FILED OCTOBER 24, 2019 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 36070-9-III ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) CALEB JOEL STANLEY, ) ) Appellant. )
PENNELL, J. — Caleb Joel Stanley appeals two first degree assault convictions,
arguing a violation of his right to jury unanimity. We affirm.
FACTS
Nikia Gabriel was fueling up a Cadillac Escalade owned by his godfather, Jacob
Level, when he was approached by an acquaintance named Caleb Stanley. Mr. Stanley
was complimentary of the Escalade, and stated he “‘want[ed] a ride.’” Report of
Proceedings (Apr. 9, 2018) at 143. Mr. Gabriel did not agree to give him one. Mr. Stanley No. 36070-9-III State v. Stanley
walked into the gas station’s convenience store while Mr. Gabriel continued pumping gas.
When Mr. Stanley returned, he “started to move stuff out of the [vehicle’s] passenger
seat.” Id.
Mr. Gabriel asked what Mr. Stanley was doing, and then told him, “‘Dude, I didn’t
tell you I’m giving you a ride. I didn’t say I could give you a ride. This is not my vehicle
and I don’t have time for this; I got to get it back home.’” Id. at 144.
Mr. Stanley grabbed a blue wrench from the passenger seat and responded:
“‘Well, if you don’t give me a ride I’m going to take your ride.’” Id.
Mr. Gabriel relented. He told Mr. Stanley he was going back to his residence. At
the time, Mr. Gabriel lived at the same apartment complex as the vehicle’s owner, Mr.
Level. During the ride, Mr. Stanley repeatedly stated his desire to acquire the Escalade.
Mr. Gabriel arrived at the apartment complex and entered the building; Mr.
Stanley remained in the vehicle. Mr. Gabriel contacted Mr. Level and said, “ ‘Look, Caleb
[Stanley] is down in your vehicle, and he’s not getting out.’ ” Id. at 146; see also id.
at 174.
Mr. Level and Mr. Gabriel ran outside to confront Mr. Stanley. As he approached
the vehicle, Mr. Level “could see [Mr. Stanley] . . . rummaging around [in the vehicle’s]
center console.” Id. at 175. Mr. Level confronted Mr. Stanley. He demanded Mr. Stanley
2 No. 36070-9-III State v. Stanley
“‘get the F out of my vehicle. I know what you’re doing.’” Id. Mr. Level saw Mr. Stanley
was holding what appeared to be one of Mr. Level’s pill bottles. He instructed Mr.
Stanley to put it back. Mr. Stanley responded by grabbing Mr. Level’s hair and stating,
“‘[t]his is mine, bitch.’” Id. He then began spraying Mr. Level with bear mace.
Mr. Level started screaming for help. Mr. Gabriel responded by putting Mr. Stanley
in a chokehold until Mr. Stanley ceased his attack on Mr. Level. After Mr. Gabriel
released him, Mr. Stanley started “unload[ing] the entire can of bear mace” in the alley
where the fight had taken place. Id. at 147-48. Mr. Gabriel was caught in the fog of mace
unleashed by Mr. Stanley. After the mace can was empty, Mr. Stanley threw it at Mr.
Gabriel, hitting him in the eye. “After that . . . [Mr. Stanley] acted like he was going to
advance on [Mr. Gabriel] again, and [Mr. Gabriel] just hugged him and [they] both fell to
the ground.” Id. at 148. Mr. Gabriel repelled Mr. Stanley after a short scuffle. Mr. Stanley
ran away and was later arrested. He did not succeed in acquiring the Escalade.
The State charged Mr. Stanley with one count of first degree extortion, one count
of resisting arrest, and two counts of second degree assault—one for each victim. The
State alleged two alternatives for each of the second degree assaults. It alleged Mr.
Stanley committed assault (1) with intent to commit a felony and (2) by administering
a poison or other destructive noxious substance. RCW 9A.36.021(1)(d)-(e).
3 No. 36070-9-III State v. Stanley
The case proceeded to trial. A jury acquitted Mr. Stanley of extortion, but
convicted him of resisting arrest and both assault charges. At sentencing, the trial court
imposed $1,100 in legal financial obligations (LFOs), including a $200 criminal filing
fee, a $250 court-appointed attorney fee, a $100 DNA 1 collection fee, and a $50 jail
booking fee. Mr. Stanley filed a declaration noting he had no assets or income; the court
allowed him to appeal at public expense.
Mr. Stanley appeals.
ANALYSIS
Jury unanimity and alternative means
Washington’s criminal code specifies seven alternative means of committing
second degree assault. RCW 9A.36.021(1). Mr. Stanley was charged with two: assault
with intent to commit a felony and assault through use of a “destructive or noxious
substance.” RCW 9A.36.021(1)(d)-(e). Where, as here, the defendant is charged with
more than one alternative means of committing the same crime, the State can avoid jury
unanimity problems by introducing sufficient evidence to support each alleged
alternative. State v. Owens, 180 Wn.2d 90, 95, 323 P.3d 1030 (2014). The standard
sufficiency analysis governs our review: we ask whether the evidence, viewed in the light
1 Deoxyribonucleic acid.
4 No. 36070-9-III State v. Stanley
most favorable to the State, could justify a rational juror finding guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt as to each alternate means. State v. Armstrong, 188 Wn.2d 333, 341, 394 P.3d 373
(2017).
Mr. Stanley does not dispute the jury was presented with sufficient evidence to
find assault by administration of a noxious substance. His sole complaint is that the
evidence was insufficient to justify a finding of guilt by means of intent to commit
another felony. We therefore focus on the law and evidence relevant to that claim. 2
The evidence easily supports a jury finding Mr. Stanley assaulted Mr. Gabriel
and Mr. Level with intent to commit vehicle theft. Theft of a motor vehicle is a felony
involving the wrongful acquisition or unauthorized exertion of control over a motor
vehicle. RCW 9A.56.020(1), .065. Mr. Stanley repeatedly made clear his aggressive
words and conduct against Mr. Gabriel and Mr. Level were motivated by a desire to
2 Mr. Stanley’s assault charges alleged he committed assault with intent to commit two different felonies: (1) extortion and (2) theft of a motor vehicle. The parties fail to clarify whether those two intended felonies are themselves alternative means (thus necessitating sufficient proof as to each) or whether they are definitional means within a means (thus requiring sufficient proof as to only one intended felony). See State v. Smith, 159 Wn.2d 778, 784-90, 154 P.3d 873 (2007) (explaining the alternative means doctrine has not been extended to definitional means within a means). We need not resolve this issue as the evidence was sufficient as to each intended felony.
5 No. 36070-9-III State v. Stanley
illegally obtain the Escalade. The evidence was therefore sufficient to find Mr. Stanley
acted with the intent to commit the felony of theft of a motor vehicle.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
FILED OCTOBER 24, 2019 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 36070-9-III ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) CALEB JOEL STANLEY, ) ) Appellant. )
PENNELL, J. — Caleb Joel Stanley appeals two first degree assault convictions,
arguing a violation of his right to jury unanimity. We affirm.
FACTS
Nikia Gabriel was fueling up a Cadillac Escalade owned by his godfather, Jacob
Level, when he was approached by an acquaintance named Caleb Stanley. Mr. Stanley
was complimentary of the Escalade, and stated he “‘want[ed] a ride.’” Report of
Proceedings (Apr. 9, 2018) at 143. Mr. Gabriel did not agree to give him one. Mr. Stanley No. 36070-9-III State v. Stanley
walked into the gas station’s convenience store while Mr. Gabriel continued pumping gas.
When Mr. Stanley returned, he “started to move stuff out of the [vehicle’s] passenger
seat.” Id.
Mr. Gabriel asked what Mr. Stanley was doing, and then told him, “‘Dude, I didn’t
tell you I’m giving you a ride. I didn’t say I could give you a ride. This is not my vehicle
and I don’t have time for this; I got to get it back home.’” Id. at 144.
Mr. Stanley grabbed a blue wrench from the passenger seat and responded:
“‘Well, if you don’t give me a ride I’m going to take your ride.’” Id.
Mr. Gabriel relented. He told Mr. Stanley he was going back to his residence. At
the time, Mr. Gabriel lived at the same apartment complex as the vehicle’s owner, Mr.
Level. During the ride, Mr. Stanley repeatedly stated his desire to acquire the Escalade.
Mr. Gabriel arrived at the apartment complex and entered the building; Mr.
Stanley remained in the vehicle. Mr. Gabriel contacted Mr. Level and said, “ ‘Look, Caleb
[Stanley] is down in your vehicle, and he’s not getting out.’ ” Id. at 146; see also id.
at 174.
Mr. Level and Mr. Gabriel ran outside to confront Mr. Stanley. As he approached
the vehicle, Mr. Level “could see [Mr. Stanley] . . . rummaging around [in the vehicle’s]
center console.” Id. at 175. Mr. Level confronted Mr. Stanley. He demanded Mr. Stanley
2 No. 36070-9-III State v. Stanley
“‘get the F out of my vehicle. I know what you’re doing.’” Id. Mr. Level saw Mr. Stanley
was holding what appeared to be one of Mr. Level’s pill bottles. He instructed Mr.
Stanley to put it back. Mr. Stanley responded by grabbing Mr. Level’s hair and stating,
“‘[t]his is mine, bitch.’” Id. He then began spraying Mr. Level with bear mace.
Mr. Level started screaming for help. Mr. Gabriel responded by putting Mr. Stanley
in a chokehold until Mr. Stanley ceased his attack on Mr. Level. After Mr. Gabriel
released him, Mr. Stanley started “unload[ing] the entire can of bear mace” in the alley
where the fight had taken place. Id. at 147-48. Mr. Gabriel was caught in the fog of mace
unleashed by Mr. Stanley. After the mace can was empty, Mr. Stanley threw it at Mr.
Gabriel, hitting him in the eye. “After that . . . [Mr. Stanley] acted like he was going to
advance on [Mr. Gabriel] again, and [Mr. Gabriel] just hugged him and [they] both fell to
the ground.” Id. at 148. Mr. Gabriel repelled Mr. Stanley after a short scuffle. Mr. Stanley
ran away and was later arrested. He did not succeed in acquiring the Escalade.
The State charged Mr. Stanley with one count of first degree extortion, one count
of resisting arrest, and two counts of second degree assault—one for each victim. The
State alleged two alternatives for each of the second degree assaults. It alleged Mr.
Stanley committed assault (1) with intent to commit a felony and (2) by administering
a poison or other destructive noxious substance. RCW 9A.36.021(1)(d)-(e).
3 No. 36070-9-III State v. Stanley
The case proceeded to trial. A jury acquitted Mr. Stanley of extortion, but
convicted him of resisting arrest and both assault charges. At sentencing, the trial court
imposed $1,100 in legal financial obligations (LFOs), including a $200 criminal filing
fee, a $250 court-appointed attorney fee, a $100 DNA 1 collection fee, and a $50 jail
booking fee. Mr. Stanley filed a declaration noting he had no assets or income; the court
allowed him to appeal at public expense.
Mr. Stanley appeals.
ANALYSIS
Jury unanimity and alternative means
Washington’s criminal code specifies seven alternative means of committing
second degree assault. RCW 9A.36.021(1). Mr. Stanley was charged with two: assault
with intent to commit a felony and assault through use of a “destructive or noxious
substance.” RCW 9A.36.021(1)(d)-(e). Where, as here, the defendant is charged with
more than one alternative means of committing the same crime, the State can avoid jury
unanimity problems by introducing sufficient evidence to support each alleged
alternative. State v. Owens, 180 Wn.2d 90, 95, 323 P.3d 1030 (2014). The standard
sufficiency analysis governs our review: we ask whether the evidence, viewed in the light
1 Deoxyribonucleic acid.
4 No. 36070-9-III State v. Stanley
most favorable to the State, could justify a rational juror finding guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt as to each alternate means. State v. Armstrong, 188 Wn.2d 333, 341, 394 P.3d 373
(2017).
Mr. Stanley does not dispute the jury was presented with sufficient evidence to
find assault by administration of a noxious substance. His sole complaint is that the
evidence was insufficient to justify a finding of guilt by means of intent to commit
another felony. We therefore focus on the law and evidence relevant to that claim. 2
The evidence easily supports a jury finding Mr. Stanley assaulted Mr. Gabriel
and Mr. Level with intent to commit vehicle theft. Theft of a motor vehicle is a felony
involving the wrongful acquisition or unauthorized exertion of control over a motor
vehicle. RCW 9A.56.020(1), .065. Mr. Stanley repeatedly made clear his aggressive
words and conduct against Mr. Gabriel and Mr. Level were motivated by a desire to
2 Mr. Stanley’s assault charges alleged he committed assault with intent to commit two different felonies: (1) extortion and (2) theft of a motor vehicle. The parties fail to clarify whether those two intended felonies are themselves alternative means (thus necessitating sufficient proof as to each) or whether they are definitional means within a means (thus requiring sufficient proof as to only one intended felony). See State v. Smith, 159 Wn.2d 778, 784-90, 154 P.3d 873 (2007) (explaining the alternative means doctrine has not been extended to definitional means within a means). We need not resolve this issue as the evidence was sufficient as to each intended felony.
5 No. 36070-9-III State v. Stanley
illegally obtain the Escalade. The evidence was therefore sufficient to find Mr. Stanley
acted with the intent to commit the felony of theft of a motor vehicle.
The extortion analysis is a bit more complex. Extortion is a felony that requires
intent to obtain property or services by means of threat. RCW 9A.56.110-.130. The threat
can be indirect or direct, RCW 9A.04.110(28), and may be “implied by words or
conduct.” State v. Farnsworth, 185 Wn.2d 768, 771, 374 P.3d 1152 (2016). While
robbery involves an immediate threat of harm, extortion happens when a threat extends
into the future. City of Seattle v. Allen, 80 Wn. App. 824, 831, 911 P.2d 1354 (1996).
As previously noted, Mr. Stanley used threatening words and conduct against Mr.
Gabriel and Mr. Level while trying to illegally obtain the Escalade. Because Mr. Stanley
was an acquaintance of Mr. Gabriel and Mr. Level, the jury could infer Mr. Stanley’s
words and conduct did not merely threaten immediate harm. See id. at 832. Instead, by
verbally threatening and physically assaulting the two men, the jury could infer that
Mr. Stanley intended to send a message that if the Escalade was not permanently released
to Mr. Stanley, additional assaultive conduct would continue into the future. See id. This
was sufficient for the jury to find Mr. Stanley acted with intent to commit extortion as to
each of the two victims.
6 No. 36070-9-III State v. Stanley
The fact that the jury acquitted Mr. Stanley of extortion has no bearing on our
analysis. A jury can refuse to convict regardless of whether the State has presented
sufficient evidence to justify a guilty verdict. Furthermore, Mr. Stanley’s assault charge
only involved proof of intent to commit extortion; a completed criminal act was
unnecessary. Thus, the jury’s acquittal on the extortion count does not suggest the
State presented insufficient evidence that Mr. Stanley committed assault with intent
to commit extortion.
LFOs
Citing 2018 amendments to Washington’s LFO laws 3 and State v. Ramirez,
191 Wn.2d 732, 426 P.3d 714 (2018), Mr. Stanley requests we strike his $200 criminal
filing fee, $50 booking fee, and $250 court-appointed attorney fee on the basis of
indigence. He also asks that his $100 DNA collection fee be struck because his sample
is already on file. The 2018 LFO amendments came into effect approximately two months
after Mr. Stanley’s sentencing. Ramirez was decided after that.
Mr. Stanley is correct that, under the terms of the law now in effect, he is entitled
to relief from the $200 criminal filing fee, $250 court-appointed attorney fee, and $100
DNA collection fee. Although at the time of sentencing the trial court may have exercised
3 LAWS OF 2018, ch. 269.
7 No. 36070-9-III State v. Stanley
valid discretion to impose discretionary LFOs based on Mr. Stanley’s ability to work,
the law has since changed. Under current law, certain LFOs “may not” be imposed
against a defendant who is “indigent” at the time of sentencing as that term is defined
by RCW 10.101.010(3)(a)-(c). RCW 9.94A.760(1); see also RCW 10.01.160(3);
RCW 36.18.020(2)(h). Furthermore, Ramirez held that a defendant like Mr. Stanley,
whose case was pending direct review at the time of the effective date of the 2018 LFO
amendments, is entitled to the benefit of the 2018 law. Ramirez, 191 Wn.2d at 747-48.
The record here indicates that, at the time of sentencing, Mr. Stanley was indigent
as defined by RCW 10.101.010(3)(c). Thus, he is entitled to relief from the criminal filing
fee and court-appointed attorney fee. State v. Smith, 9 Wn. App. 2d 122, 126-27, 442 P.3d
265 (2019); RCW 36.18.020(2)(h); RCW 10.01.160(3). In addition, Mr. Stanley’s recent
felony history indicates the State has previously collected a DNA sample. As a result, the
$100 DNA collection fee is not required. RCW 43.43.7541.
The $50 booking fee merits different treatment. The booking fee is authorized by
RCW 70.48.390. This statute was unaltered by the 2018 LFO amendments. Resultantly,
his indigence does not entitle Mr. Stanley to relief from the booking fee.
8 No. 36070-9-III State v. Stanley
CONCLUSION
The judgment of conviction is affirmed. We remand with instructions to strike the
$200 criminal filing fee, $250 court-appointed attorney fee, and $100 DNA collection fee
from the judgment and sentence.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in
the Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
Pennell, J. WE CONCUR:
( ..,.._r\ r.<..t- C) ""''-/, [.. ~· Lawrence-Berrey, C.J. I Fearing, J.