm a second time. Almaral drew his weapon
11 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
and shot Curtis twice with the barrel of his gun two to two and a half feet from her. He
did not view Curtis lying on the ground, but returned to his car.
Christopher Almaral disclosed during the detective interview that, after shooting
Stephanie Curtis, he retired to his Ellensburg home, where he drank alcohol and finished
an eight ball, an eighth of an ounce of cocaine. Almaral told detectives he questioned his
behavior.
PROCEDURE
The State of Washington charged Christopher Almaral, by second amended
information, with one count each of (1) murder in the first degree of Stephanie Curtis, (2)
possession of a stolen firearm, the handgun (3) possession of a controlled substance,
cocaine, and (4) possession of an unlawful firearm, a short-barreled shotgun or rifle. The
State further alleged that Almaral murdered Curtis with a firearm.
Christopher Almaral pled guilty to the possession of a controlled substance and
possession of an unlawful firearm charges. In his statement on his plea of guilt, in his
own words, Almaral wrote the factual basis for his guilt on the two charges:
In Kittitas County on January 16, 2018 I possessed cocaine and a short barrelled [sic] shotgun, which is an unlawful firearm.
CP at 159. During the plea hearing, the superior court asked Christopher Almaral
whether he had reviewed his guilty plea statement with his attorney, to which Almaral
responded affirmatively. Almaral informed the court that he had no questions about the
12 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
document. The court inquired how short a shotgun needed to be to qualify as a short-
barreled shotgun. The prosecutor answered, and defense counsel agreed, that the gun
needed to be shorter than 26 inches in length. The court then asked Almaral whether his
shotgun measured less than 26 inches in length. Almaral responded, “[y]es, sir.” RP
(Dec. 3, 2019) at 69.
During trial, the State questioned Christopher Almaral about his custodial
statement, in which he told detectives that he felt that Stephanie Curtis sought to trap
him. Almaral responded that, at the time of returning Curtis to Yakima, he was coming
down from a high. He could not remember what transpired during the early morning of
January 7, 2018. He further commented that, because the interviewing detectives asked
about gangs, he believed the officers only wished to question him about gang
involvement and not a murder. He agreed understatedly, with the State’s attorney, that
his custodial statement differed from his trial testimony.
During trial, Christopher Almaral acknowledged that, at the time of the shooting,
he was 6 feet 1 inch tall and weighed 260 to 270 pounds, while Stephanie Curtis stood 5
feet 6 inches tall and weighed 140 pounds. Almaral also testified that, despite not
remembering the events of early morning January 7, Curtis never actually grabbed for his
handgun, contrary to what he told detectives during the interview, and that she never
pulled the trigger of the shotgun. Almaral admitted that Curtis never threatened to kill
him.
13 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
The superior court delivered numerous standard jury instructions for the crimes
charged. Jury instruction 12, the first degree murder instruction, read:
To convict the defendant of the crime of murder in the first degree, each of the following elements of the crime must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) That on or about January 7, 2018, the defendant acted with intent to cause the death of Stephanie Curtis; (2) That the intent to cause the death was premeditated; (3) That Stephanie Curtis died as a result of the defendant’s acts; and (4) That any of these acts occurred in the State of Washington. If you find from the evidence that each of these elements has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, then it will be your duty to return a verdict of guilty. On the other hand, if after weighing all of the evidence you have a reasonable doubt as to any one of these elements, then it will be your duty to return a verdict of not guilty.
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 210. The trial court provided the jury with instructions on the
charge of the lesser included offense of second degree murder with a firearm. The court
further instructed the jury, in jury instruction 13, how to address two levels of a crime:
The defendant is charged in count 1 with Murder in the First Degree. If, after full and careful deliberation on this charge, you are not satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty, then you will consider whether the defendant is guilty of the lesser crime of Murder in the Second Degree. When a crime has been proved against a person, and there exists a reasonable doubt as to which of two or more degrees that person is guilty, he or she shall be convicted only of the lowest degree.
CP at 211.
14 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
The superior court delivered Christopher Almaral’s requested self-defense
instructions. Additionally, the court provided a first aggressor instruction. The first
aggressor instruction provided:
No person may, by any intentional act reasonably likely to provoke a belligerent response, create a necessity for acting in self-defense and thereupon kill another person. Therefore, if you find beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was the aggressor, and that defendant’s acts and conduct provoked or commenced the fight, then self-defense is not available as a defense.
CP at 216. Almaral did not object to the inclusion of the first aggressor instruction.
Neither counsel mentioned the latter instruction during closing arguments.
At the outset of the State’s closing argument, the prosecutor told the jury: “[t]he
State has the burden of proof. Hold us to that.” RP (Dec. 11, 2019) at 3. During its
closing argument, the State attacked Christopher Almaral’s credibility and highlighted
that he provided two versions of events leading to Stephanie Curtis’ death. Throughout
closing, the prosecutor repeatedly referred to Almaral as a Norteño:
At the start of this case, I suggested that in some ways this case would be easy. . . . What I did not anticipate at that time is that as you sat here deliberating about this case you would be sitting with two different versions of events from Mr. Almaral. .... You can call these versions one and versions two. In version one while talking with law enforcement we have a flamed up Norteno. He is irritated, he’s upset. He’s being bugged. He’s being mad-dogged. He is being set up. He is suspicious for hours until he finally acts upon that driving Ms. Curtis into the [Yakima River] canyon where she was killed. In version two we have a kinder, gentler, Norteno. We have a gentlemen who intended no harm to Ms. Curtis. We have a Norteno who
15 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
wasn’t looking for trouble just trying to fly under the radar screen. A Norteno who was unable to drive his vehicle to get Ms. Curtis safely home.
RP (Dec. 11, 2019) at 1-2 (emphasis added).
In this case, I would suggest that there’s an attempt to have an oratory [sic] illusion because we now have two versions that really are not lining up. We have two versions a [sic] old version, the old Norteno flamed up Norteno. You see, you see, you look at this, the new version, the kinder, gentler version, which we see here. Can you decipher where the truth lies?
RP (Dec. 11, 2019) at 11 (emphasis added).
Does common sense and the facts presented in this case indicate that on January 6th or 7th Mr. Almaral was a flamed up Norteno looking for trouble, or that he was a new, kinder, gentle Norteno flying under the radar screen not desiring to harm anyone? He was a kinder, gentler Norteno going into territory, such as the casino.
RP (December 11, 2019) at 18 (emphasis added). Christopher Almaral did not object to
the State’s attorney’s remarks.
During its argument, the prosecution displayed a PowerPoint presentation to the
jury. The presentation included a slide relating to jury instruction 12, the instruction
enumerating the elements of murder in the first degree. CP 286, 293, 312. The slide
read, in relevant part:
INSTRUCTION 12 - That on January 7, 2018, the defendant acted with intent to cause the death of Stephanie Curtis; - That the intent to cause death was premeditated; - That Stephanie Curtis died as a result of the defendant’s acts; and - That any of these acts occurred in the State of Washington. - PROVEN BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT YOUR DUTY
16 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
TO RETURN A VERDICT OF GUILTY
CP at 286, 293, 312 (boldface omitted). We label this slide as “the first degree murder
slide.” Note that the prosecution headlined the slide as referencing jury instruction 12.
Nevertheless, the State omitted the two paragraphs at the end of instruction 12 and added
language beyond the content of the jury instruction: “PROVEN BEYOND A
REASONABLE DOUBT YOUR DUTY TO RETURN A VERDICT OF GUILTY.”
Christopher Almaral did not object to the showing of this slide.
The first time the prosecutor showed the first degree murder slide, he stated:
The last part there of that instruction—If you find that the state has proven those elements beyond a reasonable doubt it will be your duty to return a verdict of guilty.
RP (Dec. 11, 2019) at 5 (emphasis added). On the second occasion the slide appeared,
the State’s attorney commented:
So, [the slide] looks different right now. That’s because I want you to notice that I have highlighted in red . . . what I believe without saying anything further, you can already say that has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt. And the defendant acted with intent to cause the death of Stephanie Curtis. She died as a result of the defendant’s acts, that the acts occurred in the state of Washington. As to Murder 1, all that is left is whether the intent was premeditated.
RP (Dec. 11, 2019) at 8 (emphasis added). When showing the slide for the last time, the
prosecutor discussed premeditation and the absence of self-defense:
So, murder in the first degree. January 7; Intent to cause the death of
17 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
Stephanie Curtis; That intent was premeditated; She died as a result of those acts; The acts occurred in the State of Washington. The screen is now full.
RP (Dec. 11, 2019) at 28 (emphasis added).
The prosecutor’s PowerPoint presentation included a slide relating to the lesser
included offense of murder in the second degree:
Murder One v. Murder Two - Murder one is charged - Murder two is considered lesser included offense - Difference - - Premeditation - Intentional Killing - NOT CONSIDER MURDER TWO UNTIL DECIDE PREMEDITATION DOES NOT EXIST
CP at 282 (boldface omitted). We label this slide as “the second degree murder” slide.
Christopher Almaral also did not object to this slide. While presenting this second slide
to the jury, the prosecutor intoned:
Let’s talk about murder in the second degree. Without considering anything else, every element has been matched up. The date, that the acts were done with intent, that she died as a result of those acts, and those acts occurred in the State of Washington. With nothing further if you were to get to murder in the second degree. Check, check, check.
RP (Dec. 11, 2019) at 8.
The jury found Christopher Almaral guilty of first degree murder and that he
committed the crime with a firearm. The jury found Almaral not guilty of possession of a
stolen firearm.
18 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
In addition to sentencing Christopher Almaral to a lengthy term in prison, the
superior court imposed 36 months’ community custody for the first degree murder charge
and 12 months’ community custody for the possession of a controlled substance charge.
The relevant conditions of the imposed community custody include the following:
7. Do not associate with persons involved in the purchase, possession, consumption, manufacture, or sale of illegal drugs. .... 14. Do not possess any gang or gang related paraphernalia. 15. Do not use any gang names or monikers. 16. Do not engage in gang activities in any form, including but not limited to wearing of colors; flashing/showing signs; associating with gang members, prospects, and associates; attending meetings; or “doing work.[”] 17. Do not associate with persons involved in gang activities. 18. Do not enter or remain in any establishment, home, business, or other location that is owned, operated, or used by the gang.
CP at 378.
LAW AND ANALYSIS
On appeal, Christopher Almaral assigns numerous errors to the superior court
proceedings. First, he argues that he did not knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently
plead guilty to unlawful possession of a firearm. Second, Almaral contends that the
State’s attorney committed prosecutorial misconduct when showing the jury misleading
PowerPoint slides and when emphasizing Almaral’s membership in the Norteño gang.
Third, he maintains that his trial counsel performed ineffectively when failing to object to
a first aggressor jury instruction. Fourth, he challenges the validity of his conviction for
19 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
possession of a controlled substance. Fifth, he seeks to void some of his community
custody conditions. We address these assignments of error in such order.
Unlawful Possession of a Firearm Plea
Christopher Almaral asserts that the factual basis for his guilty plea to the
possession of an unlawful firearm charge is insufficient to demonstrate that he entered the
plea knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently. He argues that the record does not
mention his mental state at the time of the alleged offense or any mens rea element. We
agree.
Due process requires that a guilty plea be voluntary, knowing, and intelligent.
State v. R.L.D., 132 Wn. App. 699, 705, 133 P.3d 505 (2006). A defendant must not only
know the elements of the offense, but also must understand that the alleged criminal
conduct satisfies those elements. State v. R.L.D., 132 Wn. App. at 705.
RCW 9.41.190 governs unlawful firearms. The statute declares, in relevant part:
(1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, it is unlawful for any person to: (a) Manufacture, own, buy, sell, loan, furnish, transport, or have in possession or under control, any . . . short barreled shotgun, or short- barreled rifle.
(Emphasis added.) RCW 9.41.010(29) defines a “short-barreled rifle” as:
a rifle having one or more barrels less than sixteen inches in length and any weapon made from a rifle by any means of modification if such modified weapon has an overall length of less than twenty-six inches.
20 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
(Emphasis added.) RCW 9.41.010(30) also defines a “short-barreled shotgun” as a
shotgun measuring less than twenty-six inches in overall length.
RCW 9.41.190 does not expressly identify a means rea requirement. The
Washington Supreme Court has chosen not to read the statute as permitting strict liability
for possession. State v. Williams, 158 Wn.2d 904, 915-16, 148 P.3d 993 (2006).
Because a citizen possesses a constitutional right to bear arms under both the United
States and Washington State Constitutions, the Supreme Court also does not want to
impose criminal liability unless the possessor knew of the characteristics of the gun
rendering possession unlawful. State v. Williams, 158 Wn.2d 904, 913 (2006).
Therefore, the State must prove that the accused have: (1) knowledge that he or she
possesses a short-barreled shotgun or rifle, and (2) knowledge of the weapon’s
characteristics that renders possession of the weapon unlawful. State v. Williams, 158
Wn.2d 904, 909 (2006). The State carries its burden if it proves that the accused should
have known of the unlawful characteristics of the firearm. State v. Williams, 158 Wn.2d
904, 915-16 (2006). In Williams, the court added that the State may not encounter
difficulty establishing constructive knowledge when the accused possessed the firearm
over an extended period of time.
The State charged Christopher Almaral with possession of an unlawful firearm.
The charging language for the count stated that “CHRISTOPHER ALMARAL . . . on or
21 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
about January 16, 2018, did knowingly . . . have in possession or under control, any . . .
short-barreled shotgun.” CP at 57 (emphasis added).
Before the plea agreement with Christopher Almaral, the State filed proposed jury
instructions. One instruction read that the State charged Almaral with the crime of
possession of an unlawful firearm, a charge which “alleges that in the State of
Washington, on or about January 16, 2018 the defendant did knowingly have in his
possession or under his control, a short-barreled shotgun.” CP at 63 (emphasis added).
Another instruction read that “A person commits the crime of possession of a short-
barreled firearm when he knowingly owns or has in his possession or control any short-
barreled firearm.” CP at 126 (emphasis added). A third instruction, the to-convict
instruction for the unlawful possession charge, identified, as an element, “That on or
about January 16, 2018, the defendant knowingly owned a short-barreled firearm or
knowingly had a short-barreled firearm in his possession or control.” CP at 128
(emphasis added). Neither the information, nor the proposed jury instructions, expressly
read that Almaral knew or should have known of the characteristics of the firearm.
The factual basis for Christopher Almaral’s plea of guilty to the possession of
unlawful firearm charge tersely declared: “In Kittitas County on January 16, 2018[,] I
possessed . . . a short barrelled [sic] shotgun, which is an unlawful firearm.” CP at 159.
The trial court asked Almaral at the plea hearing whether the length of the shotgun he
possessed extended less than twenty-six inches, and Almaral answered, “Yes, sir.” RP
22 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
(Dec. 3, 2019) at 69. Nevertheless, the court did not ask Almaral and Almaral did not
volunteer that he knew the length of the barrel on January 16, 2018.
A person who owns or possesses a firearm, but knows not the characteristics
rendering the gun unlawful, presumably would assess its unlawful characteristic before
pleading guilty to unlawful possession. For example, if a person had not previously
measured the length of a shotgun’s barrel, he would likely measure it and determine that
it was shorter than twenty-six inches before agreeing to plead guilty. Nevertheless, his
knowledge of the unlawful length of the shotgun at the time of the plea does not mean he
possessed this knowledge on the charging date.
The record does not reflect that Christopher Almaral knew or should have known
at the time of possession of the unlawful length of the shotgun. If Almaral had such
knowledge the State should have ensured that the factual statement in the guilty plea
expressed that knowledge. Without such confirmation, we cannot conclude that
Christopher Almaral knowingly and intelligently pled guilty.
Possession of a Controlled Substance Conviction
Christopher Almaral argues that his conviction for possession of a controlled
substance must be vacated, pursuant to State v. Blake, 197 Wn.2d 170, 481 P.3d 521
(2021). The State agrees. So do we.
23 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
In State v. Blake, the Washington Supreme Court held that the state’s strict
liability drug possession statute, former RCW 69.50.4013(1), violated due process under
both the state and federal constitutions. The court found the statute void.
Before trial, Christopher Almaral pled guilty to possession of a controlled
substance, cocaine, in violation of former RCW 69.50.4013. We remand for vacation of
Almaral’s conviction for possession of a controlled substance and for resentencing based
on a lower offender score.
First Degree Murder Conviction
Slide Show
Christopher Almaral assigns numerous error in an attempt to reverse his murder
conviction. Almaral first argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct during
closing arguments by presenting to the jury two PowerPoint slides containing improper
arguments. Almaral maintains that, in the first degree murder slide, the State
manipulated jury instruction 12 by writing that the State had established Almaral’s guilt.
According to Almaral, the State also discouraged addressing second degree murder when,
in the second degree murder slide, the State directed the jury to reject the first degree
murder charge before addressing the lesser included crime. Almaral emphasizes the all
caps and bolded language on the slides misinformed the jury that Almaral’s guilt was a
foregone conclusion and that the jury had a duty to find Almaral guilty of first degree
24 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
murder. Almaral characterizes the PowerPoint slides as flagrant and ill-intentioned
misconduct.
The State responds that its PowerPoint slides contained accurate and appropriate
argument when considered alongside the prosecutor’s spoken argument when showing
the slides. The State highlights that the jury was instructed to apply the law contained
within the jury instructions and that counsels’ comments did not constitute law.
To prove prosecutorial misconduct, a defendant must show that the prosecuting
attorney’s conduct was both improper and prejudicial. State v. Weber, 159 Wn.2d 252,
270, 149 P.3d 646 (2006). The accused deserves reversal of a conviction when
misconduct creates a substantial likelihood of affecting the jury’s verdict. State v. Weber,
159 Wn.2d 252, 270 (2006). When analyzing misconduct and prejudice, an appellate
court reviews a prosecutor’s actions in the context of the total argument, the issues in the
case, the evidence addressed in the argument, and the instructions given. State v. Russell,
125 Wn.2d 24, 85-86, 882 P.2d 747 (1994). “Highly prejudicial images may sway a jury
in ways that words cannot.” In re Personal Restraint of Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d 696, 707,
286 P.3d 673 (2012) (plurality opinion).
Christopher Almaral did not object at trial to the showing of either of the slides
challenged on appeal. When a defendant fails to object at trial to the prosecutor’s alleged
misconduct, the defendant must also demonstrate that the misconduct was so flagrant and
ill intentioned that an instruction would not have cured the prejudice. In re Personal
25 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
Restraint of Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d 696, 704 (2012). The absence of a motion for mistrial
at the time of the argument strongly suggests to a court that the argument or event in
question did not appear critically prejudicial to an appellant in the context of the trial.
State v. Swan, 114 Wn.2d 613, 635, 790 P.2d 610 (1990).
First Degree Murder Slide
We isolate the two for purposes of review. The first degree murder slide,
captioned jury instruction 12, listed elements of first degree murder and then added:
“PROVEN BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT YOUR DUTY TO RETURN A
VERDICT OF GUILTY.” CP at 286, 293, 312 (boldface omitted).
Some readers of the PowerPoint slide, when reading the slide in isolation, might
conclude that jury instruction 12 instructed the jury that the State had proven beyond a
reasonable doubt the crime of first degree murder. The slide should have separated the
closing comments from the caption of instruction 12. Nevertheless, when we review the
slide in the context of the entire case, we do not consider it misleading.
The jury also had available jury instruction 12 and could readily tell that the
“proven” language was not found therein. When addressing the final part of the slide, the
prosecutor told the jury, “If you find that the state has proven those elements beyond a
reasonable doubt it will be your duty to return a verdict of guilty.” RP (Dec. 11, 2019) at
5 (emphasis added). The second time the slide appeared in the State’s presentation, the
prosecutor explained that the only element at issue regarding first degree murder was
26 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
premeditation. The third and final time the prosecutor presented the above slide occurred
after his argument on premeditation and the absence of self-defense: “The screen is now
full.” RP (Dec. 11, 2019) at 28. The prosecutor meant that all elements were now
highlighted on screen, because the State had carried its burden as to each. The State’s
attorney never told the jury that the slide constituted the language in the true jury
instruction.
Christopher Almaral posits In re Personal Restraint of Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d 696
(2012) as controlling. In Glasmann, our high court held the State committed flagrant and
ill intentioned misconduct by presenting the jury with altered exhibits. The State
presented the jury with Edward Glasmann’s booking photograph altered by the inclusion
of “phrases calculated to influence the jury’s assessment of Glasmann’s guilt and
veracity.” In re Personal Restraint of Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d at 705. The State presented
at least five slides of Glasmann’s picture with different captions, including “‘DO YOU
BELIEVE HIM?’” “‘WHY SHOULD YOU BELIEVE ANYTHING HE SAYS
ABOUT THE ASSAULT?’” and “‘GUILTY.’” In re Personal Restraint of Glasmann,
175 Wn.2d at 701-02, 706 (2012).
We deem the prosecution’s slides in Christopher Almaral’s prosecution pale when
compared to the altered exhibits and photographs in the Edward Glasmann prosecution.
The State’s attorney’s presented no images in the slides in Almaral’s case. We hold that
the State committed no misconduct, let alone flagrant and ill intentioned misconduct.
27 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
The Second Degree Murder Slide
The second degree murder slide directed the jury in bold print not to consider the
second degree murder charge until deciding whether premeditation existed. The slide did
not directly instruct the jury to decide whether or not Christopher Almaral committed
first degree murder, before deciding if he committed second degree murder.
Nevertheless, Almaral argues the slide strongly implied that the jury should not address
the lesser included offense at the same time as discussing the higher offense. Almaral
further contends that this slide thereby misstated the law.
A prosecuting attorney commits misconduct by misstating the law. State v. Allen,
182 Wn.2d 364, 373, 341 P.3d 268 (2015). The Washington Supreme Court declared
with regard to a lesser included instruction:
When a jury is instructed on lesser included or lesser degrees of charged crimes, it should also be instructed that it is to first consider the crime charged and if after full and careful consideration of the evidence it cannot agree on a verdict as to that crime, it may then proceed to arrive at a verdict on a lesser crime.
State v. Labanowski, 117 Wn.2d 405, 414, 816 P.2d 26 (1991).
Christopher Almaral faults the PowerPoint slide for requiring the jury to
affirmatively and unanimously acquit him of first degree murder before deciding whether
to convict of second degree murder, rather than simply allowing the jury to consider the
lesser included offense after they fail to agree on the higher crime. We do not read the
slide as Almaral reads it. The slide tells the jury to focus on premeditation first, which
28 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
should have been the focus when addressing first degree murder and second degree
murder. The State’s suggestion to the jury that it should address premeditation first
posed a logical method of addressing the charges. The State did not suggest that this
language was found in any jury instruction or that the trial court instructed the jury to
follow this approach.
Jury instruction 13 informed the jury how to deliberate when resolving which, if
any, level of a crime the accused committed. The PowerPoint slide did not conflict with
the instruction.
Norteño Reference
Christopher Almaral contends that the prosecutor committed misconduct by
appealing to the jury’s passion when repeatedly referring to him as a Norteño throughout
the State’s closing argument. Almaral contends that the State’s repeated references to
him being a Norteño appealed to the jury’s implicit racial bias. By framing him as a
Norteño, the State highlighted his Latino race for the jury and undermined his
presumption of innocence by suggesting that a member of a Latino-associated group is
more likely to be guilty of a violent crime. The State responds that the prosecutor did not
err by referring to Christopher Almaral as a Norteño, because reasonable inferences from
the evidence demonstrated that, on the day Almaral killed Stephanie Curtis, he was a
member of the NSV street gang.
29 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
A prosecutor should not make arguments designed to inflame the jury’s passions
or prejudices. In re Personal Restraint of Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d 696, 704 (2012). While
a prosecutor is granted wide latitude to draw reasonable inferences from the evidence, he
or she must seek convictions based only on probative evidence and sound reason. State
v. Thorgerson, 172 Wn.2d 438, 448, 258 P.3d 43 (2011); State v. Cateneda-Perez, 61
Wn. App. 354, 363, 810 P.2d 74 (1991).
During its closing argument, prosecutor referred to Almaral as a Norteño nine
times. Three times, the State’s attorney called Almaral a “flamed up Norteño” and four
times a “kinder” or “gentler” Norteño.
We find no decision that includes the prosecution’s labeling the accused as either a
Norteño or a Soreño. We find cases, wherein the State’s attorney, during argument, often
referred to the accused as a gang member. Courts do not find this reference to a gang to
be misconduct unless the prosecution presented no evidence of gang activity. Brown v.
State, 291 Ga. 887, 734 S.E.2d 41, 45 (2012). To the contrary, when evidence presented
shows the accused to be a gang member or the crime to be gang related, the prosecution
may mention such during summation. Commonwealth v. Leach, 73 Mass. App. Ct. 758,
901 N.E.2d 708, 717 (2009); People v. Sims, 265 Ill. App. 3d 352, 638 N.E.2d 223, 230
(1994). In People v. Samuels, 228 P.3d 229 (Colo. App. 2009), the reviewing court held
that the prosecution committed no misconduct by repeatedly referring to the accused by
his gang nickname, when witnesses used the nickname.
30 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
During his custodial interview played to the jury, Christopher Almaral admitted to
being a member of the Norteño gang. He also described himself as “flamed up” the night
of the murder because of his red dress. He justified his shooting of Stephanie Curtis in
part because of his belief that she worked for the rival Soreño gang. Thus, his gang
membership and the identity of his gang constituted evidence before the jury. The State’s
attorney may have unbecomingly called Almaral a “kindler, gentler Norteño,” but the law
does not preclude sarcasm. The State’s attorney did not commit misconduct by
referencing Almaral as a Norteño.
Christopher Almaral also asserts that, at trial, the State never disputed that he was
no longer involved with NSV and that he worked twelve-hour days at a legitimate job at
the time of Stephanie Curtis’ death. Almaral maintains that the State, nevertheless,
focused on his status as a former gang member to obtain a conviction, instead of
highlighting the specific evidence presented in the case. We disagree with Almaral. In
his custodial interview, Almaral declared himself a Norteño and never suggested that he
had left the gang.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Christopher Almaral asserts that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance
by failing to object to the first aggressor jury instruction, because the facts did not
warrant the instruction and the instruction only served to undermine his claim of self-
defense. The State responds that the first aggressor instruction applied because Stephanie
31 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
Curtis could have believed that she fought for her survival before being killed, since
Almaral intended to abandon her at night and in freezing temperatures. The State further
contends that, even if evidence did not merit the instruction, its inclusion did not
prejudice Almaral’s defense because the prosecutor did not mention the instruction
during argument.
To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the defendant must
demonstrate (1) that defense counsel’s representation was deficient, and (2) that the
deficient representation prejudiced the defendant. State v. Estes, 193 Wn. App. 479, 488,
372 P.3d 163 (2016), aff’d, 188 Wn.2d 450, 395 P.3d 1045 (2017). Representation is
deficient if, after considering all the circumstances, the performance falls below an
objective standard of reasonableness. Prejudice exists if there is a reasonable probability
that, except for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have differed. State
v. Estes, 193 Wn. App. at 488; Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 104 S. Ct.
2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Criminal defendants may rebut the presumption of
reasonable performance by demonstrating that no conceivable legitimate tactic explains
counsel’s performance. State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 33, 246 P.3d 1260 (2011); State v.
Reichenbach, 153 Wn.2d 126, 130, 101 P.3d 80 (2004).
To determine whether defense counsel erred by failing to object to the first
aggressor instruction, we first consider whether the instruction was error. A first
aggressor may not claim self-defense. State v. Grott, 195 Wn.2d 256, 266, 458 P.3d 750
32 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
(2020). The right of self-defense cannot be successfully invoked by an aggressor or one
who provokes an altercation. State v. Riley, 137 Wn.2d 904, 909, 976 P.2d 624 (1999).
This rule arises from the the aggressor’s victim defending herself against the aggressor
and thus employing lawful force. State v. Grott, 195 Wn.2d 256, 266 (2020). The
defendant’s provoking act must be an intentional act that the jury could reasonably
assume would provoke a belligerent response from the victim. State v. Espinosa, 8 Wn.
App. 2d 353, 362, 438 P.3d 582 (2019). The provoking act does not need to be
unlawful. State v. Sullivan, 196 Wn. App. 277, 290-91, 383 P.3d 574 (2016).
The question of whether a first aggressor instruction should be given is a highly
fact-specific inquiry, such that broad, bright-line rules are rarely appropriate. State v.
Grott, 195 Wn.2d 256, 267 (2020). When the court reviews whether the evidence
sufficed to support giving a first aggressor instruction, the court must carefully consider
the specific evidence presented at trial in the light most favorable to the requesting party.
State v. Grott, 195 Wn.2d at 267.
Christopher Almaral contended that he shot Stephanie Curtis when she reached for
the handgun in his coat pocket. Assuming Curtis did so, she reached for the gun only
after knowing that Almaral intended to abandon her in freezing temperatures in the early
morning along a sparse rural road. She also reached for the gun with the knowledge that
Almaral possessed two guns and had fired one before. She did not necessarily reach for
the gun to kill Almaral, but to insure her safe return home. Curtis could have expected to
33 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
die from freezing weather or for Almaral to shoot her as he left the scene. We find no
cases about being left alone in a cold environment. Nevertheless, when we view the
evidence in the light favorable to the State, Almaral’s conduct could have reasonably
provoked a panicked Curtis to justifiably reach for the gun.
Because the first aggressor instruction fit the facts, Christopher Almaral does not
show that his trial counsel performed ineffectively. Almaral also demonstrates no
prejudice.
Cumulative Error
Christopher Almaral contends that the cumulative effect of the prosecutor’s and
defense counsel’s errors deprived him of a fair trial. The cumulative error doctrine “may
warrant reversal, even if each error standing alone would otherwise be considered
harmless. The doctrine does not apply where the errors are few and have little or no
effect on the outcome of the trial.” State v. Weber, 159 Wn.2d 252, 279, 149 P.3d 646
(2006) (citation omitted). Because we find no error, we discern no cumulative error.
Community Custody Conditions
Christopher Almaral challenges six community custody conditions imposed as
part of his sentence, numbers 7 and 14 through 18, as unconstitutionally vague. He
argues that each condition raises many unanswered questions, such that the conduct they
proscribe is not sufficiently definite and the conditions are susceptible to arbitrary
34 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
enforcement. Almaral requests that this court remand for the trial court to strike the
offending conditions from the judgment and sentence.
The State concedes that community custody conditions 14 through 18 are
unconstitutionally vague and requests that this court remand for the trial court to modify
the conditions to be more specific. The State does not address condition 7.
We do not necessarily discern that community custody conditions 14 to 18 suffer
from undue vagueness. Nevertheless, in our discretion, we accept the State’s concession.
Even if not unduly vague, the five conditions could improve by clarification. We review
only community custody condition 7.
The accused may raise a vagueness challenge to conditions of community custody
for the first time on appeal. State v. Bahl, 164 Wn.2d 739, 745, 193 P.3d 678 (2008). A
community custody condition is unconstitutionally vague if it fails to define the offense
with sufficient precision that a person of ordinary intelligence can understand it or (2) it
does not provide standards sufficiently specific to prevent arbitrary enforcement. State v.
Duncalf, 177 Wn.2d 289, 296-97, 300 P.3d 352 (2013); State v. Bahl, 164 Wn.2d 739,
752-53 (2008). The community custody condition is unconstitutionally vague if either
requirement is unsatisfied. State v. Bahl, 164 Wn.2d at 753. The party challenging a
condition carries the burden of proving the law to be unconstitutional beyond a
reasonable doubt. City of Spokane v. Douglass, 115 Wn.2d 171, 177, 795 P.2d 693
(1990).
35 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
This court proceeds cautiously when interpreting vague statute when the statute
implicates the First Amendment to the United States Constitution’s right to association.
City of Bellevue v. Lorang, 140 Wn.2d 19, 31, 992 P.2d 496 (2000). Community custody
conditions may only limit a probationer’s First Amendment right if the restriction is
“‘reasonably necessary to accomplish the essential needs of the state and public order.’”
State v. Bahl, 164 Wn.2d 739, 757 (2008) (quoting Malone v. United States, 502 F.2d
554, 556 (9th Cir. 1974)).
Christopher Almaral’s community custody condition 7 declares:
7. Do not associate with persons involved in the purchase, possession, consumption, manufacture, or sale of illegal drugs.
CP at 378. When challenging this condition, Almaral poses the questions:
What does “associate” mean? Does it include, for example, interactions with coworkers[?] Does it include buying something from a clerk at a store? Is Mr. Almaral prohibited from interacting with people who are involved with drugs even if he does not know of that involvement? How recent must the person’s drug involvement be?
Br. of Appellant at 41.
While Christopher Almaral correctly characterizes the community custody
condition 7 as lacking particularity, the condition need not be so specific.
[S]ome level of ambiguity will always remain in community custody conditions. However, “impossible standards of specificity are not required.” And a convicted person is not entitled to complete certainty as to the exact point at which his actions would be classified as prohibited
36 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
conduct. Instead, all that is required is that the proscribed conduct is sufficiently definite in the eyes of an ordinary person.
State v. Hai Minh Nguyen, 191 Wn.2d 671, 681, 425 P.3d 847 (2018) (citations omitted)
(quoting City of Seattle v. Eze, 111 Wn.2d 22, 26,759 P.2d 366 (1988) (internal
quotations omitted).
An ordinary, reasonable person understands that community custody condition 7
only restricts Christopher Almaral from associating with people he knows participates in
illegal drug activity. The restriction only applies to those involved in the present tense,
not those who imbibed years earlier. One does not necessarily associate with a coworker
by standing next to her while working. One associates with one involved in drug activity,
when one knowingly socializes with such person.
CONCLUSION
We affirm Christopher Almaral’s conviction for murder in the first degree. We
vacate Almaral’s conviction for possession of a controlled substance and vacate his plea
of guilty on the unlawful possession of a firearm charge. We remand for further
proceedings on the unlawful possession of a firearm charge and for resentencing. During
resentencing, the court should renumber Almaral’s offender score. The superior court
should also provide definition to community custody conditions 14 through 18.
37 No. 37411-4-III State v. Almaral
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
_________________________________ Fearing, J.
WE CONCUR:
______________________________ Siddoway, C.J.
______________________________ Lawrence-Berrey, J.
Related
Cite This Page — Counsel Stack
State of Washington v. Christopher Almaral, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/state-of-washington-v-christopher-almaral-washctapp-2022.