IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON , No. 69328-0-1 Respondent, DIVISION ONE v.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION CARL STEVEN TOBIN,
Appellant. FILED: January 13. 2014
S wo
Spearman, A.C.J. - Carl Tobin appeals the judgment and sentence irrjgpsejf following his convictions for first degree robbery and malicious harassment. ^Jobjg>p >T3rir 3-b W[Tir claims that the State's evidence was insufficient to convict on the robbery charge aggr;' •* ,
that his right to an open and public trial was violated when peremptory chaljeng^^
were exercised in writing instead of orally. We affirm.
FACTS
On December 23, 2011, Daniel Lusko went to a restaurant in the Beacon Hill
neighborhood of Seattle with some friends. Lusko was wearing a fur coat and had a
gold ring on one of his fingers. Lusko stayed at the restaurant until it closed around
9:30 p.m. Soon after he left, Lusko realized he had left some of his possessions
inside the restaurant, but the restaurant's front door was locked. Tobin, who was
sitting outside the restaurant, suggested that Lusko go into the alley next to the
restaurant and knock on the restaurant's side door.
Lusko testified that Tobin and two other men followed him into the alley and
began kicking him and stomping on him. During the assault, Tobin said, "smother the No. 69328-0-1/2
faggot so he's dead" and "cut out his finger for that ring." Report of Proceedings (RP)
(8/15/12) at 280. One of the three men ran away when Lusko managed to kick him.
Tobin and the remaining man, Antonio Gomez, then shoved Lusko's face into the
ground and Lusko lost consciousness. When Lusko woke up, the men were gone
and he was no longer wearing his coat. A witness saw Tobin walking away from the
assault wearing Lusko's coat.
Law enforcement officers called to the scene located Tobin and the two other
men. Tobin was wearing Lusko's coat. The coat had been ripped in half. Tobin and
Gomez were arrested and placed in the back of a police car together. The arresting
officer activated the police car's audio system and informed Tobin that anything he
said inside the car would be recorded. Despite this, Tobin made several
incriminating statements, including: "'[l]t's robbery...that's twenty to life. You gotta be
fucked up. I didn't do shit to nobody. Nothing...and neither did you. That's my
story.'" Exhibit 23, at 3.
Prior to jury selection, the trial court explained to the parties its process for
challenging jurors. For peremptory challenges, the parties were instructed to take
turns writing their challenges on a form that they would pass back and forth. The
parties conducted peremptory challenges in this fashion as the trial court made some
opening remarks to the jury pool. The trial court then excused the challenged
prospective jurors and impaneled the jury. The form upon which the State and
defense counsel wrote their peremptory challenges was filed in the record that same No. 69328-0-1/3
day. The clerk's minutes indicate that Tobin was present in the courtroom throughout
these proceedings, and there was no evidence that the courtroom was closed to the
public during this time.
The jury found Tobin guilty as charged. Tobin appeals.
DISCUSSION
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Evidence is sufficient to support a conviction if, viewed in the light most
favorable to the State, it permits any rational trier of fact to find the essential elements
of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829
P.2d 1068 (1992). All reasonable inferences from the evidence must be drawn in
favor of the State and against the defendant. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d at 201.
Circumstantial evidence and direct evidence are equally reliable. State v. Thomas,
150 Wn.2d 821, 874, 83 P.3d 970 (2004).
A person commits robbery by unlawfully taking property from another person
against that person's will by the use or threatened use of force, violence or fear of
injury. RCW 9A.56.190. "Such force or fear must be used to obtain or retain
possession of the property, or to prevent or overcome resistance to the taking ....
Such taking constitutes robbery whenever it appears that, although the taking was
fully completed without the knowledge of the person from whom taken, such
knowledge was prevented by the use of force or fear." RCW 9A.56.190.
The intent to steal is an essential, nonstatutory element of the crime of
robbery. State v. Kiorsvik, 117 Wn.2d 93, 98, 812 P.2d 86 (1991). "[T]he force must No. 69328-0-1/4
relate to the taking or retention of the property, either as force used directly in the
taking or retention or as force used to prevent or overcome resistance 'to the taking.'"
State v. Johnson. 155 Wn.2d 609, 611, 121 P.3d 91 (2005). The mere taking of
goods from an unconscious person, without force or the intent to use force, is not
robbery unless such unconsciousness was produced "'expressly for the purpose of
taking the property in charge of such person.'" State v. Larson. 60 Wn.2d 833, 835,
376 P.2d 537 (1962).
Tobin argues that the State's evidence was insufficient to show that force was
used for the purpose of obtaining or retaining possession of Lusko's coat. Tobin
argues that he merely beat Lusko into unconsciousness and then stripped him of the
coat as an afterthought. But there was both direct and circumstantial evidence
sufficient to show that Tobin used force for the purpose of taking property from
Lusko. During the crime, Tobin told Gomez to cut Lusko's finger off so they could get his ring. When Tobin was apprehended wearing the coat, it was ripped in half, indicating that it was taken from Lusko with a great deal of force. Finally, Tobin's
statements in the police car indicate that he was aware he had committed robbery.
This evidence was sufficient to permit a reasonable jury to infer that acquiring the
coat was one of Tobin's purposes for assaulting Lusko. No. 69328-0-1/5
Public Trial
Tobin contends that the exercise of peremptory challenges in writing instead of
orally amounted to a courtroom closure that violated his right to a public trial. We
disagree.
The right of a criminal defendant to a public trial is guaranteed by both the Sixth
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and article I, section 22 of the Washington
Constitution. State v. Bone-Club. 128 Wn.2d 254, 261-62, 906 P.2d 325 (1995).
Additionally, article I, section 10 of the Washington Constitution guarantees the public's
open access to judicial proceedings. Seattle Times Co. v. Ishikawa. 97 Wn.2d 30, 36,
640 P.2d 716 (1982). The court may close a portion of a trial to the public only ifthe
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON , No. 69328-0-1 Respondent, DIVISION ONE v.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION CARL STEVEN TOBIN,
Appellant. FILED: January 13. 2014
S wo
Spearman, A.C.J. - Carl Tobin appeals the judgment and sentence irrjgpsejf following his convictions for first degree robbery and malicious harassment. ^Jobjg>p >T3rir 3-b W[Tir claims that the State's evidence was insufficient to convict on the robbery charge aggr;' •* ,
that his right to an open and public trial was violated when peremptory chaljeng^^
were exercised in writing instead of orally. We affirm.
FACTS
On December 23, 2011, Daniel Lusko went to a restaurant in the Beacon Hill
neighborhood of Seattle with some friends. Lusko was wearing a fur coat and had a
gold ring on one of his fingers. Lusko stayed at the restaurant until it closed around
9:30 p.m. Soon after he left, Lusko realized he had left some of his possessions
inside the restaurant, but the restaurant's front door was locked. Tobin, who was
sitting outside the restaurant, suggested that Lusko go into the alley next to the
restaurant and knock on the restaurant's side door.
Lusko testified that Tobin and two other men followed him into the alley and
began kicking him and stomping on him. During the assault, Tobin said, "smother the No. 69328-0-1/2
faggot so he's dead" and "cut out his finger for that ring." Report of Proceedings (RP)
(8/15/12) at 280. One of the three men ran away when Lusko managed to kick him.
Tobin and the remaining man, Antonio Gomez, then shoved Lusko's face into the
ground and Lusko lost consciousness. When Lusko woke up, the men were gone
and he was no longer wearing his coat. A witness saw Tobin walking away from the
assault wearing Lusko's coat.
Law enforcement officers called to the scene located Tobin and the two other
men. Tobin was wearing Lusko's coat. The coat had been ripped in half. Tobin and
Gomez were arrested and placed in the back of a police car together. The arresting
officer activated the police car's audio system and informed Tobin that anything he
said inside the car would be recorded. Despite this, Tobin made several
incriminating statements, including: "'[l]t's robbery...that's twenty to life. You gotta be
fucked up. I didn't do shit to nobody. Nothing...and neither did you. That's my
story.'" Exhibit 23, at 3.
Prior to jury selection, the trial court explained to the parties its process for
challenging jurors. For peremptory challenges, the parties were instructed to take
turns writing their challenges on a form that they would pass back and forth. The
parties conducted peremptory challenges in this fashion as the trial court made some
opening remarks to the jury pool. The trial court then excused the challenged
prospective jurors and impaneled the jury. The form upon which the State and
defense counsel wrote their peremptory challenges was filed in the record that same No. 69328-0-1/3
day. The clerk's minutes indicate that Tobin was present in the courtroom throughout
these proceedings, and there was no evidence that the courtroom was closed to the
public during this time.
The jury found Tobin guilty as charged. Tobin appeals.
DISCUSSION
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Evidence is sufficient to support a conviction if, viewed in the light most
favorable to the State, it permits any rational trier of fact to find the essential elements
of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829
P.2d 1068 (1992). All reasonable inferences from the evidence must be drawn in
favor of the State and against the defendant. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d at 201.
Circumstantial evidence and direct evidence are equally reliable. State v. Thomas,
150 Wn.2d 821, 874, 83 P.3d 970 (2004).
A person commits robbery by unlawfully taking property from another person
against that person's will by the use or threatened use of force, violence or fear of
injury. RCW 9A.56.190. "Such force or fear must be used to obtain or retain
possession of the property, or to prevent or overcome resistance to the taking ....
Such taking constitutes robbery whenever it appears that, although the taking was
fully completed without the knowledge of the person from whom taken, such
knowledge was prevented by the use of force or fear." RCW 9A.56.190.
The intent to steal is an essential, nonstatutory element of the crime of
robbery. State v. Kiorsvik, 117 Wn.2d 93, 98, 812 P.2d 86 (1991). "[T]he force must No. 69328-0-1/4
relate to the taking or retention of the property, either as force used directly in the
taking or retention or as force used to prevent or overcome resistance 'to the taking.'"
State v. Johnson. 155 Wn.2d 609, 611, 121 P.3d 91 (2005). The mere taking of
goods from an unconscious person, without force or the intent to use force, is not
robbery unless such unconsciousness was produced "'expressly for the purpose of
taking the property in charge of such person.'" State v. Larson. 60 Wn.2d 833, 835,
376 P.2d 537 (1962).
Tobin argues that the State's evidence was insufficient to show that force was
used for the purpose of obtaining or retaining possession of Lusko's coat. Tobin
argues that he merely beat Lusko into unconsciousness and then stripped him of the
coat as an afterthought. But there was both direct and circumstantial evidence
sufficient to show that Tobin used force for the purpose of taking property from
Lusko. During the crime, Tobin told Gomez to cut Lusko's finger off so they could get his ring. When Tobin was apprehended wearing the coat, it was ripped in half, indicating that it was taken from Lusko with a great deal of force. Finally, Tobin's
statements in the police car indicate that he was aware he had committed robbery.
This evidence was sufficient to permit a reasonable jury to infer that acquiring the
coat was one of Tobin's purposes for assaulting Lusko. No. 69328-0-1/5
Public Trial
Tobin contends that the exercise of peremptory challenges in writing instead of
orally amounted to a courtroom closure that violated his right to a public trial. We
disagree.
The right of a criminal defendant to a public trial is guaranteed by both the Sixth
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and article I, section 22 of the Washington
Constitution. State v. Bone-Club. 128 Wn.2d 254, 261-62, 906 P.2d 325 (1995).
Additionally, article I, section 10 of the Washington Constitution guarantees the public's
open access to judicial proceedings. Seattle Times Co. v. Ishikawa. 97 Wn.2d 30, 36,
640 P.2d 716 (1982). The court may close a portion of a trial to the public only ifthe
court openly engages in the five-part balancing test outlined in Bone-Club.1 A closure "occurs when the courtroom is completely and purposefully closed to spectators so that
no one may enter and no one may leave." State v. Lormor. 172 Wn.2d 85, 93, 257
P.3d 624 (2011).
The record does not support Tobin's claim that the courtroom was closed. Tobin
was present for the exercise of peremptory challenges, during which time the courtroom
was open to the public. Once the parties had written their challenges on the form
provided by the trial court, the trial court excused the prospective jurors on the record.
The form utilized by the parties listed the prospective jurors who were removed by
1The five factors are: (1) the proponent of closure must make a showing of compelling need; (2) any person present when the motion is made must be given an opportunity to object; (3) the means of curtailing open access must be the least restrictive means available for protecting the threatened interests; (4) the court must weigh the competing interests of the public and of the closure; and (5) the order must be no broader in application or duration than necessary. Bone-Club. 128 Wn.2d at 258-59.
-5- No. 69328-0-1/6
peremptory challenge, as well as the order in which each challenge was made and the
party who made it. The form was then filed in the court record. Though Tobin takes
issue with the fact that the challenges were exercised in writing rather than orally,
calling the procedure "similar to a sidebar," the public was entitled to be present during
the proceedings and to view the record of what transpired. The procedure by which
peremptory challenges were exercised satisfied both Tobin's right to a public trial and
the public's right to the open administration of justice.
Affirmed.
c ta^ WE CONCUR: