IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, DIVISION ONE
Respondent, No. 71644-1-1
v. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
CHARLES LONGSHORE,
Appellant. FILED: June 16, 2014
Dwyer, J. — Charles Longshore led police on a high speed chase after he threatened to kill a man who had temporarily prevented Longshore from leaving a
housing complex in Shelton, Washington. Once Longshore was apprehended, a search of the vehicle he was driving revealed a pipe containing
methamphetamine residue. Subsequently, he was charged with felony harassment, attempting to elude a pursuing police vehicle, and unlawful possession of a controlled substance. At trial, the court determined that, if Longshore chose to testify, a security officer would be stationed atan exit near the witness stand during Longshore's testimony. Longshore did not testify and he was convicted on all counts.
On appeal, he raises a number of challenges to the trial court proceedings. He argues that his right to testify was violated, that no valid waiver of his right was secured, and that his counsel prevented him from testifying. No. 71644-1-1/2
Additionally, he claims that his counsel was ineffective, and that the State failed
to present sufficient evidence to convict him as to the harassment and the
unlawful possession charges. None of his arguments persuade us that he is
entitled to appellate relief. Accordingly, we affirm his convictions.
I
On March 25, 2012, Longshore arrived at the Firwood Gardens complex in
Shelton, Washington. Longshore was driving a "goldish-beige" Dodge Intrepid,
which had tinted windows and a small sticker with feathers on it. Although the
vehicle was registered in someone else's name, Longshore had been seen
driving the Intrepid into Firwood Gardens on more than one occasion.
Charles Aldridge, a resident of Firwood Gardens, had previously told
Longshore not to return to the property, and Justin Elston, also a resident,
indicated that Longshore had stolen property from Firwood Gardens residents.
On this particular day, after Longshore again entered Firwood Gardens, Elston
positioned his own vehicle in such a way so as to prevent Longshore from driving
away. Elston did this in an effort to detain Longshore. The police were then
called. In response to being blocked in, Longshore threatened Elston and other
neighbors nearby, claiming that he had a gun and that he would kill every one of
them and their families. He also made threatening gestures, including reaching
into his pocket and into his vehicle. Fearing that Longshore would carry out his
threats, Elston moved his own vehicle and allowed Longshore to drive away. At
least one female passenger was in the Intrepid with Longshore when he left.
Officer Daniel Patton of the Shelton Police Department received a
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dispatch regarding the Firwood Gardens incident. Shortly thereafter, Patton
learned that a fellow officer had contacted or attempted to contact the Intrepid.
Rather than stop, the Intrepid had eluded the officer and the officer was in
pursuit. After listening to the radio traffic, Patton determined that the fleeing
Intrepid could be headed for an intersection with which he was familiar. Patton
drove to the intersection and placed spike strips on the street. However, after
one of the pursuing officers mistakenly said that the Intrepid was traveling in the
opposite direction, Patton removed the spike strips and placed them in his trunk.
As soon as Patton had closed his trunk, the fleeing Intrepid drove by him with
police cars in pursuit. However, as the Intrepid slowed to make a turn, Patton
was able to recognize Longshore as the driver of the vehicle. Patton testified
that he had "dealt with" Longshore in the past, involving "numerous contacts" with
him.
Deputy Trevor Clark of the Mason County Sherriff's Office also identified
Longshore during the pursuit. Clark was directly behind Longshore and was able to see Longshore's face in the rearview mirror of the Intrepid when Longshore
slowed to make a turn.
Patton temporarily lost sight of the Intrepid during the pursuit, but again
observed the vehicle and its driver some time later. This time, however, his
observations "were not as good 'cause I'm physically in my vehicle, the vehicle's
coming at me. And it was—it was rather quick, Ijust wasn't as close." Patton observed that the driver was now wearing some kind of dark hooded sweater or
jacket. Patton's vehicle then became the lead police car in pursuit of the Intrepid. -3- No. 71644-1-1/4
However, as the pursuit entered a residential neighborhood where children were
present, Patton slowed his patrol car to 30 miles per hour and turned off his lights
and siren. Although the Intrepid did not slow down, Patton could see the
direction in which it was headed.
A short time later, the police discovered the Intrepid at the end of a rural
road. Longshore and two women were found near the car—hiding behind a
shed—and were taken into custody.
A search of the Intrepid revealed a pipe containing unburned
methamphetamine, which was found in a sock stuck between the driver's door
and the driver's seat.
Patricia Pena, a passenger in the Intrepid, provided a different version of
the events. She testified that after Longshore drove away from Firwood
Gardens, they stopped at a store called Tozier's. She testified that they picked
up Ty Cuzick—her ex-boyfriend at the time that she testified—in the Tozier's
parking lot and that Cuzick climbed into the driver's seat, while Longshore moved
to the front passenger seat. Pena claimed that Cuzick was driving the Intrepid
during the period of time when it was being pursued by the police.
Glenn Probst, who lived near the area where the Intrepid stopped and
where Longshore was apprehended, testified that he observed, from some
distance away, the driver of the Intrepid—who was wearing a brown jacket—exit
the vehicle and flee the scene. Probst further testified that a man in a white T-
shirt exited the right front passenger-side door, along with two females who
exited from the rear doors, and then all three were detained by the police. Probst
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did not see the driver of the vehicle again.
Longshore was charged with felony harassment, attempting to elude a
pursuing police vehicle, and unlawful possession of a controlled substance.
During Longshore's jury trial, Officer Newell of the Mason County jail expressed a
security concern that could arise in the event that Longshore decided to testify.
In the particular courtroom in which the trial was taking place, there was an exit
door behind the witness box and the witness box was only 4 or 5 feet away from
the jury box. Based on the layout of the courtroom, Officer Newell wanted to
place a security officer at the exit door. Longshore's attorney objected to this
proposed arrangement, arguing that having a security officer posted "essentially
next to" Longshore would be prejudicial. The prosecutor did not present any
argument, instead deferring to the court. The court then stated the following on
the record:
The issue before the Court is what type of restraints—security should be on a defendant in a jury trial. This is a case that is an eluding, a harassment and a possession of a controlled substance. However Mr. Longshore is also held on another set of charges, which are aggravated murder. Currently, in this trial Mr. Longshore has been unrestrained at the table, but there has been the presence of three officers from the jail. . . . There has been a request made that if Mr. Longshore testifies that the officer then be placed behind him when Mr. Longshore is in the [witness] box. . . . When he's in the witness box, to put an officer behind him that is between him and the jury box.
A court has to weigh the issue of whether or not the appearance of having an officer there would be prejudicial to the defense in that it makes it more apparent to the jury that Mr. Longshore is quote, in custody, for the purposes of how that would No. 71644-1-1/6
affect them in rendering—in deliberating on their verdict versus the need for security with an individual who, although this particular case involves an eluding, which is less serious, an eluding does mean a flight risk, because that's essentially what eluding is; you're eluding a police officer. So the Court has originally found probable cause to believe there's a reason Mr. Longshore would flee, that's what this charge is. In addition, there would also—there's also the other charges Mr. Longshore is being held on.
Longshore's counsel subsequently informed the trial court that Longshore
would not testify: "Mr. Longshore and I have discussed his right to testify. He
indicates that he . . . would prefer to testify, but on my advice will not testify." His
counsel then invited the court to engage in a colloquy with Longshore on the
record, but the court refused to do so. His counsel then stated, "I have made it
clear to him that it is his right, and nobody—the Court, myself—nobody can take
away that right. But on my advice, he will choose not to testify."
Following a jury trial, Longshore was convicted on all counts. He appeals.
II
Longshore first contends that his right to testify was violated. This
violation occurred, he avers, when the trial court ruled that it would post a
courtroom security officer at a door near the witness stand if Longshore testified.
Longshore argues on appeal that this measure would have been inherently
prejudicial. We disagree.
"[Tjrial management decisions" are reviewed "for abuse ofdiscretion." State v. Jaime, 168 Wn.2d 857, 865, 233 P.3d 554 (2010). "'A trial judge must
exercise discretion in determining the extent to which courtroom security
measures are necessary to maintain order and prevent injury.'" Jaime, 168 No. 71644-1-1/7
Wn.2d at 865 (quoting State v. Hartzoq, 96 Wn.2d 383, 400, 635 P.2d 694
(1981)).
"'When a courtroom arrangement is challenged as inherently prejudicial,
the question to be answered is whether an unacceptable risk is presented of
impermissible factors coming into play.'" Jaime, 168 Wn.2d at 862 (quoting In re
Pers. Restraint of Woods, 154Wn.2d400, 417, 114 P.3d 607 (2005)). "A
courtroom practice might present an unacceptable risk of impermissible factors
coming into play because of 'the wider range of inferences that a juror might
reasonably draw' from the practice." Jaime, 168 Wn.2d at 862 (quoting Holbrook
v. Flvnn, 475 U.S. 560, 569, 106 S. Ct. 1340, 89 L. Ed. 2d 525 (1986)).
In Holbrook. the Court considered whether the presence of security guards in the courtroom was inherently prejudicial. Id. at 568-69. Preliminarily, the Court did not focus its inquiry on the particular arrangement of the guards at Holbrook's trial. Id Instead, it considered whether the presence of security guards in generalwas inherently prejudicial, jd. In concluding itwas not, the Court found it significant that "[o]ur society has become inured to the presence of armed guards in most public places; they are doubtless taken for granted so long as their numbers or weaponry do not suggest particular official concern or alarm." jd. at 569.
Jaime, 168 Wn.2d at 863. However, the Holbrook Court did not foreclose the
possibility that, under certain circumstances, deployment of security guards could violate a defendant's constitutional right to receive a fair trial: "In view of the
variety of ways in which such guards can be deployed, we believe that a case-
by-case approach is more appropriate." 475 U.S. at 569.
In Holbrook, the respondent claimed that he was prejudiced by the
placement offour uniformed state troopers in the first row ofthe courtroom's No. 71644-1-1/8
spectator section at his trial. 475 U.S. at 570-71. The United States Supreme
Court disagreed, concluding that, "we simply cannot find an unacceptable risk of
prejudice in the spectacle of four such officers quietly sitting in the first row of a
courtroom's spectator section" and that "[f]our troopers are unlikely to have been
taken as a sign of anything other than a normal official concern for the safety and
order of the proceedings." Holbrook, 475 U.S. at 571.
Contrary to Longshore's contention, the guard's presence at the nearby
door would not have been inherently prejudicial had Longshore testified. One
security guard posted by a door would be unlikely to have been taken as a sign
of anything other than a normal official concerned for the safety and order of the
proceedings. This is particularly evident when, as in this case, three officers had
already been present in the courtroom throughout the trial. Although Longshore
expresses concern for the guard's placement between the witness stand and the
jury box, the guard would have been set back at least several feet behind the
witness stand and away from the jury box and, by all appearances, would have
quite clearly been guarding the door. Inherent prejudice does not follow from
such an arrangement.
Nevertheless, Longshore contends that the trial court was required to
make a record of a compelling individualized threat posed by Longshore,
meaning that there had to be "evidence which indicates that the defendant poses
an imminent risk of escape, that the defendant intends to injure someone in the
courtroom, or that the defendant cannot behave in an orderly manner while in the
courtroom." State v. Finch, 137 Wn.2d 792, 850, 975 P.2d 967 (1999).
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Longshore's reliance on Finch is misplaced. The defendant in that case was
shackled during the trial and sentencing, and such physical restraint during trial is
inherently prejudicial. See, e^, Jaime, 168 Wn.2d at 862 n.3. Where, as here,
security measures are not inherently prejudicial, it is not incumbent upon the trial
court to make a record of a compelling individualized threat. Given that
Longshore was charged with eluding a police officer—as well as the murder
charges in a different case—which tended to show that Longshore was a flight
risk and that he was not a person who obeys court orders,1 the trial court
exercised its discretion judiciously.2
Ill
Longshore next contends that the trial court failed to complete its basic responsibility to determine that Longshore validly waived his right to testify. This failure occurred, Longshore avers, when the trial court refused to engage in a
colloquy with Longshore to determine whether he had voluntarily waived his right
to testify. We disagree.
Our Supreme Court has held that the United States Constitution imposes
no obligation on trial judges to inform defendants ofthe right to testify. State v. 1The court order being that he notengage in any criminal behavior while on release awaiting trial. 2Longshore's contention that the court should have considered viable alternatives is unavailing. As an initial matter, the trial court exercised its discretion, meaning that regardless of whether viable alternatives existed, we will not question its selection of one of those alternatives. Moreover, the alternatives suggested by Longshore, which included hidden restraints, electrical belt devices, or locking the exit door near the witness stand, must only be considered before ordering physical restraints. State v. Thompson, 169 Wn. App. 436, 470, 290 P.3d 996 (2012), review denied, 176 Wn.2d 1023 (2013). Thethrust ofthis requirement is, again, tethered to the notion that inherently prejudicial security measures must be imposed only after adhering to a well- delineated procedure. There was no inherent prejudice from the security measure imposed here. Thus, the trial court did not need to adhere to the procedure outlined in cases such as Jaime and Finch. No. 71644-1-1/10
Thomas, 128 Wn.2d 553, 558-59, 910 P.2d 475 (1996). Furthermore, although
"the waiver of the right to testify must be knowing," it does not follow "that the trial
court must obtain an on-the-record waiver of the right." Thomas. 128 Wn.2d at
559. "[A] defendant is not deprived of his constitutional right to testify merely
because the trial court does not inform him of the existence of that right—it is the
responsibility of defense counsel to inform the defendant of the right to testify."
State v. O'Cain. 169 Wn. App. 228, 244, 279 P.3d 926 (2012). Moreover, "there
is no requirement of a colloquy on the record to protect the state constitutional
right to testify in one's behalf." State v. Russ, 93 Wn. App. 241, 243, 969 P.2d
106(1998).
In essence, Longshore argues that his counsel's invitation to the trial court
to engage in a colloquy with Longshore precluded it from presuming that
Longshore had voluntarily waived his right. However, Longshore's counsel
explicitly represented to the trial court that it was made clear to Longshore that
only he could waive his right to testify and that Longshore—on the advice of his
counsel—had, in fact, waived that right.
Mr. Longshore and I have discussed his right to testify. He indicates that... he would prefer to testify, but on my advice will not testify. And ifthe Court wishes to engage in a colloquy with him to ensure that it's knowingly, voluntarily and intentionally—decision was made under those circumstances, I would invite that to complete the record.. . . And I have made it clear to him that it is his right, and nobody—the Court, myself—nobody can take away that right. But on my advice, he will choose not to testify.
Defense counsel's invitation to engage in a colloquy with Longshore does
10 No. 71644-1-1/11
not cast doubt upon the voluntariness of Longshore's waiver. The requirement of
voluntariness is meant to thwart coercion, not to enshrine the initial preferences
of criminal defendants. Although Longshore's preference may have been to
testify on his own behalf, after conferring with his counsel, he voluntarily waived
that right. Thomas requires no further inquiry. Indeed, Thomas cautions against
engaging in a colloquy with the defendant, explaining that it "might have the
undesirable effect of influencing the defendant's decision not to testify." 128
Wn.2d at 560. "As a result, courts rely upon defense counsel to inform the
defendant of his constitutional right to testify." Thomas, 128 Wn.2d at 560. Here,
defense counsel quite clearlydid inform Longshore of his right to testify. Hence,
the trial court acted prudently by refusing to engage in a colloquy with Longshore.
IV
Longshore next contends that his counsel prevented him from testifying and asks either that a reference hearing be held or a new trial be ordered.
However, he fails to present substantial factual evidence to support his claim
and, thus, his contention is unavailing.
After trial, a silent defendant may assert a claim that his attorney prevented him from testifying. See fin re Pers. Restraint ofl Lord, 123 Wn.2d [296,] 317 [868 P.2d 835 (1994)]: accord Underwood v. Clark, 939 F.2d 473, 476 (7th Cir. 1991): contra United States v. McMeans. 927 F.2d 162, 163 (4th Cir. 1991) (holding that the defendant "can not now approach the court and complain of the result of his decision"). The defendant must, however, produce more than a bare assertion that the right was violated; the defendant must present substantial, factual evidence in order to merit an evidentiary hearing or other action. Accord Underwood, 939 F.2d at 476 (rejecting a claim in which a defendant failed to produce more than "a bare, unsubstantiated, thoroughly self- serving, and none too plausible statement that his lawyer (in
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violation of professional standards) forbade him to take the stand").
Thomas. 128 Wn.2d at 561.
In Thomas, our Supreme Court concluded that when the defendant was
present during the court's questioning of defense counsel and where his counsel
claimed that he had discussed the choice with the defendant and had informed
him that it was the defendant's decision, the defendant's failure to provide any
factual evidence that his counsel had prevented him from testifying precluded
him from obtaining relief. 128 Wn.2d at 561. As in Thomas, Longshore was
present when his counsel told the court that counsel had discussed the choice
with Longshore and had informed him that it was his decision. As in Thomas,
there is no indication from the record that Longshore disagreed with his counsel
or that he attempted to assert his right to testify. Moreover, Longshore's
averment on appeal that he was prevented from testifying is unsubstantiated. He
argues that his trial counsel's declaration in support ofthe motion for a new trial substantiates his claim; however, that declaration merely states that Longshore
chose not to testify. It does not corroborate Longshore's version of events.
Longshore is not entitled to a reference hearing or to a new trial.
Longshore next contends that his trial counsel rendered ineffective
assistance. This occurred, he asserts, when his counsel refused the trial court's
offer of an "unwitting possession" jury instruction. We disagree.
"In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel," Longshore "must demonstrate (1) deficient performance, that his attorney's -12- No. 71644-1-1/13
representation fell below the standard of reasonableness, and (2) resulting
prejudice that, but for the deficient performance, the result would have been
different." State v. Hassan, 151 Wn. App. 209, 216-17, 211 P.3d 441 (2009)
(citing Strickland v. Washington. 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed.
2d 674 (1984)). "In evaluating an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, this
court "must begin with 'a strong presumption counsel's representation was
effective' and must base its determination on the record below." In re Pers.
Restraint of Hutchinson. 147 Wn.2d 197, 206, 53 P.3d 17 (2002) (quoting State
v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 335, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995)). "The defendant
alleging ineffective assistance of counsel 'must show in the record the absence
of legitimate strategic or tactical reasons supporting the challenged conduct by
counsel.'" Hutchinson. 147 Wn.2d at 206 (quoting McFarland, 127 Wn.2d at
336). "[Deliberate tactical choices may constitute ineffective assistance of
counsel if they fall outside the wide range of professionally competent
assistance." In re Pers. Restraint of Davis, 152 Wn.2d 647, 714, 101 P.3d 1
(2004).
"The State has the burden of proving the elements of unlawful possession
of a controlled substance as defined in the statute—the nature of the substance
and the fact of possession." State v. Bradshaw, 152 Wn.2d 528, 538, 98 P.3d 1190 (2004). "Defendants then can prove the affirmative defense of unwitting
possession." Bradshaw, 152 Wn.2d at 538. Defendants have the burden to
prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the controlled substance was
possessed unwittingly. State v. Riker. 123 Wn.2d 351, 368, 869 P.2d 43 (1994).
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A review of the record indicates that defense counsel's decision not to
accept an unwitting possession instruction was a legitimate trial tactic.
Longshore's theory at trial was that he was not the owner or the driver of the
Intrepid. Had his counsel elected to include an unwitting possession instruction,
the affirmative defense would have been incongruous with his other theory—
unwitting possession concedes the concept of dominion and control, which is
what Longshore argued he did not exercise over the Intrepid. By pursuing a
theory based on unwitting possession, Longshore would have unnecessarily
risked confusing the jury with distinct burdens of proof and would have caused
him to assume a burden of proof, rather than forcing the State to meet its burden.
Longshore's defense counsel's tactical decision to put the State to its burden of
proving possession was reasonable and his performance, therefore, was not
deficient.3
V
Longshore next contends that the State failed to present sufficient
evidence to support his conviction of felony harassment. This is so, he avers,
because the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he threatened
3 In a statement of additional grounds (SAG), Longshore argues that his defense counsel rendered ineffective assistance. This is so, he asserts, because counsel failed to assert self- defense to the charge of felony harassment but went on to argue the lawful authority of that threat. Longshore's assertion is unavailing. A review of the record reveals that his counsel did not argue that the threat was lawfully made. Instead, counsel argued that the State had failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that a credible threat had been made. We do not question defense counsel's tactical decision to pursue this theory, particularly given that the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Longshore acted without lawful authority.
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Justin Elston4 without lawful authority.5 We disagree.
"'It is a fundamental precept of criminal law that the prosecution must
prove every element of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt.'" State v.
Williams, 136 Wn. App. 486, 492-93, 150 P.3d 111 (2007) (quoting State v.
Brown, 147 Wn.2d 330, 339, 58 P.3d 889 (2002)). "If a statute indicates an
intent to include absence of a defense as an element of the offense, or the
defense negates one or more elements of the offense, the State has a
constitutional burden to prove the absence of the defense beyond a reasonable
doubt." State v. Lively, 130Wn.2d 1, 11,921 P 2d 1035 (1996): see also State v.
Hickman, 135 Wn.2d 97, 102, 954 P.2d 900 (1998) ("[T]he State assumes the
burden of proving otherwise unnecessary elements ofthe offense when such added elements are included without objection in the 'to convict' instruction.").
"A claim of insufficiency admits the truth of the State's evidence and all inferences that reasonably can be drawn therefrom." State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992). "In determining the sufficiency ofthe evidence, circumstantial evidence is not to be considered any less reliable than direct evidence." State v. Delmarter, 94 Wn.2d 634, 638, 618 P.2d 99 (1980).
4Longshore also claims that insufficient evidence was presented that he threatened "Aldridge," presumably referring to Charles and Judith Aldridge. However, the State did not charge Longshore with harassment toward the Aldridges and the jury instructions made no mention of them. 5Longshore asserts that the trial court's definition of "without lawful authority" contained within the jury instructions failed to give the jury any guidance as to how the State could prove thatelement. This error, he claims, denied him due process of law. However, because this claim of error was not presented to the trial court and because any possible error would not be of constitutional magnitude, we do not consider it on appeal. "As long as the instructions properly inform the jury of the elements of the charged crime, any error in further defining terms used in the elements is not ofconstitutional magnitude." State v. Stearns. 119 Wn.2d 247, 250, 830 P.2d 355 (1992); see also RAP 2.5(a).
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"Deference must be given to the trier of fact who resolves conflicting testimony
and evaluates the credibility of witnesses and persuasiveness of material
evidence." State v. Carver, 113 Wn.2d 591, 604, 781 P.2d 1308, 789 P.2d 306
(1989).
The State charged Longshore with one count of felony harassment,
alleging that Longshore
knowingly and without lawful authority, did threaten to kill another immediately or in the future, to wit: Justin Elston, and by words or conduct placed the person threatened in reasonable fear that the threat would be carried out; contrary to RCW 9A.46.020(1)(a)(i) and (2)(b) and against the peace and dignity of the State of Washington.
With respect to the harassment charge, the jury was instructed as follows: A person commits the crime of harassment when he or she, without lawful authority, knowingly threatens to cause bodily injury immediately or in the future to another person, and when he or she, by words or conduct, places the person threatened in reasonable fear that the threat will be carried out and the threat to cause bodily harm consists of a threat to kill the threatened person or another person.
Jury Instruction 11. The jury was further instructed that "[a] person acts without lawful authority when that person's acts are not authorized by law." Jury
Instruction 14.
Longshore avers that the State's evidence was insufficient to establish that he acted without lawful authority because Elston could have been charged with unlawful imprisonment, and Longshore's use offorce was reasonable. Without deciding whether Longshore is correct in his contention that Elston could have been charged with unlawful imprisonment, the record indicates quite clearly
16 No. 71644-1-1/17
that the degree of force used by Elston to prevent Longshore from driving away
was minimal. He made no attempt to physically harm Longshore or any of
Longshore's property. Nevertheless, Longshore threatened to kill Elston if he did
not move his vehicle.
"[T]he degree of force used in self-defense is limited to what a reasonably
prudent person would find necessary under the conditions as they appeared to
the defendant." State v. Walden. 131 Wn.2d 469, 474, 932 P.2d 1237 (1997).
"Deadly force may be used only in self-defense if the defendant reasonably believes he or she is threatened with death 'or great personal injury.'" Walden,
131 Wn.2d at 474 (quoting 13A Royce A. Ferguson, Jr. &Seth Aaron Fine,
Washington Practice: Criminal Law § 2604, at 351 (1990)). "Threats of bodily
injury also lawfully may be made when circumstances justify violent action in self- defense." State v. Smith. 111 Wn.2d 1, 9, 759 P.2d 372 (1988).
Longshore's threat was not authorized by law. Elston made no attempt to harm Longshore's person or property and gave no reason for Longshore to react as he did. Longshore's response to Elston's maneuver that blocked his vehicle was disproportionate and unreasonable. It was not a harmless "ruse," as he attempts to characterize it on appeal. The evidence was that Longshore threatened to kill Elston and reached into his car as if he was getting a gun.
Sufficient evidence was admitted at trial to establish beyond a reasonable doubt
that Longshore acted without lawful authority. Hence, we grant no appellate
17 No. 71644-1-1/18
relief to Longshore with respect to his felony harassment conviction.6
VI
Longshore next contends that the State presented insufficient evidence to
support his conviction of unlawful possession of a controlled substance. This is
so, he asserts, because insufficient evidence was presented that he exercised
dominion and control over the Intrepid in which the controlled substance was
discovered. We disagree.
As observed, "[a] claim of insufficiency admits the truth of the State's
evidence and all inferences that reasonably can be drawn therefrom." Salinas.
119 Wn.2d at 201. "Deference must be given to the trier of fact who resolves
conflicting testimony and evaluates the credibility of witnesses and
persuasiveness of material evidence." Carver, 113 Wn.2d at 604.
"Possession . . . may be either actual or constructive." State v. Callahan,
77 Wn.2d 27, 29, 459 P.2d 400 (1969). Constructive possession of drugs
requires that a person exercise dominion and control over the drugs or the
premises where the drugs are found. Callahan, 77 Wn.2d at 29-30; see also
State v. George, 146 Wn. App. 906, 920, 193 P.3d 693 (2008) ("An automobile
6 In a SAG, Longshore contends that the State presented insufficient evidence to support his felony harassment conviction. This is so, he avers, because the State did not present evidence that the victim was placed in reasonable fear that Longshore's threat would actually be carried out. "In order to convict an individual of felony harassment based upon a threat to kill, RCW 9A.46.020 requires that the State prove that the person threatened was placed in reasonable fear that the threat to kill would be carried out as an element of the offense." State v. C.G., 150 Wn.2d 604, 612, 80 P.3d 594 (2003). The State offered evidence that Longshore threatened Elston and neighbors nearby, claiming that he had a gun and that he would kill every one of them and their families. He also made threatening gestures, including reaching into his pocket and into his vehicle. This evidence was sufficient to establish a reasonable fear that Longshore would carry out his threats. No appellate relief is warranted.
-18- No. 71644-1-1/19
may be considered a 'premises.'"). Proximity alone, without proof of dominion
and control, is insufficient to establish possession. State v. Raleigh. 157 Wn.
App. 728, 737, 238 P.3d 1211 (2010).
In support of his contention, Longshore argues that he "did not own the
vehicle in which the drugs were found" and that "the record indicated that Mr.
Cuzick was both the driver and owner of the Dodge." Conflicting evidence was
presented on these points during the trial. Given that Longshore challenges the
sufficiency of the evidence, our review credits the truth of the State's evidence.
The State offered testimony that Longshore was the driver of the Intrepid
during the police pursuit and that Longshore had been seen driving the Intrepid before the pursuit, suggesting that he had been in possession ofthe vehicle for some time. Furthermore, the State offered testimony that methamphetamine
was found between the driver's seat and the driver's door. The evidence offered
by the State was sufficient to establish that Longshore exercised dominion and control over the vehicle in which the methamphetamine was found.7 Longshore's
contentions to the contrary go to the weight ofthe evidence. No appellate relief
is warranted.
VII
Longshore makes several contentions that were not made by his attorney on appeal. However, they are unavailing.
Longshore first contends that he was denied due process of law. This is
7In a SAG, Longshore also argues that the State presented insufficient evidence that he exercised dominion and control. We reject his duplicative argument.
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so, he contends, because a probable cause determination as to the count of
felony eluding was not made within 48 hours after arrest or at any point before
trial. Review of the transcript reveals that the trial court did find probable cause
as to the count of eluding prior to Longshore's trial, and that probable cause was
found as to the felony harassment count within 48 hours of Longshore's arrest,
thus authorizing his continued detention, subject to conditions of release. See
CrR 3.2. Longshore's contention does not provide a basis for appellate relief.
Longshore next contends that prosecutorial misconduct occurred during
closing statements. This occurred, he argues, when the prosecutor improperly
commented on the defense's failure to question Patricia Pena regarding the
felony harassment charge, thereby shifting the burden of proof. Although
Longshore does not cite to the record, presumably he is referring to the
prosecutor's following statement made during rebuttal: "You'll notice that
[defense] counsel skipped over when she was on the stand what happened
during the harassment. She was never asked about that, even though she was
there." Longshore did not object to this statement.
"In order to prevail on a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, a defendant is
required to show that in the context of the record and all of the circumstances of
the trial, the prosecutor's conduct was both improper and prejudicial." In re Pers.
Restraint of Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d 696, 704, 286 P.3d 673 (2012). If the
defendant fails to object at trial, complained of error is waived unless the
defendant "establishes that the misconduct was so flagrant and ill intentioned
that an instruction would not have cured the prejudice." Glasmann. 175 Wn.2d at
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704.
"Shifting the burden of proof to the defendant is improper argument, and
ignoring this prohibition amounts to flagrant and ill-intentioned misconduct."
Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d at 713. "Misstating the basis on which a jury can acquit
insidiously shifts the requirement that the State prove the defendant's guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt." Glasmann. 175 Wn.2d at 713.
The prosecutor's comment here was not improper. He observed that
defense counsel did not question Pena about the incident upon which the felony
harassment charge was based. However, the prosecutor did not improperly
argue or imply that this failure to question was a basis for the juryto convict on
that count. No prosecutorial misconduct occurred. Even if it had, a timely
objection and curative instruction would have cured any prejudice. Glasmann,
175Wn.2dat704.
Affirmed.
We concur: