IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 82346-9-I ) Respondent, ) DIVISION ONE ) v. ) ) GREENFIELD, CHRISTIAN JAMES, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION DOB: 10/21/1972, ) ) Appellant. )
BOWMAN, J. — Christian James Greenfield appeals his sentence for
possession of a stolen vehicle and theft of a motor vehicle. He argues we should
remand his case for resentencing because the court failed to follow the
procedural requirements of the parent offender sentencing alternative (POSA)
statute, RCW 9.94A.655, in determining whether a POSA was an appropriate
sentence for him and abused its discretion in denying the POSA. He also argues
the court erred by imposing discretionary legal financial obligations (LFOs),
interest on nonrestitution LFOs, and a community custody condition requiring that
he “[s]tay out of drug areas.” We reject Greenfield’s challenge to the denial of his
request for a POSA, but remand for the trial court to strike the community
custody fees and interest on nonrestitution LFOs and either strike or clarify the
community custody condition.
Citations and pin cites are based on the Westlaw online version of the cited material. No. 82346-9-I/2
FACTS
Greenfield pleaded guilty to one count of possession of a stolen vehicle
and one count of theft of a motor vehicle in July 2018. The court set a
sentencing date in September 2018. But at the September hearing, defense
counsel explained that Greenfield was in a drug treatment program and asked
the court to schedule a January 2019 hearing to enter an order for a drug
offender sentencing alternative (DOSA) evaluation. The court agreed.
At the January 2019 hearing, the court ordered the Department of
Corrections (DOC) to prepare a DOSA risk assessment report.1 Defense
counsel also asked the court to order a POSA evaluation because Greenfield
was helping care for his son when he committed the crimes in 2017. Greenfield’s
son was the subject of an open child welfare case and currently in the custody of
Greenfield’s mother. The court ordered DOC to complete a POSA risk
assessment report and to “obtain the appropriate documentation” from the
Department of Children, Youth, and Families (DCYF)2 “regarding open welfare
cases or prior substantiated referrals of abuse or neglect.” The court then
continued Greenfield’s sentencing several times for various reasons, mostly to
allow Greenfield to complete services and to get status updates on his sobriety
and custody case.
1 That report is not at issue in this appeal. 2 Throughout the record and briefing, the court and parties refer to the Department of
Social and Health Services (DSHS) and DCYF interchangeably. In 2017, the legislature created DCYF to assume the responsibilities of DSHS dedicated to the well-being of children, youth, and families, including those of the Children’s Administration. LAWS OF 2017, ch. 6. Because DCYF is now the agency charged with those responsibilities, we refer to the departments collectively as DCYF.
2 No. 82346-9-I/3
DOC issued its POSA report in February 2019 and attached a “Child
Welfare History” report from DCYF that summarized Greenfield’s involvement in
the child welfare system. By October 2019, the court had not yet sentenced
Greenfield, so it ordered another POSA assessment. In December 2019, DOC
issued an updated POSA risk assessment report and attached an updated Child
Welfare History report from DCYF, dated October 31, 2019.
The court sentenced Greenfield in February 2021. It found that Greenfield
was eligible for a POSA but determined that the alternative was not appropriate.
The court expressed concern that while Greenfield had physical custody of his
son most of the time, his mother had legal custody, and she did not believe it was
safe for Greenfield to assume legal custody. It was also concerned about a
recent “stumble” with treatment, leading to a relapse. As a result, the court
imposed a prison-based DOSA, ordering that Greenfield serve 25 months’ total
confinement followed by 25 months of community custody. It found Greenfield
indigent, so it ordered that Greenfield pay the mandatory $500 victim penalty
assessment and waived all other LFOs. The court also ordered that Greenfield
“[s]tay out of drug areas, as defined in writing by the supervising Community
Corrections Officer” (CCO).
Greenfield appeals.
ANALYSIS
POSA Statute
Greenfield argues that the trial court erred because it “failed to follow the
procedural requirements of the [POSA] statute” in determining whether a POSA
3 No. 82346-9-I/4
was appropriate for him. He also argues the court abused its discretion in
denying the sentencing alternative.
A. POSA Procedural Requirements
Greenfield argues that the trial court failed to follow the procedures
required by the POSA statute because it did not “order and review a report
authored by DCYF” explaining the status and circumstances of Greenfield’s
history with the child welfare system. He asserts the court erroneously relied on
the DOC risk assessment reports “as a stand in for the DCYF report.” The
record does not support his claim.
The Sentencing Reform Act of 1981 (SRA), chapter 9.94A RCW, gives
sentencing courts broad discretion to determine whether an offender is eligible
for a sentencing alternative and whether the alternative is appropriate. State v.
Hender, 180 Wn. App. 895, 900-01, 324 P.3d 780 (2014). A sentencing court’s
decision of whether to grant a sentencing alternative is generally not reviewable
on appeal. See State v. Grayson, 154 Wn.2d 333, 338, 111 P.3d 1183 (2005)
(challenging trial court’s denial to impose a DOSA).
Still, a sentencing court must act within the strictures and principles of the
SRA. Grayson, 154 Wn.2d at 342. So an offender may always challenge the
procedure by which a court imposed a sentence. Id.; Hender, 180 Wn. App. at
901; State v. Mail, 121 Wn.2d 707, 712, 854 P.2d 1042 (1993). Whether a court
failed to follow a procedure required by the SRA is a question of law we review
de novo. State v. Jones, 172 Wn.2d 236, 242, 257 P.3d 616 (2011).
4 No. 82346-9-I/5
Under RCW 9.94A.655, a sentencing court may waive a standard-range
sentence and impose a POSA for eligible offenders. Former RCW 9.94A.655(1)
(2010)3 establishes the POSA eligibility criteria. If an offender is eligible for a
POSA, the court must also determine whether imposing the alternative “is
appropriate.” Former RCW 9.94A.655(4).
To “assist the court” in determining whether to impose a POSA, it “may
order [DOC] to complete . . . a risk assessment report.” Former RCW
9.94A.655(2).
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 82346-9-I ) Respondent, ) DIVISION ONE ) v. ) ) GREENFIELD, CHRISTIAN JAMES, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION DOB: 10/21/1972, ) ) Appellant. )
BOWMAN, J. — Christian James Greenfield appeals his sentence for
possession of a stolen vehicle and theft of a motor vehicle. He argues we should
remand his case for resentencing because the court failed to follow the
procedural requirements of the parent offender sentencing alternative (POSA)
statute, RCW 9.94A.655, in determining whether a POSA was an appropriate
sentence for him and abused its discretion in denying the POSA. He also argues
the court erred by imposing discretionary legal financial obligations (LFOs),
interest on nonrestitution LFOs, and a community custody condition requiring that
he “[s]tay out of drug areas.” We reject Greenfield’s challenge to the denial of his
request for a POSA, but remand for the trial court to strike the community
custody fees and interest on nonrestitution LFOs and either strike or clarify the
community custody condition.
Citations and pin cites are based on the Westlaw online version of the cited material. No. 82346-9-I/2
FACTS
Greenfield pleaded guilty to one count of possession of a stolen vehicle
and one count of theft of a motor vehicle in July 2018. The court set a
sentencing date in September 2018. But at the September hearing, defense
counsel explained that Greenfield was in a drug treatment program and asked
the court to schedule a January 2019 hearing to enter an order for a drug
offender sentencing alternative (DOSA) evaluation. The court agreed.
At the January 2019 hearing, the court ordered the Department of
Corrections (DOC) to prepare a DOSA risk assessment report.1 Defense
counsel also asked the court to order a POSA evaluation because Greenfield
was helping care for his son when he committed the crimes in 2017. Greenfield’s
son was the subject of an open child welfare case and currently in the custody of
Greenfield’s mother. The court ordered DOC to complete a POSA risk
assessment report and to “obtain the appropriate documentation” from the
Department of Children, Youth, and Families (DCYF)2 “regarding open welfare
cases or prior substantiated referrals of abuse or neglect.” The court then
continued Greenfield’s sentencing several times for various reasons, mostly to
allow Greenfield to complete services and to get status updates on his sobriety
and custody case.
1 That report is not at issue in this appeal. 2 Throughout the record and briefing, the court and parties refer to the Department of
Social and Health Services (DSHS) and DCYF interchangeably. In 2017, the legislature created DCYF to assume the responsibilities of DSHS dedicated to the well-being of children, youth, and families, including those of the Children’s Administration. LAWS OF 2017, ch. 6. Because DCYF is now the agency charged with those responsibilities, we refer to the departments collectively as DCYF.
2 No. 82346-9-I/3
DOC issued its POSA report in February 2019 and attached a “Child
Welfare History” report from DCYF that summarized Greenfield’s involvement in
the child welfare system. By October 2019, the court had not yet sentenced
Greenfield, so it ordered another POSA assessment. In December 2019, DOC
issued an updated POSA risk assessment report and attached an updated Child
Welfare History report from DCYF, dated October 31, 2019.
The court sentenced Greenfield in February 2021. It found that Greenfield
was eligible for a POSA but determined that the alternative was not appropriate.
The court expressed concern that while Greenfield had physical custody of his
son most of the time, his mother had legal custody, and she did not believe it was
safe for Greenfield to assume legal custody. It was also concerned about a
recent “stumble” with treatment, leading to a relapse. As a result, the court
imposed a prison-based DOSA, ordering that Greenfield serve 25 months’ total
confinement followed by 25 months of community custody. It found Greenfield
indigent, so it ordered that Greenfield pay the mandatory $500 victim penalty
assessment and waived all other LFOs. The court also ordered that Greenfield
“[s]tay out of drug areas, as defined in writing by the supervising Community
Corrections Officer” (CCO).
Greenfield appeals.
ANALYSIS
POSA Statute
Greenfield argues that the trial court erred because it “failed to follow the
procedural requirements of the [POSA] statute” in determining whether a POSA
3 No. 82346-9-I/4
was appropriate for him. He also argues the court abused its discretion in
denying the sentencing alternative.
A. POSA Procedural Requirements
Greenfield argues that the trial court failed to follow the procedures
required by the POSA statute because it did not “order and review a report
authored by DCYF” explaining the status and circumstances of Greenfield’s
history with the child welfare system. He asserts the court erroneously relied on
the DOC risk assessment reports “as a stand in for the DCYF report.” The
record does not support his claim.
The Sentencing Reform Act of 1981 (SRA), chapter 9.94A RCW, gives
sentencing courts broad discretion to determine whether an offender is eligible
for a sentencing alternative and whether the alternative is appropriate. State v.
Hender, 180 Wn. App. 895, 900-01, 324 P.3d 780 (2014). A sentencing court’s
decision of whether to grant a sentencing alternative is generally not reviewable
on appeal. See State v. Grayson, 154 Wn.2d 333, 338, 111 P.3d 1183 (2005)
(challenging trial court’s denial to impose a DOSA).
Still, a sentencing court must act within the strictures and principles of the
SRA. Grayson, 154 Wn.2d at 342. So an offender may always challenge the
procedure by which a court imposed a sentence. Id.; Hender, 180 Wn. App. at
901; State v. Mail, 121 Wn.2d 707, 712, 854 P.2d 1042 (1993). Whether a court
failed to follow a procedure required by the SRA is a question of law we review
de novo. State v. Jones, 172 Wn.2d 236, 242, 257 P.3d 616 (2011).
4 No. 82346-9-I/5
Under RCW 9.94A.655, a sentencing court may waive a standard-range
sentence and impose a POSA for eligible offenders. Former RCW 9.94A.655(1)
(2010)3 establishes the POSA eligibility criteria. If an offender is eligible for a
POSA, the court must also determine whether imposing the alternative “is
appropriate.” Former RCW 9.94A.655(4).
To “assist the court” in determining whether to impose a POSA, it “may
order [DOC] to complete . . . a risk assessment report.” Former RCW
9.94A.655(2). If the court is considering the alternative, it “shall request that
[DOC] contact [DCYF] to determine if the agency has an open child welfare case
or prior substantiated referral of abuse or neglect involving the offender.” Former
RCW 9.94A.655(3). If DOC learns the offender has an open case, it will ask
DCYF to “provide a report to the court,” including information about the legal
status of the child, the length of DCYF involvement, the legal status of the case,
the needs of the child, whether the offender cooperated with any ordered
services, and whether the offender has been convicted of a crime against a child.
Former RCW 9.94.655(3)(a).
Before sentencing Greenfield, the trial court twice ordered POSA risk
assessment reports from DOC. Because the court was considering imposing a
POSA and knew Greenfield’s son was the subject of an open welfare case, it
ordered DOC to “obtain the appropriate documentation from [DCYF] regarding
3 The legislature amended the POSA statute in 2018 and 2020. LAWS OF 2018, ch. 58, §
45; LAWS OF 2020, ch. 137, § 2. “Sentencing courts must look to the statute in effect at the time the offender committed the current crime when determining the offender’s sentence.” State v. Smith, 130 Wn. App. 721, 728, 123 P.3d 896 (2005). Greenfield committed his crimes in 2017.
5 No. 82346-9-I/6
open welfare cases or prior substantiated referrals of abuse or neglect.” In
response to both orders, DCYF authored two Child Welfare History reports.
The February 2019 DCYF report describes the legal status of Greenfield’s
son as “Dependent,” explaining that it placed him with Greenfield’s mother on
September 20, 2017 and that the custody case remains “open.” The report also
lists all of Greenfield’s substantiated and unsubstantiated child welfare referrals
since 2000. It details the grounds for each referral, the outcome of each
investigation, Greenfield’s cooperation in the investigations, and Greenfield’s
participation in services.
The second DCYF report from October 2019 provides the same
information, including the “open” custody case, but reflects the child’s current
placement as “Trial Return Home.” The report also shows a new referral from
September 2019. The new referral alleges that Greenfield left his son “alone in
the car for a long time” and notes that the “intake is still under investigation.”
DOC timely provided the trial court with both POSA risk assessments and
the attached DCYF reports.4 And the court discussed the reports at several
hearings before sentencing Greenfield. The record shows that the trial court
followed the procedure required under former RCW 9.94A.655 before denying
Greenfield’s request for a POSA.
B. Abuse of Discretion
Greenfield argues that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his
request for a POSA by “failing to follow the law[;] permitting speculation to take
4 Greenfield also attached DOC’s February 2019 POSA report and DCYF Child Welfare History report to his sentencing memorandum.
6 No. 82346-9-I/7
the place of substantial evidence” that DCYF would have provided “had the court
followed the statute and considered an updated child welfare evaluation.”
A sentencing court abuses its discretion if it categorically refuses to
exercise its discretion or relies on an impermissible basis for refusing to impose a
sentencing alternative. Grayson, 154 Wn.2d at 341-42; State v. Osman, 157
Wn.2d 474, 482, 139 P.3d 334 (2006). “A court refuses to exercise its discretion
if it refuses categorically” to impose a sentence “below the standard range under
any circumstances.” State v. Garcia-Martinez, 88 Wn. App. 322, 330, 944 P.2d
1104 (1997).5 A court relies on an impermissible basis in denying a sentencing
alternative when “it refuses to consider [a sentence] request because of the
defendant’s race, sex or religion.” Id.; see also Osman, 157 Wn.2d at 482 n.8
(impermissible bases for a court’s denial of a special sex-offender sentencing
alternative include the defendant’s race, sex, or religion); State v. Sims, 171
Wn.2d 436, 445, 256 P.3d 285 (2011).
When denying Greenfield’s request for a POSA, the court stated:
The grandmother, who has legal custody under the third-party custody action, has indicated that she herself doesn’t think that it’s safe allowing the child to be legally placed back with the father. Because of the status of the third-party custody action and [DCYF] being aware of that in resolution of the case, this Court is absolutely convinced if that evaluation was updated at this point there would be an objection based on his history. . . . . . . But I give you and I commend you for the improvements that you’ve made in relation to your life. It’s unfortunate that you did stumble and relapse when you did. Ultimately, I think that the
5 Garcia-Martinez involved a challenge to a trial court’s denial of an exceptional sentence.
88 Wn. App. at 326. In Grayson, our Supreme Court extended the holding in Garcia-Martinez to a court’s categorical refusal to exercise its discretion in considering the defendant’s request for a DOSA. 154 Wn.2d at 342.
7 No. 82346-9-I/8
appropriate sentence in this case is to grant the request for the prison-based DOSA.
As much as Greenfield argues the court failed to “follow the law” by not
ordering a third DCYF report before denying his request for a POSA, he is
incorrect. The statute contemplates only one report. Former RCW 9.94A.655(3).
Even so, the court reviewed two DCYF reports before concluding a POSA was
not appropriate.
And Greenfield fails to show that the court relied on “unsupported fact” or
an impermissible basis in denying his request. The record shows that the court
considered several factors in concluding that a POSA was not an appropriate
sentence. The court continued Greenfield’s sentencing at least 10 times
between September 2018 and February 2021—nearly two and a half years—to
assess his ability to maintain sobriety and comply with treatment. In that time,
Greenfield admitted to relapsing in January 2019 and again in January 2020 by
using methamphetamine. The court also received regular updates on the current
custody status of Greenfield’s son. And the court reviewed both DOC risk
assessment reports with the attached DCYF child welfare reports. Finally, at
sentencing, the court heard testimony from Greenfield’s mother Linda Greenfield
and his friend Jason Twigg-Claggett. Ultimately, the court determined that
because of the pending custody status with Greenfield’s mother and her claim
that it was not safe for Greenfield to have legal custody of his son, as well as
Greenfield’s treatment relapses, a DOSA was a more appropriate sentence.
The court did not abuse its discretion in denying Greenfield’s POSA.
8 No. 82346-9-I/9
LFOs
Greenfield argues that “[t]he record shows the court intended to impose
only mandatory LFOs,” but a “boilerplate section of the judgment and sentence”
erroneously imposes the cost of supervision. The State concedes that we should
remand and instruct the trial court to strike community custody supervision fees.
We accept the State’s concession.
At sentencing, the court ordered, “On each case I will impose the $500
victim penalty assessment. I’ll reserve restitution. I’ll find that you’re indigent,
[and] waive the other financial obligations in the case.” But Greenfield’s
judgment and sentence orders him to “pay supervision fees as determined by
DOC.” Because supervision fees are discretionary and the record shows that the
trial court intended to impose only mandatory LFOs, we remand to strike those
fees. State v. Dillon, 12 Wn. App. 2d 133, 152, 456 P.3d 1199, review denied,
195 Wn.2d 1022, 464 P.3d 198 (2020); see RCW 9.94A.703(2)(d).
Greenfield also argues that his “judgment and sentence must be amended
to state that non-restitution [LFOs] will not accrue interest.” The State concedes
this issue as well. Again, we accept the State’s concession.
Under RCW 10.82.090(1), “restitution imposed in a judgment shall bear
interest from the date of the judgment until payment, at the rate applicable to civil
judgments.” But “[a]s of June 7, 2018, no interest shall accrue on nonrestitution
[LFOs].” Id. Greenfield’s February 4, 2021 judgment and sentence orders that
the LFOs “imposed in this judgment shall bear interest from the date of the
judgment until payment in full, at the rate applicable to civil judgments.” We
9 No. 82346-9-I/10
remand for the court to modify the interest provision and strike any interest
accrued to date. State v. Catling, 193 Wn.2d 252, 259 n.5, 438 P.3d 1174 (2019)
(remedy for interest imposed on nonrestitution LFOs is remand with direction to
revise the judgment and sentence to eliminate interest on those LFOs).
Community Custody Condition
Greenfield argues that we must remand to strike his “[s]tay out of drug
areas” condition of community custody because it is unconstitutionally vague.
The State concedes that the condition as currently drafted “is unconstitutionally
vague” but contends that we should remand and instruct the trial court to strike or
clarify that condition. We agree with the State.
We review community custody conditions for an abuse of discretion and
reverse only if they are manifestly unreasonable. State v. Irwin, 191 Wn. App.
644, 652, 364 P.3d 830 (2015). Imposing an unconstitutional condition is always
manifestly unreasonable. Id.
The due process guarantee of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United
States Constitution and article I, section 3 of the Washington Constitution require
that citizens have fair warning of proscribed conduct. State v. Bahl, 164 Wn.2d
739, 752, 193 P.3d 678 (2008). Laws must (1) provide ordinary people fair
warning of proscribed conduct and (2) have standards definite enough to protect
against arbitrary enforcement. Irwin, 191 Wn. App. at 652-53. “A community
custody condition is unconstitutionally vague if it fails to do either.” Id. at 653.
The condition to stay out of drug areas does not give ordinary persons fair
warning of the proscribed conduct. As Greenfield points out, the definition of a
10 No. 82346-9-I/11
“known drug area” is subject to broad interpretation. It could range from a city, to
a neighborhood, to a block, or to a specific apartment building or house.
Although Greenfield’s CCO could define “known drug area,” that definition could
lead to arbitrary enforcement prohibited under the second prong of the
vagueness test. See Irwin, 191 Wn. App. at 655 (concluding that a CCO could
define a condition requiring the defendant to avoid locations where “ ‘children are
known to congregate’ ” for the defendant to have sufficient notice of what conduct
is proscribed, but it would leave the condition vulnerable to arbitrary
enforcement). We remand for the court to either strike or clarify the condition.
We reject Greenfield’s challenge to the trial court’s denial of his request for
a POSA. But we remand for the court to strike the community custody
supervision fees and interest on nonrestitution LFOs from Greenfield’s judgment
and sentence and for the court to either strike or clarify the “[s]tay out of drug
areas” community custody condition.
WE CONCUR: